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bio 220 > textbook vocab > Flashcards

textbook vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecology

A

the study of interactions between organisms and their physical and living environment

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2
Q

proximate factors

A

direct cause of a biological process/phenomenon

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3
Q

ultimate factors

A

the deeper cause of a phenomenon that explains when it occurs

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4
Q

organismal level

A

level in their hierarchy of biology pertaining to the individual

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5
Q

population ecology

A

study of the interactions between a group of individuals of a given species and their environment

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6
Q

ecological community

A

a group of coexisting species

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7
Q

ecosystem

A

all the biotic and abiotic components of a community

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8
Q

biosphere/ecosphere

A

all ecosystems on Earth

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9
Q

biotic

A

biological factors (predation or competition)

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10
Q

abiotic

A

physical factors (temperature or pH)

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11
Q

environmental science

A

the study of humans’ impact on the environment

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12
Q

adaptation

A

a trait or characteristic that increases an individual’s fitness in a specific environment

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13
Q

evolutionary fitness

A

an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce as determined by its characteristics

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14
Q

selection pressure

A

biotic and abiotic environmental factors that determine fitness

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15
Q

homeostasis

A

regulatory mechanisms that help an organism stay within a given set of biological parameters/limits

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16
Q

who can have fitness?

A

only individuals

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17
Q

predictions

A

a result or observation that we can expect if the hypothesis is true

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18
Q

falsifiable

A

trait of a good hypothesis that allows for data/observation to prove it is incorrect

19
Q

adaptations are ___ created

A

evolutionarily

20
Q

what did Darwin establish?

A

natural selection as a mechanism for evolution via adaptation to promote evolutionary fitness

21
Q

natural selection occurs to ___

A

populations! (NOT INDIVIDUALS)

22
Q

p =

A

dominant allele

23
Q

q =

A

recessive allele

24
Q

evolution

A

changes in allele frequency

25
Q

HW equilibrium (math)

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1.0

26
Q

when is HW equilibrium applicable?

A

when no mutations or gene flow occur, when the population is infinitely large, and when there are no advantageous genotypes

27
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequency

28
Q

gene flow

A

net movement of alleles because of individuals’ movement

29
Q

s

A

selection coefficient, proportion of a specific genotype not represented in the next generation

30
Q

directional stability

A

favoring one side of the phenotypic bell curve

31
Q

stabilizing selection

A

intermediate trait is favored in phenotypic bell curve

32
Q

evolutionary trade-offs

A

when a given characteristic has fitness advantages, but also costs

33
Q

disruptive selection

A

favoring of outer tails of phenotypic bell curve, against intermediate traits

34
Q

why is genetic drift not darwinian?

A

occurs by chance, not because of natural selection

35
Q

chronic genetic drift can lead to …

A

allele loss and fixedness

36
Q

gene flow can do what to natural selection?

A

promote or slow the process and incoming/outgoing individuals alter allele frequencies

37
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

ability of organisms to present different phenotypes in different environments

38
Q

heritability

A

cause of phenotypic variation because of genetic differences between individuals

39
Q

rate of evolution is determined by …

A

changes in character over time

40
Q

strong selective pressures can lead to ___ and eventually ___

A

more distinct local changes in species and an ecotype

41
Q

ecotype

A

genetically distinct population that has adapted to a local environment

42
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

theory that an organism’s environment is constantly changing faster than it can adapt via natural selection

43
Q

limits of natural selection

A

physical and chemical limitations (like size)

44
Q

evolutionary landscape

A

3D model of fitness and particular genotypes that identify best genotypes for evolutionary fitness by tallest peaks

bio 220 (11 decks)

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