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bio 220 > 9/20 quiz vocab > Flashcards

9/20 quiz vocab Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

endangered species example

A

Florida panther

caused by: poaching, vehicle collisions, habitat loss, and fragmentation

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2
Q

extinction vortex

A

cycle of factors worsening extinction status

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3
Q

in extinction, drift can increase…

A

inbreeding load

can increase the frequency of deleterious alleles

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4
Q

example of morphological sign of inbreeding

A

kinked tails in florida panthers

88% had them in florida, only 9% in other cougar species

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5
Q

what does increase in genetic variation allow for?

A

better survival of the species

can better withstand disease or deleterious alleles

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6
Q

what mechanisms of evolution did cheetahs experience?

A

genetic drift, bottleneck, and inbreeding

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7
Q

allopatry

A

different geographic locations

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8
Q

sympatry

A

same geographic location

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9
Q

biological species concept

A

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations (not domesticated or captured) that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

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10
Q

what is the biological species concept largely based on?

A

reproductive isolation!

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11
Q

limitations of biological species concept

A

1) problematic for species that can’t feasibly be tested for reproductive isolation (spatial/temporal differences)

2) issues with getting species to mate in artificial conditions

3) hybridization is more common than we think

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12
Q

steps of speciation

A

1) genetic isolation
2) divergence of traits accumulate
3) reproductive isolation

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13
Q

vicariance

A

physical barrier causing dispersal

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14
Q

geological events

A

river formation, mountain ranges rising, continental drift

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15
Q

example of vicariance by climate change

A

Pleistocene period

cycle of glacial and interglacial periods that can lead to refugia and separate populations

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16
Q

refugium

A

places that isolated populations of once widespread species survive major environmental changes

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17
Q

species that experienced speciation by climate change vicariance

A

toucanets

found glacial period refugia in separating forest canopies, but as they disconnected the species behaviorally wouldn’t fly to other areas and they speciated

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18
Q

continental drift

A

movement of landmasses on the earth’s surface

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19
Q

consequences of continental drift on ecological systems

A

creates and breaks down barriers for dispersal

weather impacted as positioning of continents and major oceans influences weather patterns

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20
Q

examples of vicariance by continental drift

A

pangaea (one large)
->
gondwana and laurasia (two regions)
->
n/s america, africa, asia, antarctica (5 regions)

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21
Q

population impacted by continental drift for speciation

A

ratites - type of flightless bird

hypothesized they lived together in gondwana but as it fragmented, they were split apart and then speciated

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22
Q

genetic isolation can occur by…

A

physical barriers (vicariance), dispersal, or genetic barriers

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23
Q

dispersal example

A

islands or “sky islands”

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24
Q

what are sky islands

A

mountain tops for alpine species with extreme arid climate in valleys between

species don’t behaviorally move from mountain top to mountain top because of these climate differences

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25
Q

examples of genetic barriers to disperal

A

polyploidy, major chromosomal changes, other genetic changes

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26
Q

genetic barrier to dispersal meaning

A

egg and sperm can’t fertilize each other

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27
Q

polyploidy problem

A

incompatible amounts of chromosomes

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28
Q

example of genetic isolation by genetic barrier

A

tree frogs

Hyla versicolor = tertaploidy, H. chrysosceli = diploid

versicolor likely originated from chrysoscelia genome duplication

morphologically identical but different mating calls

29
Q

diverge

A

accumulation of differences from each other (when populations have separated)

30
Q

what can cause mutations to become fixed/lost in different populations?

A

selection and/or genetic drift

31
Q

many species ____ reach full reproductive isolation

A

DON’T

hybridization can happen more often than we may think

32
Q

what are the classifications of isolating barriers?

A

premating, postmating prezygotic, postzygotic

33
Q

what are premating barriers?

A

prevention of transfer of gametes

34
Q

what are postmating prezygotic barriers?

A

mating occurs, but zygote doesn’t form

35
Q

examples of prezygotic barriers

A

ecological (temporal, habitat, etc. prevent mates from meeting)

sexual isolation or pollinator isolation (can meet, but don’t ex: different mating calls or female not attracted to male)

36
Q

what is temporal isolation?

A

periods of reproduction or emergence aren’t compatible

think cicadas in 13/17 yr cycles

37
Q

what is habitat isolation?

A

species occupy different habitats in same geographic region

think ladybugs feeding and mating on different species of plants

38
Q

what are postzygotic barriers?

A

mating occurs, and zygote forms but hybrids have lowered fitness

39
Q

examples of postzygotic barriers

A

heliconius butterflies - hybrids have lower fitness because they don’t have appearance that camouflages them as poisonous species like parental species do (example of positive frequency-dependent selection, parents surviving bc of majority phenotype)

chorthipus grasshoppers - hybrids aren’t as successful at attracting males bc of unique mating call

40
Q

what are the two models of speciation?

A

allopatric and sympatric

41
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

speciation in non-overlapping regions

more common

1) physical barrier, 2) no gene flow, 3) genetic differentiation

42
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

speciation in overlapping regions

1) temporal/seasonal/ecological barrier, 2) individuals can still come in contact and there can be significant gene flow, 3) significant genetic differentiation

43
Q

reminder about speciation

A

species ranges are subject to change, can be sympatric at one time and then allopatric at another

44
Q

example of sympatric speciation

A

soapberry bugs

adaptation to different beak lengths because of introduction of nonnative plant (smaller fruit)

45
Q

example of temporal isolation for sympatric isolation

A

palms of Lord Howe Island

early flowering couldn’t transfer pollen to later flowering ones

46
Q

convergent evolution

A

organisms evolving to have similar traits because adapting to similar environments

not necessarily recent common ancestor

47
Q

example of convergent evolution

A

sugar glider (oceania) and flying squirrel (north/central america)

48
Q

what is phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of a group

49
Q

what does a phylogeny tree do?

A

summarize evolutionary history

can depict timing and pattern of branching events

most closely related species should have the most traits in common

nodes can also rotate and maintain same idea

50
Q

choose parsimonious tree

A

this will minimize the amount of evolutionary change, keep it simple!

51
Q

keep in mind, phylogenies are ___

A

hypotheses

based on data we have

52
Q

Homo sapiens are the ___ ___ of an otherwise extinct group of species

A

lone survivor

53
Q

how long ago did human and chimp lineages diverge?

A

about 6-7 million years ago

54
Q

what preceded H. sapiens?

A

several other species of hominin

55
Q

what does hominin means?

A

any species more closely related to human than chimpanzee

56
Q

how are H sapiens and chimps different?

A

H: fully upright posture, relatively hairless, smaller incisors, fully opposable thumbs, larger brain size for language, recognition of complex cause and effect, development of complex culture

57
Q

what is not so special about humans?

A

technology/tool use

innovation

communication

cultural inheritance (evolution of a culture over time)

58
Q

anatomic differences between chimps and humans

A

1) flat face
2) long legs, short arms
3) very different pelvis shape
4) anterior foramen magnum (head is more central on spine, not sitting in forward posture)
5) s-shaped spine
6) curved feet

59
Q

what are all anatomical differences adaptations for?

A

bipedalism

60
Q

what is a trade off for our bipedalism traits?

A

terrible childbirth

a lot of complications and death

61
Q

additional differences between humans and chimps

A

extremely fine motor control (hand, lips, tongue, oral cavity)

opposable thumbs, shorter fingers

descended larynx (tradeoff: choking)

62
Q

costs of humans having larger brains

A

higher metabolic rate relative to fat-free body mass than chimps, gorillas, and orangutans

63
Q

what’s an important consideration when forming a phylogenetic tree other than appearance?

A

geography

64
Q

benefits of humans having larger brains

A

social brain hypothesis: living in large social groups could have resulted in natural selection that favored larger brains

bigger groups are more successful because of cooperation and accumulated and transmitted knowledge

we need big brains for language to maintain those large groups’ organization

65
Q

what does radiation mean?

A

the rapid evolution of multiple species from a single ancestor

66
Q

why do we not have a great understanding of human evolution?

A

we have a lot of incomplete skeletons because hominin bodies are terrible at fossilization, which is what we base a lot of ancestry info on

there’s also a lot of closely related lineages, leading to a lot of uncertainty

67
Q

what are some limitations of fossil records?

A

we don’t know when hominins lost body hair or started to wear clothing

68
Q

lice

A

are highly specialized blood sucking parasites that live on a single host species

a lot of ape relatives have one species, humans have three

69
Q

co-speciation hypothesis

A

two sets of two species diverge at the same time

in terms of humans and chimps, their lice diverged at the same time as them (6-7 mya)

bio 220 (11 decks)

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