10/11 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of survivorship curves?

A

to assess patterns of survival in a population

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2
Q

what group of individuals does a survivorship curve follow?

A

a single generation - a cohort

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3
Q

what is plotted on survivorship curves?

A

the number of individuals still alive at that stage

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4
Q

type I curve

A

most individuals survive until old age

typically produce few offspring and have parental care

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5
Q

why do type I curves have low offspring mortality?

A

able to have parental care bc most individuals live until old age

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6
Q

type II survivorship curve

A

individuals have a constant chance of being killed at any point in life

small birds and mammals that are killed heavily by predation

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7
Q

type III curve

A

individuals have a low chance of survival when young, but survive well if they can make it to adulthood

typically lots of offspring but no parental care

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8
Q

what are factors that can impact survivorship curves?

A

habitat quality and sex

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9
Q

what’s something to note about survivorship curves?

A

the y-axis is logarithmic

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10
Q

how can habitat quality impact survivorship?

A

food quality and predation

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11
Q

how can sex impact survivorship?

A

differences by sex, such as competition for mates

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12
Q

what are dispersion patterns?

A

patterns of spacing among individuals

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13
Q

what are the three types of dispersion patterns?

A

clumped, uniform, and random

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14
Q

what influences cause clumped dispersion?

A

positive biotic interactions (btwn individuals)

common resources

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15
Q

what influences cause uniform dispersion?

A

negative biotic interactions (competition and territoriality)

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16
Q

what influences cause random dispersion?

A

absence of biotic interactions

not very common

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17
Q

example of clumped dispersion

A

penguins

to conserve heat and to be social

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18
Q

example of uniform dispersal

A

shrubs

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19
Q

example of random dispersion

A

dandelions in lawn

plenty of resources and can thrive anywhere

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20
Q

census

A

all individuals in population counted

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21
Q

when do censuses work best?

A

when individuals are large and easy to count

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22
Q

why are censuses inherently inaccurate in the US?

A

its too large of a population and territory

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23
Q

what does population estimation work well with?

A

sessile species using quadrats

can leave permanent markers to come back to

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24
Q

what does mark-and-recapturing do?

A

allow for sampling of mobile species

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25
Q

how do mark-and-recapture samplings work?

A

mobile species are marked with a band, tattoo, or radiotracked

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26
Q

what mathematical model does mark-recapture sampling use?

A

Lincoln Index

N = nM/R

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27
Q

what do the variables in the lincoln index mean?

A

N : estimated population size

n : total number of individuals captured in first census
M : number of individuals captured during second census
/
R : number of marked individuals recaptured during second census

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28
Q

what are the assumptions of the lincoln index?

A

equal chance of recapture for all individuals in population

ratio between marked and unmarked individuals remains constant

individuals don’t lose their mark

population is closed

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29
Q

what is meant by ratio staying constant with respect to marked and unmarked individuals?

A

we are neglecting death and predation

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30
Q

what is meant by all members of pop having an equal chance of recapture?

A

no one is “trap shy” or “trap happy”

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31
Q

what is meant by the population being closed?

A

no immigration or emigration

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32
Q

what are the factors that influence population size?

A

births, death, immigration, emigration

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33
Q

what is the first mathematical model for population growth?

A

N(t+1) = N + (births - deaths) + (immigration - emigration) all at time t

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34
Q

assumptions for the first population growth model

A

all individuals are identical (no age, genetic, or evolutionary differences)

birth and death rates are constant

no immigration or emigration

habitat is perfectly uniform

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35
Q

what are the modeling options if we are working with non-limiting resources?

A

if discrete generations -> geometric growth

is overlapping generations -> exponential growth

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36
Q

what is the modeling option if we are working with limiting resources?

A

logistic growth

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37
Q

how do populations grow?

A

in proportion to their size

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38
Q

what is the geometric growth model used for?

A

populations that vary due to seasonal changes in birth and death rates

many birds and mammals

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39
Q

what is lambda in geometric growth?

A

population growth rate constant

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40
Q

what value of lambda makes a population INCREASE?

A

greater than one

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41
Q

what value of lambda makes a population DECREASE?

A

less than one

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42
Q

what value of lambda makes a population STABLE?

A

equal to one

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43
Q

example of organism with discrete generations

A

emerald ash borer

new generation of adults each spring, all adults die that summer

no generational overlap

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44
Q

how do we calculation geometric growth for more than a year of change?

A

make lambda to the power of the year

5 year change -> N(0) * lambda^5

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45
Q

what are conditions in which geometric and exponential growth can occur?

A

when a new habitat or geographic range are established

exploiting temporarily favorable conditions

recovery after protection

loss of predator or competition

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46
Q

example of establishing a new habitat

A

killer bees on new continent

virtually unlimited resources

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47
Q

example of exploitation of temporarily favorable conditions

A

dandelion in empty lawn

can reproduce anywhere and has lots of resources

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48
Q

example of recovery following protection

A

whooping cranes

n = 22 -> 505

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49
Q

what are examples of organisms that use exponential growth models?

A

bacteria, many pest species, and humans

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50
Q

what does dN/dt mean?

A

instantaneous population growth rate

change in population over change in time

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51
Q

what does r mean?

A

per capita population growth rate

constant

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52
Q

what does r numerically represent?

A

birth rate - death rate

= ln(lambda)

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53
Q

what is r when population is increasing?

A

greater than zero

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54
Q

what is r when population is decreasing?

A

less than zero

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55
Q

what is r when population is stable?

A

equal to zero

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56
Q

how can we use the exponential growth model to calculation population size?

A

integrate growth over time

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57
Q

what is population growth affected by?

A

biotic and abiotic factors

58
Q

what are biotic factors that can affect population growth?

A

predation, food supply, competition, parasites, pathogens, and mutualists

59
Q

what is a bottom-up biotic factor?

A

regulating food chain from lower trophic levels

60
Q

what is a top-down biotic factor?

A

regulating food chain from upper, predation, trophic levels

61
Q

example of bottom-up biotic factor

A

El Nino warm waters flowing towards the Galapagos

decline in marine food base -> decline in penguin population

62
Q

example of top-down biotic factor

A

decrease in marine predators -> increase in foraging fish -> decrease in zoo plankton -> increase in phytoplankton

63
Q

what is the pattern of bottom-up biotic factors?

A

layers of the food chain experience the same direction of change

64
Q

what is the pattern of top-down biotic factors?

A

alternating directions of the food chain layers

65
Q

what regulates population growth rates?

A

biotic and abiotic factors

density independent and dependent factors

66
Q

what are density-independent factors?

A

events that affect the same proportion of the population regardless of population density

regulates r but not N

often unpredictable changes

67
Q

what are examples of density-independent factors?

A

hurricanes, flooding, unpredictable changes in temp, and volcanoes

68
Q

what’s an example of a density independent population regulation event?

A

all the monarchs freezing in Mexico due to an unexpected change in temperature

population change wouldn’t impact result here

69
Q

what are density-dependent factors related to?

A

darwin’s theory of natural selection

70
Q

how are density dependent factors related to another phenomena?

A

darwin’s theory of natural selection:

each individual has a high potential reproductive rate

a lack of resources will eventually limit the population

intense competition and differences among individuals become an important source for natural selection

71
Q

birth and death rates change as a function of ___?

A

population density

effectiveness increases as population size increases

72
Q

what are some density-dependent factors that might affect population growth rates?

A

crowding

competition for food or sunlight

pathogen attack

pollinator attraction

73
Q

what will happen to birth/death rates and dispersal as densities increase?

A

birth decreases

death and dispersal increase

74
Q

how can hunting affect density and population growth rate?

A

kill a lot of animals, but then there’s a lot of resources for the remaining animals to thrive off of

75
Q

what do density-dependent factors do for the population?

A

serve as a negative feedback system

76
Q

how do density dependent factors serve as a negative feedback system?

A

rate of growth slows as population density increases

77
Q

how can we identify a density-dependent factor?

A

look for correlation between mortality or reproduction and population density

there will often be a time lag

78
Q

what is carrying capacity?

A

an equilibrium population size, where populations should stabilize

79
Q

what do logistic growth models show?

A

populations growing rapidly at first but then slowing as resources dwindle

population growth will hit zero and population size with stabilize

looks like an s-shaped curve

80
Q

what population size do logistic growth models stabilize at?

A

carrying capacity, K

81
Q

what is the logistic equation a modification of?

A

exponential growth equation

adds a term to reflect changes in population size as K is approached

82
Q

what happens when N > K?

A

dN/dt is negative

population declines

83
Q

what happens when N < K?

A

dN/dt is positive and population grows

84
Q

what happens when N = K?

A

dN/dt = 0

population is stable

85
Q

what do density-independent factors do to the population?

A

represent distrubance

potentially prevent population from reaching K because of unexpected events

86
Q

we can predict population ___ and ___ using ___ ___

A

size and growth using mathematical models

87
Q

stable populations fluctuate within ___ ___

A

narrow limits

88
Q

what factors can impact population stability patterns?

A

density dependent and independent

89
Q

can populations be stable if not a equilibrium?

A

yes!

but generally are close to it

90
Q

what does the modification to the logistic growth model allow for?

A

consideration of unused opportunities for population growth based on carrying capacity

91
Q

for multiple populations experiencing the same density-independent occurrence (hurricane, tornado, etc.), what would we expect the graphs to look like?

A

similar because the same effect will be happening across the area

92
Q

for multiple populations experiencing the density-dependent occurrences, what would we expect the graphs to look like?

A

fluctuations between populations because they will tend to do different things

93
Q

what causes populations to cycle?

A

regular environmental changes

intrinsic dynamics

interactions with predators or disease

94
Q

what is an example of a regular environmental change that causes population cycles?

A

El Nino events -> decrease in resources -> density dependent

95
Q

what are the types of intrinsic dynamics?

A

no oscillation, damped oscillation, and limit cycle

96
Q

what are intrinsic dynamics?

A

a type of fluctuation in population size due to time delays that depend on population growth

97
Q

what do no oscillation graphs look like?

A

normal logistic growth model, s-shaped curve

98
Q

what is r when there is no oscillation?

A

r < 1

99
Q

what are damped oscillations?

A

populations getting progressively closer to K

start big but bounce around getting closer

100
Q

what is r in damped oscillation?

A

1 < r < 2

101
Q

what are limit cycles?

A

population numbers alternate between high and low values until the population goes extinct from hitting 0

102
Q

what is r in limit cycles?

A

r > 2

103
Q

what does self regulation require?

A

organisms to have internal mechanisms to respond to population density

104
Q

what is an example of an internal mechanism for population density control?

A

stress hormones to decrease reproduction or increase mortality

105
Q

what is an example of population cycles due to predation/disease?

A

red grouse

parasite that reached peak-build-up every four years and would dramatically impact red grouse populations

106
Q

how do vaccines use host-parasite relationships?

A

treat enough people to reduce parasite/pathogen burden to prevent significant population declines

107
Q

environmental variations tend to be ___, while fluctuations in many populations are ___

A

random and non-random

108
Q

growth rates are ___

A

density-dependent

109
Q

regulatory factors vary over ___

A

space

110
Q

populations are spatial mosaics because they have different ___ ___ in different ___

A

regulatory processes in different areas

111
Q

life history

A

organism’s lifetime pattern of growth, reproduction, and death

112
Q

what is the life history strategy?

A

patterns in growth and development

life span

timing and quantity of repoduction

113
Q

example of long life - few offspring organism

A

rhinos

114
Q

example of short life - many offspring organism

A

mosquitoes

115
Q

what can be identified by an organism’s life history?

A

mode and age of maturity for reproduction

size and number of offspring

parental investment and parity

life span

116
Q

what is parity?

A

number of reproductive events

117
Q

why don’t we evolve life history to maximize fitness?

A

there are tradeoffs due to limited resources

“problem of allocation”

118
Q

there is an ___ energetic investment for a particular life history component

A

optimal

119
Q

investing beyond optimal energy for a particular fitness components can…

A

overall reduce fitness

limited energy to other important functions

120
Q

what do high mortality rate adults favor?

A

current fecundity

breed now, could die tomorrow

121
Q

what do long lifespan adults favor?

A

delayed reproduction

save energy, you have time

122
Q

example of high mortality rate organism

A

swainson’s thrush

lifespan = 3-4 yrs

produces 1-3 broods per year

123
Q

example of long lifespan organism

A

leach’s storm-petrel

lifespan = 30-40 yrs

produce 1 young per year

124
Q

benefits of early breeding

A

increase fecundity

125
Q

costs of early breeding

A

reduced survival to older age bc of energy allocation

reduce fecundity at older age

126
Q

indeterminate growth

A

organisms that don’t have a typical adult size

fish, some plants, some invertebrates

127
Q

fecundity is related to ___ ___

A

body size

128
Q

increased fecundity in one year …

A

reduces growth and future fecundity

129
Q

example of optimal allocation

A

bird having 7 eggs per brood

5 -> one dominates and kills other chicks

9 -> parents can’t properly care for young

130
Q

what are the three key developmental features of life cycles?

A

embryo -> adult

presence of dormancy stages during development

development and constancy of organism’s sex

131
Q

direct development

A

adult develops from fertilized egg

no larval stage

132
Q

indirect/metamorphic development

A

larval stage present

two radically different stages

133
Q

example of direct development

A

dolphins or humans

134
Q

example of indirect development

A

frogs or butterflies

135
Q

costs of metamorphosis

A

significant energy expenditure

vulnerability to predation at certain stages

136
Q

advantages of metamorphosis

A

specialization on different functions at different life stages

use of different ecological niches

reduced competition among larvae and adults

137
Q

neoteny

A

adults retain larval forms but can reproduce sexually

more common in extreme environments

138
Q

dormancy in development

A

flower in desert

resist harsh environmental conditions

seeds, spores, cysts

139
Q

asexual reproduction

A

progeny are genetically identical to e/o and parent

clones

occurs in plants and some animals (corals, insects, fisk, snakes, birds)

140
Q

parthenogenesis

A

producing eggs with two sets of chromosomes

all progeny are female

can produce with males, but can due in absence as well

141
Q

what organisms can do parthenogenesis?

A

some insects, snails, reptiles, …