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11/1 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two outcomes of competition?

A

coexistence or one species dominates

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2
Q

what is coexistence?

A

resources or niches are partitioned

realized niche is expanded for one species as one moves away

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3
Q

what is single species domination?

A

competitive exclusion principle

other species goes extinct, migrates, or evolves

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4
Q

what type of evolution results from single species domination for losing species?

A

change in niche or character displacement

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5
Q

what is ecological character displacement?

A

evolution of differences in traits among similar species to reduce competition while in the same area

difference between species is greater when species are in sympatry than when in allopatry

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6
Q

limited resources lead to…

A

competition between and within species

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7
Q

competition occurs when:

A

a) a resource is limiting

b) the interaction between species has a negative impact on one or both of them

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8
Q

how do we know who wins in competition?

A

the best competitor for the resource

meaning whoever can persist at the lower level of the resource (competitive exclusion principle)

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9
Q

what is an example of environment influencing competition?

A

flour beetles in warm/dry vs cold/wet flour

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10
Q

what type of competition caused the wildebeest population to level off?

A

intraspecific

example of logistic growth and density-dependent factors

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11
Q

what is equilibrium in population growth?

A

when the population is neither growing, nor decreasing

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12
Q

what factors determine the size of a population at equilibrium?

A

growth rate and carrying capacity for that environment (intraspecific competition)

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13
Q

how can we model intraspecific competition?

A

dN/dt = rN(1-(N/K))

change in population size = change in population size if resources are limited times limited resources

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14
Q

what happens in mathematical model of intraspecific competition if N = K?

A

change in population growth = 0 and population stops growing as it has hit equilibrium

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15
Q

what is our model for interspecific competition?

A

lotka-volterra model

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16
Q

why does the l-v model work?

A

the species affect each other because they use the same resource

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17
Q

what is the l-v model for species 1?

A

dN/dT = rN(1- (N+aN**)/(K))

change in population size for species 1 (N*) = unlimited resource times (intraspecific competition and interspecific competition)

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18
Q

what is alpha?

A

competition coefficient for the effect of species two on species one

effect of gazelles on wildebeest

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19
Q

if one gazelle consumes the equivalent of half a wildebeest, what is a?

A

0.5

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20
Q

what is the l-v model for the effect of species one on species two?

A

dN/dt = rN** ( 1- N** + bN*)/K**)

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21
Q

what is b?

A

competition coefficient for effect of species one on species two

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22
Q

what are zero-growth isoclines?

A

when the population is at equilibrium

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23
Q

what happens for the species on the x-axis if x = 0?

A

their competitor’s population has gone extinct and the main species is at its carrying capacity

it is only experiencing intraspecific competition

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24
Q

n

A

o

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25
which direction does the x-axis species' arrows move?
horizontally
26
n
o
27
what happens to the y-axis species when y = 0?
the species has gone extinct and its competitor's population = K**/b
28
what are the possible outcomes of l-v models?
species 1 or 2 dominates unstable equilibrium stable equilibrium
29
what does the graph look like during stable coexistence?
isoclines cross and carrying capacities are the lowest intercepts two species co-exist net movement arrows all point to intersecting point of isoclines
30
which way do y-axis species population arrows move?
vertically
31
environmental variation can allow competitors to...
coexist
32
what happens in l-v model when one species dominates?
isoclines don't cross outer isocline wins and the other goes extinct outer net movement arrows point towards isoclines but the one btwn lines points towards winning species' axis
33
what happens in l-v model for unstable coexistence/competitive exclusion?
isoclines cross carrying capacities are the highest intercepts outer arrows lead to unstable coexistence segment arrows point to their closest axis for competitive exclusion of other species
34
why is unstable coexistence unstable?
any perturbation (changes in reproduction from generation to generation, natural disasters, etc.) leads to one segment dominating
35
what are predator-prey interactions?
interactions that result in a predator killing something
36
all species except primary producers are both ___ and ___ for consumers
consumers and resources
37
what do predators do?
catch and consume individuals, remove them from the population
38
what do parasites do?
consume part of a host but don't remove them from the population
39
what do parasitoids do?
reside within host and then kill it
40
what do herbivores do?
predatory or parasitic depending on whether they eat the entire plant or just part of it
41
how do generalist-diet predators select food?
based on its availability
42
specialized-diet predators...
focus on a specific species
43
a general rule of thumb for predators is that the bigger the size of the prey, ...
the more specialized the predator's adaptations become
44
what is an example of a specialized predator's adaptations?
lions having powerful legs and jaws
45
how can predators develop adaptations for handling prey?
arrangement of teeth think predator vs. herbivore teeth
46
what is cooperative hunting?
hunting in groups unique scenario where predators is smaller than prey
47
what allows smaller predator to successfully attack larger prey?
overpowering prey with numbers and having enough bodies to make the hunt useful (can feasibly eat entirety of prey)
48
what is a digestive example of predator adaptations?
plant predators have longer foregut regions to process organic matter cellulose and lignin are difficult to digest and longer foregut allows for more surface area and bacteria to interact with food
49
what are the types of prey adaptations to predation?
behavioral and morphological
50
what are the different types of behavioral adaptations for prey?
hiding: baby deer escaping: adult deer group living: zebras sentinels/lookouts: meerkat playing dead: possum
51
what are morphological prey adaptations to predation?
size: elephants are too big to eat by one predator spines/armor-like covering: porcupines or turtles unpalatability: foul-smelling or stinging secretions - skunks aposematic coloration: monarch butterflies and caterpillars
52
what is aposematic coloration?
bright colors or patterns to seem foul-tasting or toxic to predators
53
what aren't all potential prey unpalatable?
energetic costs danger of obtaining toxin from environment without harming self and needing to have a specialized diet not all toxins work on all species (think birds vs. humans and hot peppers)
54
what happens to poison dart frogs after they stop eating the food they get their toxin from?
they are no longer toxic to touch
55
what is batesian mimicry?
palatable animals mimic unpalatable species
56
what is mullerian mimicry?
unpalatable species mimic each other a predator's bad experience with one species protects all species in the "mullerian complex"
57
what does disruptive coloration do?
confuse the visual system of predator cause predator to attack tail or other non-vital parts of the body
58
what is crypsis?
coloration that blends into the environment used by both prey and predator
59
what is countershading?
top and bottom sides of organism are different shadings to made it harder for them to be seen from above or below
60
what are the three types of impacts predators have on prey?
no, moderate, and dominant impact
61
what is no impact?
"donor-controlled supply" prey supply is determined by factors other than predation
62
what is moderate impact?
population cycles bc populations aren't static predator mandated coexistence
63
what is dominant impact?
predator controlled system predator depletes prey
64
what happens if predator is removed from a no impact system?
nothing prey N and r are determined by non-predator factors (abiotic, resources, disease, etc.)
65
what are predator prey interactions the result of?
interactions between predator and resource limitations on prey
66
can predator interactions be positive?
yes, if the predator eats the prey and then disperses it, it can be positive for the species but not the individual or squirrels forgetting seeds underground
67
when do dominant impact interactions typically occur?
when a predator is introduced to a system
68
what is predator-mandated co-existence?
when predation keeps prey populations regulated to prevent competitive exclusion of other species promotes existence of other prey species
69
efficient predators can cause...
their own extinction
70
what are trends in predation dynamics?
long-cycle herbivores tend to have l-c predators short cycle herbivores tend to have s-c predators large herbivores have 9-10 yr cycles small herbivores have 4 yr cycles
71
why does the response of prey populations (or vice versa) lag?
responding to environment and offspring, which takes time
72
what is the rule of thumb for lag periods?
a predator will experience a lag 4-5 times behind the prey population needs time for resource to effect prey, then for predator to react, be effected, and then effect the prey again
73
if there's one year between birth and sexual maturity, how long is the lag cycle?
four years
74
at equilibrium, the change in predator and prey populations is ___
zero
75
the equilibrium isocline of a predator is...
the number of prey that can sustain growth of the predator population
76
the equilibrium isocline of the prey is...
the number of predators that the prey population can support
77
what is population trajectory?
a closed cycle that occurs if p-p populations are graphed together 1/4 cycle out of phase, prey inc/decreases ahead of predator
78
what is joint equilibrium in the l-v model?
when lines representing P and V cross, only combination of populations sizes of P and V that is stable
79
l-v model predicts that once populations stray from joint equilibrium point,...
they will continue to oscillate around it
80
oscillation period is inversely proportional to...
the better predators are at using resources and the faster prey grow the higher the growth rate of the prey or death rate of the predator, the faster the system oscillates
81
both l-v models for prey and predators are set up as...
birth rate - death rate
82
what does c mean in l-v p-p interaction models?
predator efficiency how good predators are at catching things
83
what does the a mean in l-v p-p interaction models?
prey's efficiency at turning food into reproduction
84
what does m mean in l-v p-p interaction models?
death rate
85
what does the vertical line on l-v p-p interactions graph show?
number of prey where predators population is at equilibrium
86
what does the horizontal line show in l-v p-p interaction models?
number of predators where prey population is at equilibrium
87
what does population trajectory show?
how we get an offset in cycling species are responding to each other simultaneously roughly a quarter of a cycle out of phase
88
why were the paramecium initially not coexisting with the didinium?
they were getting eaten too quickly then they were too good at hiding in glass wool
89
what are environmental requirements for predator prey coexistence?
limited resources for prey to limit population growth spatial variation in environment
90
why don't all predator prey interaction result in oscillations?
predator insufficiency independent factors that lead to density-dependent limitation of predator or prey alternative food sources for predator refuges for prey at low densities
91
what is meant by predator inefficiency?
that prey may escape or be defensive in the end, more prey survive and their populations increase, leading to support of predator populations and enhancement of stability
92
what happens when predators have alternative food sources?
populations aren't reduced drastically
93
what happens when refuges for prey are at low densities
prey numbers are not reduced drastically and their can recover more easily hiding is a density dependent factor

bio 220 (11 decks)

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