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bio 220 > 10/4 quiz > Flashcards

10/4 quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

physiological ecology

A

adaptations to the physical environment

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2
Q

organisms have mechanisms to…

A

perform well in a limited range of conditions

compensate for a certain range of variation in conditions

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3
Q

examples of abiotic factors

A

temperature, water availability, salinity

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4
Q

types of environmental changes

A

predictable (seasonal, daily, tidal, etc.) or unpredictable (hurricanes, fire, etc.)

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5
Q

environmental variation serve as a significant challenge to an organism’s ___

A

fitness

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6
Q

levels of tolerance

A

variation in environmental conditions had different consequences for different processes (reproduction, growth, survival)

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7
Q

successful reproduction/population maintenance occurs at ___ ranges than survival and growth

A

narrower

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8
Q

environmental tolerances determine the ___ ___ of organisms

A

geographic distribution

ex: most herps (reptiles and amphibians) avoid low temperatures

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9
Q

acclimatization

A

reversible (within the individual’s lifetime) shift in physiological tolerances of an individual

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10
Q

examples of acclimatization

A

thicker fur in winter, smaller leaves during dry season, humans in high altitudes

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11
Q

adaptations

A

genetically determined characteristic that enhances an individual’s fitness in its environment

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12
Q

secondary definition of adaptation

A

evolutionary process that allows organisms to become better suited to their environment

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13
Q

disclaimers about adaptations!

A

they may challenge other adaptations

they have evolutionary trade-offs

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14
Q

example of different populations adapting to the same conditions in different ways

A

humans in high altitudes

andes: high RBC concentration and larger lung volume

tibet: normal RBC conc. and elevated breathing rate

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15
Q

categories of responses

A

adaptive avoidance and tolerance

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16
Q

types of adaptive avoidance

A

behavioral (migration) and metabolic

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17
Q

examples of metabolic avoidance

A

metabolic rate depression, hibernation, and estivation

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18
Q

types of adaptive tolerance

A

behavioral, morphological, physiological, and biochemical

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19
Q

pros of migration

A

avoid harsh conditions and expand resource base

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20
Q

cons of migration

A

energetic cost and high risk of mortality

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21
Q

what determines migration?

A

seasons -> its seasonal movement to/from a region

external stimuli serve as cues

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22
Q

when is migration most advantageous?

A

when abiotic challenges are seasonal and predictable

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23
Q

example of organism that migrates

A

monarch butterflies - avoid low temperatures

wildebeest - avoid drought

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24
Q

avoidance

A

avoiding an environmental change

can occur seasonally or even daily between microhabitats/environments

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25
Q

example of organism using avoidance adaptation

A

desert iguana - regulates body temp by moving microhabitats

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26
Q

types of metabolic avoidance

A

dormancy, metabolic arrest, torpor, hibernation, or estivation

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27
Q

example of organism using dormancy

A

coconut seeds when surrounded by harsh, salty water

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28
Q

example of organism using metabolic arrest

A

brine shrimp - lose most of their bodily water content and rehydrate when water is available in their environment

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29
Q

torpor

A

short-term reduction in metabolic rate (overnight)

for low temps or food deficiency

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30
Q

hibernation

A

prolonged torpor (weeks/months)

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31
Q

estivation

A

reduction in metabolic rate due to heat or drought

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32
Q

why is temperature important to survival?

A

metabolism and other bodily systems are dependent on enzymes, which are temp sensitive

high temp -> denature
low temp -> inactive

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33
Q

what can happen to lipid membranes at low temps?

A

solidify

things can’t be transported in/out of cell

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34
Q

what happens if a cell freezes?

A

can be punctures by ice crystals

ex: frostbite

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35
Q

two ways of dealing with temperature variation

A

endotherm or ectotherm

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36
Q

what is an endotherm?

A

generate heat through metabolism

requires higher metabolic rate and energy demands

mammals and birds

37
Q

ectotherms

A

regulate body temp through behavior, not metabolism

lower metabolic rate and energy demands

reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates

38
Q

what are behavioral changes ectotherms can use?

A

basking, changes in posture, and changes in orientation

39
Q

what are two standards of temperature for organisms?

A

homeotherms or poikilotherms

40
Q

what is a homeotherm?

A

organisms that keep their body temp relatively constant

most endotherms, few ectotherms

41
Q

example of homeotherm

A

many marine fish - live in water that stays at a constant temp

42
Q

what is a poikilotherm?

A

organisms who have varying body temps

most, but not all, ectotherms

43
Q

intracellular freezing is always ___

A

lethal

cell rupture

44
Q

how can organisms deal with low temps?

A

metabolism (endo) or insulation (fur/blubber)

45
Q

how do freeze tolerant species work?

A

have anti-freeze like compounds to lower body’s freezing point

body can cool to -20 C w/o freezing

46
Q

examples of anti-freeze compounds

A

glycerol and glycoproteins

47
Q

examples of freeze-tolerant species

A

Antarctic fish, some insects, pained turtles

48
Q

extracellular freezing is…

A

challenging but possible

49
Q

what controls the balance between and organism and it’s environment’s salt concentration?

A

osmosis

50
Q

animal mechanism to control water/salt concentration

A

urine concentration or salt glands

50
Q

what do salt glands allow animals to do?

A

drink sea water

51
Q

species are limited by ___ ___ and ___

A

physical factors and resources

52
Q

each species has __ and ___ ___ limits

A

upper and lower tolerance

53
Q

what determines species distributions?

A

physical environment, biotic interactions, and evolutionary history

54
Q

how can the physical environment determine a species’ distribution?

A

tolerance limits

55
Q

examples of biotic interactions that can influence species distributions

A

food, predators, competition, parasites, and diseases

56
Q

example of evolutionary history impact species distribution

A

polar bears being in north pole but not antarctica

can physically survive there, but won’t migrate and didn’t evolve there

57
Q

what are climate patterns a result of?

A

shape (latitude) and tilt of earth, atmospheric circulation cells, oceanic currents, proximity to oceans and mountain ranges

58
Q

when we discuss climate, we will consider…

A

temperature, precipitation, averages, and variation

59
Q

why does the equator experience hot/wet climate?

A

gets focused sunlight

“angle of incidence of sunlight”

60
Q

what causes seasonal variation?

A

spherical shape + tilt + orbit

61
Q

what is the solar equator?

A

where the sun hits the earth’s surface perpendicularly, changes with earth’s rotation

62
Q

what results from tropics getting more direct sunlight year-round?

A

higher average annual temperature

less seasonality in temperature

63
Q

what does the northern hemisphere experience due to being tilted towards the sun?

A

more direct sunlight

longer days

64
Q

describe how hadley cells of air circulation work

A

at equator: low pressure, warm, wet air rises to create rainfall, then moves north/south and cools, colder, higher pressure, dry air sinks, warms back up and picks up moisture in regions it falls on

65
Q

what do hadley cells result in?

A

general tendency for tropical and subtropical rainforests at equator and deserts 30 degrees in latitude from there

66
Q

what are the names of all three air circulation cells in each hemisphere?

A

hadley, ferrell, and polar

67
Q

areas with the most energy incidence get the most ___

A

rainfall

68
Q

what determines wet and dry seasons in the tropics?

A

position of the solar equator

69
Q

at equator, there are ___ wet and dry seasons

A

2

rain belt passes twice a year moving north and south

70
Q

between tropics and temperate areas, which has the most temperature seasonality?

A

temperate

71
Q

between tropics and temperate areas, which has the most precipitation seasonality?

A

tropics

72
Q

global climate can be explained by:

A

spherical shape and tilt of the earth and its orbit around the sun

73
Q

temperate zones experience greater temperature in ___

A

temperature

due to tilting and orbit

74
Q

tropics experience greater seasonality in ___

A

precipitation

due to rain belt oscillation

75
Q

how does proximity to oceans impact the northern hemisphere?

A

less rainfall - less open water to get water from (than southern hem.)

higher temperature variation - less moderating effect of oceans

76
Q

what does it mean that water has a high heat capacity?

A

a large amount of heat is necessary to change its temperature

77
Q

as you get further from oceans, you observe…

A

less rainfall in interior than coast

less temperature variation along coasts

even regionally!

78
Q

how do mountain ranges impact climate?

A

rain shadow effect

79
Q

rain shadow effect

A

how one side of the mountain will have moisture and the other side will be significantly drier

80
Q

example of distribution of one species limiting the distribution of another

A

tsetse flies limiting cattle due to disease they spread

81
Q

what are examples of physical barriers that limit continental and global species distributions?

A

oceans, mountains, river

82
Q

what is a more recent way organisms have found to overcome physical barriers to distribution?

A

human movement

83
Q

how has evolutionary history impacted species distributions?

A

geological history, historical shifts in climate, and phylogenetic history

84
Q

what are examples of geological history?

A

continental drift and glaciation

85
Q

what is an example of historical shifts in climate?

A

range breaks due to historical local extinctions

86
Q

what are examples of phylogenetic history?

A

phylogenetic conservatism of species’ range limits

divergence of the range limits

87
Q

what is the great american interchange

A

north america was part of laurasia and south america was part of godwana

sa mammals colonized na and vice versa occurred

bio 220 (5 decks)

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