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bio 220 > 10/25 quiz > Flashcards

10/25 quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two modes of reproduction?

A

sexual and asexual

sexual is far more common

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2
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

gametes are formed in meiosis and each contains 1/2 of parent’s genetic material -> one full set of chromosomes = haploid

sperm + egg = zygote, which is diploid

new individual develops from zygote

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3
Q

why is sexual reproduction costly?

A

energy consumption
- find mate (physically searching)
- get mate (courtship, elaborate appearance, etc)

cost of meiosis

vulnerability of predation while attracting mate

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4
Q

what is the cost of meiosis?

A

each offspring only carries one half of a given parent’s genes

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5
Q

why is asexual reproduction technically more productive than sexual reproduction?

A

fitness is measured by amount of genes passed down to next generation

asexual passes down 100%, sexual only passes down 50%

AS should be favored by NS

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6
Q

why doesn’t NS select for asexual reproduction?

A

sexual allows for genetic variability of offspring, can better survive changing conditions

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7
Q

genetic variation is a form of “___ ___”

A

bet hedging

not putting all their “genetic eggs into one basket”

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8
Q

can organisms reproduce both sexually and asexually?

A

yes, a planarian changes based on times of environmental stress

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9
Q

how is genetic variability related to parasitic virulence?

A

GV is needed to deal with continuously changing virulence

parasites often have large populations and short generations time, allowing them to evolve rapidly

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10
Q

what is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A

how organisms are in a constant “evolutionary arms race” to simply persist in the presence of continuously evolving parasites/disease

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11
Q

what are the different types of sex changes?

A

simple life cycle -> develop sex early in life and remain constant

sequential hermaphroditism -> sex changes during life span

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12
Q

what does protandrous mean?

A

an individual is first male and then female

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13
Q

what does protogynous mean?

A

an individual is first female and then male

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14
Q

when is protandry favored?

A

when fecundity is higher in older females

good for if resources are scarce early in life, males typically need fewer

save energy and be a small male until large enough to be a female and invest energy into egg production

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15
Q

when is protogyny favored?

A

when fecundity is higher in older males

can start small as a female and be inconspicuous to predators and then, once big, avoid predators better and compete for access to females more effectively

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16
Q

what is an example of protandry?

A

clownfish

next biggest female takes over if dominant one dies

want to invest in being a growing male at the beginning and then switch to female later

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17
Q

example of protogyny

A

bluestreak wrasse - one male has multiple females, but when one dies the next largest female steps up to be the male

male gets to protect territory and mate with all females

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18
Q

what is senescence?

A

an increase in mortality and decline in fecundity

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19
Q

why do organisms senesce?

A

accumulation of physical/molecular defects

evolution of repair mechanisms in old age could have costs to earlier survival

selection on changes in survival and fecundity at old age are weak - not a super strong advantage to survive past peak fecundity age

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20
Q

what are the costs and benefits of earlier age of first reproduction?

A

B: increased reproductive output

C: lower parental survivorship

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21
Q

what are the costs and benefits to reproductive effort?

A

B: more effort -> more offspring

C: lower survivorship of parent and offspring if too much energy put in

think of european magpies with optimal 7 eggs

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22
Q

there is a ___ relationship between offspring size and number

A

negative

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23
Q

how does reproducing later in life help in organisms with indeterminate growth?

A

investing in growth earlier in life allows you to make more eggs when you become reproductively active

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24
Q

what is one issue with reproducing later in life?

A

if you die before then, your fitness is 0

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25
Q

what does resource allocation for growth and reproduction depend on?

A

predation risk of the environment

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26
Q

what does semelparous mean?

A

organism reproduces once when conditions are appropriate

will die after reproducing

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27
Q

when is semelparous reproduction favored?

A

when the cost of reproduction is high or when reproduction can be timed to occur at favorable times

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28
Q

what does iteroparous mean?

A

an organism reproduces many times

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29
Q

what is an example of a semelparous organism?

A

cicada or salmon

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30
Q

what is the fast-slow continuum?

A

concept to describe life history strategies based on growth, reproduction, and survival

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31
Q

what is the fast portion of the f-s continuum?

A

r-selected: constantly growing

rapid growth and early reproduction

shorter life span and often many offspring

little to no parental care

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32
Q

what is the slow portion of f-s continuum?

A

k-selected: have to live within carrying capacity

slower growth and delayed reproduction

longer lifespan and often fewer offspring

high parental care investment

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33
Q

what do K-selection life history species prioritize?

A

traits that increase competitive abilities - want to fit within carrying capacity

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34
Q

what do r-selective species prioritize?

A

traits that increase r

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35
Q

what is r-selection mainly used by?

A

pioneering species in habitats with high disturbance

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36
Q

what is K-selection mainly used by?

A

climax communities with species near carrying capacity

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37
Q

in reality, most species are … r and K selection

A

in between extremes of

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38
Q

when is r-selection favored?

A

unpredictable environments

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39
Q

when is K-selection favored?

A

in predictable environments

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40
Q

annual plants

A

produce many seeds at once, hold nothing back

but must grow quickly to complete lifecycle in one growing season

risk of not growing in a bad season

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41
Q

perennial plants

A

can grow and store energy over multiple seasons

must survive winter and can’t allocate as much energy to seed production

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42
Q

what is an ecological community?

A

a group of interacting species that
co-occur in a particular place

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43
Q

what are important factors to an ecological community?

A

species richness (how many), evenness (how common) and composition (what are they doing and how are they interacting)

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44
Q

what determines the species composition of a community?

A

climate/abiotic factors (environmental tolerance)

environmental complexity (niche space)

competition and biotic interactions

chance events

(also long-term events, but not focusing on these)

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45
Q

what does greater environmental complexity allow for?

A

greater complexity of inhabiting species

thinkl-l invertebrates and trees

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46
Q

how can the physical environment impact community composition?

A

directly -> environmental tolerances

indirectly -> biotic interactions

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47
Q

what is an example of an indirect biotic interaction related to the effects of the physical environment on community composition?

A

the presence of flowers impacting the presence of bees

w/o flowers, bees won’t live there

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48
Q

what are the types of interactions between species?

A

mutualism

communsalism/facilitation
predation/herbivory/parasitism/disease

ammensalism

competition

no interactions

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49
Q

what is mutualism?

A

when both organisms benefit from the interaction

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50
Q

what is commensalism/facilitation?

A

when one organism benefits and the other is indifferent

one species increases the probability that another is occurring in the community

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51
Q

what are predatory/herbivory/parasitic/disease interactions?

A

when one organism benefits and the other is harmed

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52
Q

what is no interaction?

A

neither organism is effected, both are indifferent

53
Q

what is ammensalism?

A

when one organism is indifferent but the other is harmed

54
Q

what is competition?

A

when both organisms are harmed by the interaction

55
Q

what is an example of mutualism?

A

hummingbirds receive nectar from flowers (energy) and the flowers being pollinated by the hummingbirds’ movement

56
Q

what is an example of facilitation?

A

kelp forests

kelp just grows, but it provides a habitat for other species at the same time

57
Q

what are keystone species and ecosystem engineers?

A

examples of facilitation - species with a significant role in determining community structure

we typically notice the importance of their presence after they’re gone

58
Q

what is an example of a keystone species?

A

wolves in Yellowstone national park (helped with species maintenance, especially with elk)

59
Q

what is an example of an ecosystem engineer?

A

beavers - build dams that help prevent flooding and establish habitats for fish

60
Q

what does symbiosis mean?

A

umbrella term for species interactions

61
Q

what is neutral symbiosis?

A

commensalism - some partners benefit but none suffer

62
Q

what is beneficial commensalism?

A

mutualism - all partners benefit; obligate or facultative

63
Q

what is exploitative symbiosis?

A

one partner benefits and other suffers

64
Q

what are obligate mutualisms?

A

the interaction is required by both species

orchids with a particular pollinator

65
Q

what are facultative mutualisms?

A

occur in moments of opportunity but can survive w/o

honey bees w/ flowers

66
Q

what is an example of a predatory/herbivory/parasitism/disease interaction?

A

pathogens in host

67
Q

what is an example on ammensalism?

A

stepping on a bug

68
Q

what is an example of a competition interaction?

A

seals fighting over access to females, expends energy for both individuals

69
Q

what are the two types of herbivory?

A

predator and parasite

70
Q

what is predator herbivory?

A

eating the whole plant

71
Q

what is parasite herbivory?

A

only eating part of a plant

72
Q

what do carnivores do?

A

consume whole individual (or more)

73
Q

what do parasitoids do?

A

consume whole individual (or more)

74
Q

what do parasites do in species interactions?

A

consume part of host

one parasite won’t consume the whole host

75
Q

what are the three types of mutualism?

A

trophic, defensive, and dispersive

76
Q

what is trophic mutualism?

A

partners in obtaining energy

ex: bacteria in gut, get energy from breaking down cellulose that the host otherwise couldn’t digest

77
Q

what are defensive mutualisms?

A

food/shelter in return for defense

ex: ant defending aphid bc aphid feeds ant

78
Q

what are dispersive mutualisms?

A

food in return for dispersal - pollination or seed dispersal

ex: bees or seed-eating birds

79
Q

how are the plants in the salt marsh an example of facilitation and ecosystem “engineers”

A

species that can grow in the salty water block/buffer further back species from the tides and salinity, making conditions more favorable for them

80
Q

mutualism in aquatic environment

A

corals have high productivity due to mutualism btwn polyp and unicellular algae

algae provide carbohydrates through photosynthesis and secrete 90-99% of fixed carbon to coral

polyps shelter algae and produce ammonium as a waste product, which is a nutrient to the algae

81
Q

parasites play a role in …

A

maintenance of genetic diversity

sexual reproduction

female mate choice

regulation of host populations

82
Q

how is disease different from predation?

A

is doesn’t necessarily kill its victim

after infection, victim often becomes immune

disease is much smaller than victim, opposite w/ predators

disease organisms aren’t often independently mobile

83
Q

what are important characteristics of disease population dynamics?

A

virulence: how quickly the population grows within a host

transmission rate: how the disease moves between hosts

rate of spread: host movement (migration and dispersal)

84
Q

how can a disease can modify host behaviors to induce transmission

A

sneezing/coughing

rubbing eyes/scratching pustules

induced excretion

biting (rabies)

85
Q

what are factors that limit population growth?

A

density-independent

competition (both inter and intraspecific)

predation (herbivory, parasitism, disease)

86
Q

what is coral reef bleaching?

A

due to environmental stress, corals expel algae even though it is harmful in the long run, they can’t maintain them anymore

87
Q

two forms of competition

A

inter and intraspecific

88
Q

two forms of interspecific competition

A

interference and exploitative

89
Q

how did arthur tansley use the common garden experiment?

A

to test interactions between closely related species

90
Q

what were the results of arthur tansley’s common garden experiment?

A

both plant species grew best in their natural soil but were able to grow a bit in the opposing one

when in combination, the native plant grew best in its own soil with few of the foreign plant succeeding

91
Q

what did tansley’s experiment demonstrate?

A

the effect of an organism’s environment and competition

92
Q

why did the gazelle population decrease after the wildebeest population grew?

A

the gazelle population’s carrying capacity changed

93
Q

what effect can species a have on species b if they are in the same habitat?

A

the presence or absence of species a can determine the p/a of species b due to competition between the two

both can persist, but one may be better at it and out compete or interfere with the other

94
Q

___ conditions can affect competition

A

environmental

95
Q

how can past competition impact the present?

A

it can influence present species distributions

96
Q

what is a resource?

A

anything consumed/used by organisms

97
Q

what are examples of resources?

A

water, food, space, shelter

98
Q

what is a limiting resource?

A

a resource that is in short enough supply that the amount available begins to impact population growth

99
Q

what is a non-limiting resource?

A

a resource that is plentiful enough that increasing it wouldn’t increase population growth

100
Q

lower availability of resources leads to…

A

lower population growth rates

101
Q

what is the definition of competition?

A

any use or defense of a resource by one individual that reduces the availability of that resource to other individuals

102
Q

what is intraspecific competition?

A

within a species

species has a negative effect on itself

103
Q

what is interspecific competition?

A

between species

104
Q

what mathematical model do we use to calculate intraspecific competition?

A

a rearrangement of the logistic equation

very similar to carrying capacity

105
Q

what mathematical model do we use to calculate interspecific competition?

A

a modified version of the logistic equation that integrates intensity of competition and the population size of the other species

106
Q

how are competing species related?

A

they are functions of each other

as species a increases, there will be a decrease in growth rate of species b, and vice versa

107
Q

what happens to intraspecific competition at high population densities?

A

competition is strong

108
Q

what does intraspecific competition do for population size?

A

regulates it

109
Q

what does intraspecific competition do in terms of selection?

A

leads to evolution by natural selection and sexual selection because mates are a resource

110
Q

what does interspecific competition help determine?

A

which species can coexist

111
Q

what does interspecific competition help regulate?

A

each species and the ones around it

112
Q

what can interspecific competition lead to?

A

extinction of a species

113
Q

what is exploitation?

A

indirect interspecific competition

a reduction in growth rate due to use of a shared resource

114
Q

what is interference?

A

direct interspecific competition

a reduction in growth rate due to active interactions between two species

115
Q

in exploitative competition, one species … of a resource required by another

A

reduces the abundance

116
Q

in interference competition, one species … to a resource required by another

A

denies or reduces access

117
Q

what is an example of a behavior that demonstrates interference competition?

A

birds that eat fruit off trees attacking other fruit-eating birds that approach fruit tree but being indifferent to non-fruit-eating birds

defensive of fruit tree

118
Q

what is apparent competition?

A

the relative ability of two species to tolerate an external pressure

competition mediated by predators/parasites/disease

119
Q

what is an example of apparent competition?

A

tree frogs surviving poorly when all three frog species exist together in the absence of predators

with few predators: tree frogs survive a bit better

with multiple predators: tree frogs survive best

120
Q

what is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

two species cannot coexist indefinitely on the same limiting resource

keyword: LIMITING

121
Q

limiting resources can occur …

A

only part time/seasonally

according to body size, age, etc. (ex: only competing as juveniles)

122
Q

limiting resources become more limiting with more competitors, this leads to ___ ___ effects

A

density dependent

123
Q

when can competing species coexist?

A

when they have different niches

124
Q

the greater the niche overlap between species, the…

A

stronger competition will be

125
Q

what is a fundamental niche?

A

includes all the resources a species CAN use

neglects species interactions

126
Q

what is a realized niche?

A

the resources a species actually uses given competition by other species

is narrower than the fundamental niche

127
Q

example of fundamental and realized niches

A

barnacles

one species can inhabit all of the space (fundamental niche), but sticks to top bc of other species (realized niche)

other species can only survive in lower area, stays within its fundamental and realized niche

128
Q

when there are limiting resources, we can model which species will win based on those species’…

A

carrying capacities

bio 220 (11 decks)

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