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bio 220 > 11/8 quiz > Flashcards

11/8 quiz Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two ways predators respond to prey?

A

numerically or functionally

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2
Q

what is a numerical predator response?

A

predator birth rates increase and death rates increase with increased food (prey)

numerical increase in predators

this is what we’ve been talking about in class so far!

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3
Q

what is the functional predator response?

A

rate of consumption increases, typically as prey increase

how they eat their food changes as prey increase

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4
Q

what are the different types of functional responses?

A

I, II, and III

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5
Q

what is a I functional predator response?

A

increase in prey has a linear increase in number of prey consumed

rare in nature

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6
Q

what is a II functional predator response?

A

predator consume more prey as prey density increases but eventually slows and stops as animals become full

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7
Q

what is a III functional predator response?

A

initially slow start as prey numbers increase but then quick increase in number of prey consumed until slowing and levelling off

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8
Q

describe the type I functional predator response in terms of prey proportions

A

line stays straight

same proportion of prey are eaten regardless of availability

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9
Q

describe the type II functional predator response in terms of prey proportions

A

as prey increase, the proportion eaten slows as predators get full, regardless of availability

think about instantaneous rates as plot approaches levelling off

graph appears like a logistic growth curve

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10
Q

describe the type III functional predator response in terms of prey proportions

A

starts low bc low prey availability, but increases as predators get better at catching them and their density increases

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11
Q

what is optimal foraging theory?

A

organisms will maximize energy obtained when food is available

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12
Q

what are tradeoffs in optimal foraging?

A

time, quality, and risk

need to compensate for energy lost while catching prey

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13
Q

organisms that have to travel far for prey will obtain ___ amounts of prey in one go

A

large

compensating for distance

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14
Q

we can model oscillations of predator prey population sizes using…

A

zero-growth isoclines

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15
Q

lotka-volterra models give us ___ ___ we can test

A

simplifying assumptions

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16
Q

coexistence is determined by ___ ___

A

environmental factors and interactions

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17
Q

what is succession?

A

the change in species composition over time as a result of abiotic and biotic agents

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18
Q

what is the climax stage of succession?

A

the theoretical stable end point after a series of changes

this is ideal forms of each biome

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19
Q

ecological communities face both species ___ and ___ changes over time

A

richness and composition

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20
Q

what is primary succession?

A

new slate

newly formed substrates that are not yet modified by organisms

ex: lava flows, landslides, new islands, etc.

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21
Q

what is secondary succession?

A

following disturbance when soil is altered but not completely destroyed

ex: in large clearings or after fires

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22
Q

what is the term for a succession stage?

A

seral stage

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23
Q

what is the series of events in the theoretical model of succession?

A

climax + disturbance -> some life -> secondary succession -> intermediate stage -> back to climax

or

climax + disturbance -> no life -> primary succession -> pioneer stage -> intermediate stage -> back to climax

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24
Q

what is a climax community?

A

the endpoint of succession where the community is at a steady state

think the biomes

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25
Q

what are disturbances?

A

any event that disrupts a community’s structure and makes changes to the availability of resources or the physical environment

initiate change in the community

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26
Q

disturbance scales can…

A

vary

think canopy gap vs glacier retreats

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27
Q

what are key characteristics of disturbances?

A

size, intensity, and frequency

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28
Q

what is a ecological pioneer?

A

things that get there first after significant disturbance, start of primary succession

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29
Q

what can disturbances cause?

A

disruption of resource

influence growth and death rates

** many species are adapted to this

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30
Q

how does successional sequence affect frequency of disturbance?

A

early stages aren’t flammable as there isn’t much fuel on the forest floor

mid- to late stages are vulnerable to wind and insect pests that makes them prone to fires

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31
Q

how long does it typically take to complete a successional sequence?

A

about 300 years

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32
Q

what are the two community responses to disturbance?

A

resistance or resilience

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33
Q

what is resistance to disturbance?

A

how well a community can withstand a disturbance

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34
Q

what is resilience to a disturbance?

A

how quickly the community can recover from a disturbance

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35
Q

community stability is a function of…

A

disturbance’s size and relative frequency in the region

imagine blue/green/yellow graph

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36
Q

disturbance can also ___ ecosystems

A

maintain

prairies are maintained by fires to prevent other species, like trees, from dominating

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37
Q

what are exogenous disturbances?

A

ones that come from outside the ecosystem

ex: hurricanes

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38
Q

what are endogenous disturbances?

A

come from within the ecosystem

ex: herbivory by geese destroyed grassland

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39
Q

what can contribute to teh successional trajectory of an ecosystem?

A

amount and type of herbivory

wildebeest clear out tall grasses, leave room for gazelle prey species to grow

elephants grazing on African forests prevent tree growth despite it being a good area for it (and fire)

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40
Q

disturbance is a ___ and ___ part of all ecosystems

A

natural and necessary

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41
Q

disturbance starts and often determines…

A

the outcome of succession

which species are left to restart from

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42
Q

what results from primary succession?

A

extremely harsh environment

very little soil development

low nutritional availability or organic matter

43
Q

what’s an example of primary succession?

A

krakatau after volcanic eruption

lichens began by breaking down rocks, provided surface for moss to grow and trap soil, soil accumulation allowed for seedlings to establish

44
Q

which species colonized krakatau first?

A

sea and wind dispersed

established plants and then animals came and dispersed a lot more

45
Q

what’s another example of primary succession?

A

grasses invading sand dune

stabilizing them and accumulating organic nutrients

grasses replaced by shrubs

shrubs replaced by trees

46
Q

what results from secondary succession?

A

pre-disturbance remaining biota (adults, seed bank, root stock)

soil intact

higher nutrient availability

47
Q

what remains during secondary succession because soil is intact?

A

seeds and root tissue persist from pre-disturbance organisms

48
Q

what is an example of secondary succession?

A

NC forests cleared for timber or agriculture

regenerating forests go through a consistent and predictable pattern of succession

49
Q

what are adaptations to early/late successional species?

A

number of seeds

seed size

dispersal method

seed viability period

50
Q

what characteristics do early successional plants tend to have?

A

lots of small seeds

dispersal by wind or stuck to animals

long viability period or latency in soil

51
Q

what characteristics do late successional plants tend to have?

A

few large seeds

dispersed by gravity or when eaten by animals

short seed viability period

52
Q

why do plants have adaptations for early/late successional periods?

A

early want to grow a lot of plants and spread them far because they don’t know where good conditions will be

late can spend more energy on building up seeds and not having them travel super far because they know the conditions where they are are good

think dandelion vs oak tree (acorns)

53
Q

succession usually focuses on plants, but it also impact ___

A

animals

think different birds can use different trees that develop over different periods of succession

54
Q

what are the mechanisms to succession?

A

facilitation, inhibition, and tolerance

55
Q

what is facilitation?

A

stages pave the way for the next one

ex: nitrogen fixing species add nitrogen to soils, which allows other species to live there

56
Q

what is inhibition?

A

one species prevents others to establish themselves

succession becomes dependent on which species arrive first

ex: black walnuts make soil harder for other species to grow in around them

57
Q

what is tolerance?

A

species are unaffected by each other

succession is dependent on dispersal abilities of an individual species and environmental characteristics

58
Q

we can get different __ after different ___

A

ecosystems after different successions

59
Q

there are about 10-13 million species on earth (not including bacteria), which are the main ones?

A

beetles, mites, and algae have a lot of species richness

still a lot of unknown though

60
Q

what is biodiversity?

A

amount of variation of life forms in a given area

61
Q

what are the components of species diversity?

A

species richness and evenness

62
Q

what is species richness?

A

a count of all the species in a community

63
Q

what is species evenness?

A

a measure of how common or rare each species is relative to the others in a community

64
Q

how can we tell if we’ve done a good job at capturing species richness data?

A

species accumulation curve, see if we’ve levelled off yet

if not, need more samples

65
Q

most species are pretty ___

A

rare

66
Q

how do we calculate species abundance and evenness?

A

shannon-weaver diversity index

more abundance and evenness -> greater S-W index

67
Q

what are the scales of species diversity?

A

alpha, beta, and gamma

68
Q

what is alpha species diversity?

A

species richness of a single community in one place

usually user designed/divided (like by city, region, etc.)

69
Q

what is beta species diversity?

A

species richness across several adjacent communities

ex: lake forest vs. libertyville

70
Q

what is gamma species diversity?

A

species diversity among a group of different communities on a landscape scale

ex: east coast vs west coast

71
Q

where are most species located?

A

around the equator due to latitudinal diversity gradient (except for gap due to desert having no trees)

72
Q

higher latitude =

A

lower number of species

73
Q

within a given latitude, biodiversity also varies due to…

A

temperature, precipitation, complexity of topography and habitat, and productivity

more elevation shifts (topography) -> more biodiversity and different habitats

also history (think mountains and glaciers)

74
Q

what are the three types of hypothesis to explain patterns of biodiversity?

A

environmental, species-interaction, and null

75
Q

what are the environmental hypotheses?

A

favorableness

time since perturbation

productivity

environmental heterogeneity

intermediate disturbance

76
Q

what is the favorableness hypothesis?

A

more favorable environments will have higher biodiversity

77
Q

what is the time-since-perturbation hypothesis?

A

environments that have not been disturbed for long periods of time will have higher biodiversity

78
Q

how do the tropics use the t-s-p hypothesis?

A

tropics = older and more climatically stable, less disturbed (no ice ages)

more time for speciation and less extinction -> higher diversity

79
Q

how do the tropics use the favorableness hypothesis?

A

enviros are more favorable in tropics -> less extremes -> less extinction -> higher diversity

lack of drought, frost, climate fluctuations, etc.

80
Q

what is the productivity hypothesis?

A

environments with higher primary producer activity can sustain more species and larger populations of each species (smaller pops are more likely to become extinct)

81
Q

how does the productivity hypothesis apply to the tropics?

A

tropics have high productivity and energy input (solar)

high amounts of primary producer output -> more resources -> more species supported

not a perfect solution, ex: desert has low prod but high div while marsh has high prod and low div

82
Q

what is the environmental heterogeneity hypothesis?

A

environments with more types of habitats will allow for more species to coexist

83
Q

how does the environmental heterogeneity hypothesis apply to the tropics?

A

tropics have high structural complexity and therefore more niche space

more places to hide, resources, etc.

84
Q

disturbance creates…

A

gaps in the environment

this allows new species to colonize

resets areas

85
Q

what is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

A

intermediate levels of disturbance promote diversity

too much disturbance will only allow for species that can tolerate a lot of stress while too little disturbance will allow top competitors to cominate

86
Q

what are the different species interactions hypotheses?

A

niche diversity, overlap, and breadth

87
Q

what is a niche?

A

the range of environmental conditions and resources that individuals of a species can persist in

88
Q

competing species can coexist if they…

A

partition the niche

can’t coexist if there’s strong overlap

89
Q

what is the niche diversity hypothesis?

A

environments with wider “niche space” (variety of resources) can support more species and will have higher biodiversity

expanding x-axis

90
Q

what is the niche overlap hypothesis?

A

environments where species can tolerate more competition will have higher biodiversity

cram them closer together

91
Q

what is the niche breadth hypothesis?

A

environments where species have narrower niches (specialists) will have higher biodiversity

this is niche partitioning

92
Q

how do these species interaction hypotheses contribute to tropics have higher amounts of biodiversity?

A

there is more variety of roles in tropic regions (think bats in cameroon vs canada) than in higher latitude regions

93
Q

competition isoclines show…

A

the more similar species are, the harder it is for them to coexist

must either partition or outcompete

94
Q

what are key characteristics of a community?

A

how many resources there are?

how do species share those resources?

how much variety is there in the range of condition and resources the species can use?

95
Q

what are the null models?

A

area and mid-domain

96
Q

what is the area hypothesis?

A

larger areas have more species

bc the area itself is a resource

97
Q

how does the area hypothesis contribute to the tropics?

A

widest part of earth is at the equator

98
Q

how does the mid-domain hypothesis contribute to the tropics?

A

tropics are in the middle of earth, so the most overlap occurs there

statistical outcome related to how species ranges overlap

98
Q

what is the mid-domain hypothesis?

A

most overlap will occur in the middle of an area because we are bound to its limits

99
Q

what are some reasons the greater biodiversity in the tropics is still unresolved?

A

some answers cannot explain all cases

some answers explain only a small fraction of cases

probably a combination of factors that cause higher biodiversity

100
Q

what comprises biodiversity?

A

number of species and their relative abundance

101
Q

what complicates sampling of species diversity?

A

differences in species abundance, taxonomic confusion (inability to know how many species there are and if we’re understanding their niches correctly) and cryptic habits

102
Q

species diversity increases with…

A

the complexity of the habitat and potential biotic interactions

bio 220 (11 decks)

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