Textbook Shit Flashcards
False Consensus Effect
the belief that your thoughts are similar to others
it makes us overestimate how much others agree with us
Illusory Correlation
when individuals believe that two variables are related even though there is no evidence for that relationship
ex: formation of stereotypes
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
it is a speed categorization task where participants categorize stimuli into four different categories using two response keys
the categories would be paired in the way that seems most reasonable, which shows the present stereotypes
Door In The Face - persuasion technique
Start by asking a large request, and then later ask for a smaller request, which makes the request seem more reasonable
Robber’s Cave Study
11-year-old kids were put in camp as two separate groups who didn’t know each other till later
when they were put in competitions against each other, hostility increased between the two groups
when they were put in tasks where they had to cooperate, hostility diminished
altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others, a willingness to put your neck on the line to help
Norm of Reciprocity
we are expected to reciprocate when someone else treats us well
Norm of Social Responsibility
we are expected to contribute to society’s welfare in a positive way
empathy-altruism hypothesis
the idea that altruism rises from empathy.
empathy allows us to understand someone else’s emotions, which motivates us to help them alleviate the problem
negative state relief model
the idea that we help others because we do not want to feel distressed or guilty
relational aggression
they are engaged in an attempt to make others dislike someone
ex: spreading rumours
hostile aggression
behaviours that are directly confrontational
ex: hitting someone or yelling at them
sensory memory
transient maintenance of perceptual and physical information from the very recent past
Displaced or overwritten by new incoming information from the same modality as before
comprised of iconic and echoic memory
iconic memory
sensory memory by the visual system
echoic memory
sensory memory by the auditory system
declarative memory
memory for factual information
comprised of semantic memory and episodic memory
semantic memory
general knowledge that is not tied to a particular place or time
episodic memory
specific memories of your personal past that are tied to a particular place or time
nondeclarative memory
learned actions, procedures, skills, conditioned responses and implicit memories
comprised of procedural (skills) memory (like riding a bike)
transfer-appropriate processing
memory is aided when similar processes are engaged in encoding and retrieval, mainly due to encoding specificity
flashbulb memories
A highly detailed and vivid snapshot of a moment that typically occurs when an important piece of news is heard
Not always as accurate as they may seem
transparent orthography
consistent letter to letter-sound correspondence, so that a given letter will always make the same sound
perceptual narrowing
the process of losing the ability to differentiate sounds not used in the native language
infant-directed speech
speaking to infants in a higher pitch and exaggerating the change in pitch and rhythm helps 6-7 month-year-olds discriminate between different vowel sounds
holophrastic phrase
a single word that indicate the meaning of an entire sentence
telegraphic speech
Using short phrases that contain only the most crucial information they are trying to communicate
bilingualism in children
does not affect their intelligence
they have a fewer vocabulary in each language
they have better semantic and episodic memory
overjustification effect
A newly introduced reward for a previously unrewarded task can alter an individual’s perception of that task
A task that was previously regarded as having intrinsic value now becomes viewed as a task with extrinsic value
latent learning
acquiring associations that are not immediately expressed, but rather expressed in appropriate contexts
maturation
learning that occurs independent of experience
orienting response
an automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus or change in the environment
higher order conditioning
the established CS pairs up with a new stimulus, which becomes another CS that elicits a CR
self-referent effect
Remembering information as it relates to yourself, rather than something or somebody else, seems to encode information at the deepest level of processing.
