Textbook Shit

Question 1

False Consensus Effect

Answer 1

the belief that your thoughts are similar to others

it makes us overestimate how much others agree with us

Question 2

Illusory Correlation

Answer 2

when individuals believe that two variables are related even though there is no evidence for that relationship
ex: formation of stereotypes

Question 3

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

Answer 3

it is a speed categorization task where participants categorize stimuli into four different categories using two response keys
the categories would be paired in the way that seems most reasonable, which shows the present stereotypes

Question 4

Door In The Face - persuasion technique

Answer 4

Start by asking a large request, and then later ask for a smaller request, which makes the request seem more reasonable

Question 5

Robber’s Cave Study

Answer 5

11-year-old kids were put in camp as two separate groups who didn’t know each other till later
when they were put in competitions against each other, hostility increased between the two groups
when they were put in tasks where they had to cooperate, hostility diminished

Question 6

altruism

Answer 6

unselfish regard for the welfare of others, a willingness to put your neck on the line to help

Question 7

Norm of Reciprocity

Answer 7

we are expected to reciprocate when someone else treats us well

Question 8

Norm of Social Responsibility

Answer 8

we are expected to contribute to society’s welfare in a positive way

Question 9

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Answer 9

the idea that altruism rises from empathy.

empathy allows us to understand someone else’s emotions, which motivates us to help them alleviate the problem

Question 10

negative state relief model

Answer 10

the idea that we help others because we do not want to feel distressed or guilty

Question 11

relational aggression

Answer 11

they are engaged in an attempt to make others dislike someone
ex: spreading rumours

Question 12

hostile aggression

Answer 12

behaviours that are directly confrontational

ex: hitting someone or yelling at them

Question 13

sensory memory

Answer 13

transient maintenance of perceptual and physical information from the very recent past
Displaced or overwritten by new incoming information from the same modality as before
comprised of iconic and echoic memory

Question 14

iconic memory

Answer 14

sensory memory by the visual system

Question 15

echoic memory

Answer 15

sensory memory by the auditory system

Question 16

declarative memory

Answer 16

memory for factual information

comprised of semantic memory and episodic memory

Question 17

semantic memory

Answer 17

general knowledge that is not tied to a particular place or time

Question 18

episodic memory

Answer 18

specific memories of your personal past that are tied to a particular place or time

Question 19

nondeclarative memory

Answer 19

learned actions, procedures, skills, conditioned responses and implicit memories
comprised of procedural (skills) memory (like riding a bike)

Question 20

transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 20

memory is aided when similar processes are engaged in encoding and retrieval, mainly due to encoding specificity

Question 21

flashbulb memories

Answer 21

A highly detailed and vivid snapshot of a moment that typically occurs when an important piece of news is heard
Not always as accurate as they may seem

Question 22

transparent orthography

Answer 22

consistent letter to letter-sound correspondence, so that a given letter will always make the same sound

Question 23

perceptual narrowing

Answer 23

the process of losing the ability to differentiate sounds not used in the native language

Question 24

infant-directed speech

Answer 24

speaking to infants in a higher pitch and exaggerating the change in pitch and rhythm helps 6-7 month-year-olds discriminate between different vowel sounds

Question 25

holophrastic phrase

Answer 25

a single word that indicate the meaning of an entire sentence

Question 26

telegraphic speech

Answer 26

Using short phrases that contain only the most crucial information they are trying to communicate

Question 27

bilingualism in children

Answer 27

does not affect their intelligence
they have a fewer vocabulary in each language
they have better semantic and episodic memory

Question 28

overjustification effect

Answer 28

A newly introduced reward for a previously unrewarded task can alter an individual’s perception of that task
A task that was previously regarded as having intrinsic value now becomes viewed as a task with extrinsic value

Question 29

latent learning

Answer 29

acquiring associations that are not immediately expressed, but rather expressed in appropriate contexts

Question 30

maturation

Answer 30

learning that occurs independent of experience

Question 31

orienting response

Answer 31

an automatic shift of attention toward a new stimulus or change in the environment

Question 32

higher order conditioning

Answer 32

the established CS pairs up with a new stimulus, which becomes another CS that elicits a CR

Question 33

self-referent effect

Answer 33

Remembering information as it relates to yourself, rather than something or somebody else, seems to encode information at the deepest level of processing.