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Histology > Test Two Muscle > Flashcards

Test Two Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle

A

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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2
Q

Where are smooth muscles found

A

In organs

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3
Q

Describe the smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, non striated, cells are fusiform with centrally placed nucleus that is elongated into the long axis of the cell

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4
Q

What does smooth muscle look like in cross section

A

Numerous sizes of of muscle cells with nucleus in the center

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5
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found

A

In the heart only

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6
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary and striated, branching elongated fibers with centrally placed nucleus

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7
Q

What occurs in intercalated disk in cardiac muscle

A

Where the cell membranes come together in gap junctions

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8
Q

What is also found in cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated discs

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9
Q

Function of intercalated discs

A

Mechanisms to hold the cell together and form tunnels in between cells, this helps move ions from one cell to another

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10
Q

What does the cross section of the cardiac muscle look like

A

Cells will be same size, centered nucleus, granular appearance due to striations

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11
Q

Where are skeletal muscles located

A

Found in the muscles of the limbs and trunk

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12
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary and striated, long muscles that are parallel and contain multiple peripheral nuclei

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13
Q

What does a cross section of skeletal muscle look like

A

Nuclei off to the edges, will see granules due to striations

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14
Q

What are the three coverings of the muscle

A

Endomysium, perimysium and epimysium

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15
Q

Describe endomysium

A

Loose aerolar connective tissue that wraps around each muscle cell

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16
Q

Purpose of endomysium

A

Cuts down the friction between each individual muscle cell

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17
Q

Purpose of having loose tissue in the endomysium

A

When the muscle cell contracts, it will increase in diameter

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18
Q

What is a fascicle

A

Groups of muscles cells that are bundled together

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19
Q

What covers a muscle fascicle

A

Perimysium

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20
Q

As we increase the thickness of the fascicles then there is a decrease in

A

The control on the muscle itself

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21
Q

What surrounds the entire muscle

A

Epimysium

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22
Q

Purpose of epimysium

A

Responsible for separating that muscle from all other tissues

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23
Q

Under a light microscope, when can be seen in a sarcomere

A

Light and dark bands

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24
Q

The light band in a sarcomere under a light microscope is called what

A

The I band

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25
Q

The dark band in a sarcomere under a light microscope is called what

A

A band

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26
Q

What is a sarcomere

A

Functional unit of muscle contraction

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27
Q

What line is located in the “I” band

A

Z line

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28
Q

The in the A band, what is the dark staining line in the middle called

A

The M line

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29
Q

What is the area around the M line called

A

The H zone

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30
Q

What range is known as the sarcomere

A

Z line to Z line

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31
Q

What is included in one sarcomere

A

2 z lines, complete A band, two halves of I band, H zone and M line

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32
Q

What happens to sarcomere during contraction

A

Distance between Z lines decrease

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33
Q

How does staining work with the sarcomere

A

Staining has to deal with the configuration of the thick filaments vs thin filaments, thick stains dark

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34
Q

What is in an “I” band

A

Only thin filaments, so has small diameter and is light staining

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35
Q

M line contains what type of filaments

A

Linking filaments

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36
Q

What are linking filaments

A

Hook thin and thick filaments together

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37
Q

M line is what type of staining and why

A

Dark staining, contains both thick and thin filaments with globular proteins

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38
Q

H zone is made up of

A

Thick filaments

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39
Q

Describe appearance of thick filaments

A

Contains a lot of extensions known as fibers. The fibers pick up stain but gets diffused due to the fibers

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40
Q

What makes up the A zone

A

Thick and thin filaments and stains darker due to more material due to the increased amount of fibers

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41
Q

Thin filaments are made up of how many proteins

A

Three different proteins

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42
Q

What are the three proteins that thin filaments are made up of

A

Actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

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43
Q

Actin is made up of what

A

Microfilaments

44
Q

What are the individual filaments in actin

A

G actin (globular actin)

45
Q

How do you get F actin

A

String G actin together

46
Q

F actin stands for what

A

Filamentous

47
Q

What forms the thin filament of actin

A

Two of the F strands twist together

48
Q

Where is tropomyosin found

A

Actin/ thin filament

49
Q

Describe tropomyosin

A

Thin linear protein that is double stranded and it is weaved through the F actin strands

50
Q

Function of tropomyosin

A

Protein that holds (glues) the F stands together

51
Q

Where is troponin found

A

Thin filaments

52
Q

What makes up troponin

A

TnC, TnT and TnI

53
Q

Function of TnC

A

Binds calcium

54
Q

Function of TnT

A

Binds to the tropomyosin

55
Q

Function of TnI

A

Troponin inhibitory so it blocks the interaction between the actin and myosin

56
Q

Where is TnI located in the thin filament

A

Sits in between the actin and myosin

57
Q

For muscle contraction, what happens to TnI

A

Remove the TnI

58
Q

Thick filaments are also known as

A

Myosin

59
Q

Myosin are made up of what two subunits

A

Light meromyosin and heavy meromyosin

60
Q

Light meromyosin forms what

A

The shaft of the entire myosin

61
Q

The heavy meromyosin forms what

A

The head of the myosin

62
Q

Describe the heavy meromyosin

A

Has two different binding sites on the head, one site for ATP and one for Actin

63
Q

What is needed for muscle contraction

A

ATP and calcium

64
Q

What picks up the stain in thick filaments

A

The heads due to the fibers in the filaments

65
Q

Type one muscle stains

A

Dark

66
Q

Why does Type one muscle stain dark

A

Due to myoglobin

67
Q

Function of myoglobin

A

Carrier molecule for O2 and CO2

68
Q

What type of contraction with type one muscle

A

Continuous slow types of contraction

69
Q

What type of energy does type one muscle

A

Uses oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acids for energy, uses adipose tissue

70
Q

What is the staining like for type two muscle

A

Lighter

71
Q

Why is type 2 muscle lighter staining

A

Less myoglobin

72
Q

What type of contraction is type two muscles

A

Very rapid ability to contract

73
Q

What type of energy production does type two muscles have

A

Glycolysis and sugar for energy

74
Q

What is the normal person ratio of type one and type two

A

50:50

75
Q

What controls the percentage of type one or two fibers

A

Genetics

76
Q

What are the three subtypes of Type 2 fibers

A

2A, 2B, and 2C

77
Q

What subtype of Type 2 fibers is the fastest action and uses glycolysis for energy

A

2B

78
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum made of

A

Modified smoother ER

79
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum consist of

A

Terminal cisternae and tubules

80
Q

Function of terminal cistern

A

Storage of calcium

81
Q

Where is the true sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Tubules in between the two terminal cisternae

82
Q

Function of the tubules in between the two terminal cistern

A

Allows for balancing of calcium between the two terminal cistern

83
Q

Function of T tubules

A

Allows for action potential to move to muscle

84
Q

What occurs when action potential hits T tubules

A

The terminal cistern release calcium which allows muscle contraction to occur at the muscle cell next to the terminal cistern

85
Q

What is the triad of the sarcolemma

A

Two terminal cistern and one T tubule

86
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum that surrounds what

A

Myofilaments

87
Q

T tubule is responsible for the conduction of what

A

The action potential

88
Q

Where are triads located specifically in the sarcolemma

A

A and I band

89
Q

If a skeletal muscle does not have innevervation what happens

A

No muscle contraction

90
Q

If the nerve fails to develop for the skeletal muscle what occurs

A

Muscle does not develop

91
Q

What brings the action potential to the muscle

A

Nerves

92
Q

What is the presynaptic terminal made of

A

Nerve

93
Q

What happens to the presynaptic terminal as it reaches the muscle

A

Begin to swell and form a knob

94
Q

What does the knob do at the presynaptic terminal

A

Increase surface area

95
Q

What will you see in the knob of the presynaptic terminal

A

Vesicles that contain neurotransmitters

96
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

A

Acetylcholine

97
Q

What other organelle do you see in the presynaptic cleft

A

Mitochondria

98
Q

Why is there mitochondria present in the presynaptic terminal

A

Need energy for muscle to contract

99
Q

The neuron passes through what of the muscle for each muscle cell to be innervated

A

Perimysium

100
Q

What is the postsynaptic terminal made up of

A

Muscle

101
Q

Why is the postsynaptic terminal folded

A

Increase surface area which increases number of receptors

102
Q

The receptors of the postsynaptic terminal binds with what

A

Acetylcholine

103
Q

As action potential comes down the nerve what occurs

A

Coming to cause acetylcholine to leave the vesicles, acetylcholine will attach to the receptors on membrane, if action potential reaches threshold then contraction occurs

104
Q

Number of muscle cells that are innervated by an individual nerve fiber is going to be proportional to what

A

To the control on that muscle

105
Q

More muscle contraction then

A

Less muscle control

Histology (14 decks)

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