Test Three Lymph Flashcards
Function of lymphoid tissue
Protect the internal environment from the invasion and damage by foreign substances
What is loose lymphoid tissue made of
Reticular cells and reticular fibers
Function of loose lymphoid tissue
Works like a net by trapping large materials but cant do anything about
What is dense lymphoid tissue
Collection of lymphocytes found in various organs that form groups
Function of dense lymphoid tissue
Allow for the destruction for foreign material
What is nodular lymphoid tissue
Represents combo of loose and dense lymphoid tissue
What are T cells
Lymphocytes associated with cellular immunity
What are the T cell types
Cytotoxic, helper, memory or suppressor
What are cytotoxic cells aka
T killer cells
Function of cytotoxic cells
Cells that are responsible for the destruction of the foreign material
What are helper cells
Secretory lymphocytes that secrete lymphokines
Function of lymphokines
Signal molecules by calling for cytotoxic cells to an area
What cell is implicated with HIV/AIDS
Helper cells
What are memory cells
Once been exposed to certain agents you are going to have T memory cells ready to destroy it, specific to previous foreign material that was in the body
What are suppressor cells
Shut down T helper cells and they no longer call for T cytotoxic cells which allows for the system to return to its resting state after infection or disease taken care of
Where are T cells located
Circulating throughout the body in the circulatory system
What causes B cells to become activated
Antigen (foreign material)
When B cells become activated they turn into what
Plasma cells
Plasma cells secrete what
Antibodies
Function of antibodies
Agglutination of cells or precipitation of soluble Ag leading to phagocytosis
Antigens are so small and antibodies can cause them
Increase in size
To make antigens soluble in plasma what must occur
Antibodies pull antigen out of solution by attaching to antibodies
Antibodies are also known as
Immunoglobulins
What are the five different types antibodies
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD
What immunoglobulin is associated with fetal immunity
IgG since it is a compound that can cross placenta from mom to baby
Function of IgG
Allows for protection of new born baby until its own immune system can get started up by transferring from mom to baby
Function fo IgA
Protect against various microorganisms
Function of IgM
Activates the compliment system such as lymphokines which called things to help immune system destroy foreign protein
Function of IgE
Allergic response
Function of IgD
Possible immunoglobulin activator, needed for IgA and IgE to function
What is the best immune system we have
Lymph nodules
Where are lymph nodules found
Found in the systems exposed to outside world such as respiratory, urinary and digestive
Lymph nodules are primarily made up of
Lymphocytes
Why do we not have a CT capsule around a lymph nodule
Need to have direct contact with outside material
Describe appearance of lymph nodule
Lighter staining central portion known as germinal center
Germinal center can indicate
Lymph node is working and is activated and the severity of the infection
The dark staining portion of the lymph node is
Lymphocytes
Lymph node is located in what
In isolated CT but no capsule
Increased infection causes what in lymph nodes
Increase number of germinal centers
Function of lymph node
Filtering lymph
What is lymph
Blood plasma that has left the circulatory system and has gone into the tissue spaces
What is blood plasma
Fluid that is pushed out of vessels and into tissues by arterial pressure
How do we recover fluid when lose fluid in blood stream
Recover through lymph vessels then place into venous blood creating a cycle
What can happen when lymph moves through tissue
Pick up bad pathogens
If pathogen is collected in lymph tissue what can occur if reach circulatory system
Pathogen is now systemic and can reach anywhere.
When do lymph nodes become big
When active
What are the two sides of a lymph node
Convex and concave surface
The convex surface of lymph node contains
Afferent lymphatic vessels
How does lymph get into the lymph node
Afferent lymphatic vessels
From afferent lymphatic vessels lymph goes where
The cortex
What is located in the cortex of the lymph node
B cells that are marking foreign material with immunoglobulins
From the cortex of the node where does lymph go to
Paracortex
What is located in the paracortex of the node
T cells, mostly cytotoxic
From the paracortex the lymph travels where in the node
Medulla
The medulla is
The center portion of the node
What is located in the medulla
B cells, macrophages, plasma cells that secrete antibodies
What is located on the concave surface of the lymph node
Efferent vessel
What is the efferent vessel of the lymph node
Where lymph leaves with marked foreign material
From efferent vessel, where can lymph travel
Another lymph node or venous blood
How is the flow of the lymph node
One way due to afferent vessels having valves to prevent black flow
How many filter layers in lymph node
Three
Where is the blood supply of the lymph node
Concave area
Function of spleen
Filter the blood, removes toxins and blood born pathogens, removal of old RBCs
What are the two parts of the spleen
White pulp and red pulp
What is the white pulp of the spleen
Associated with the immune system function and removes viruses and bacteria
What is the red pulp of the spleen
Remove old RBC
What is located in the white pulp of the spleen
Lymph nodules
What makes up red pulp of the spleen
Bilroth’s corded, strings of cells
What is the artery that goes through the lymph nodule of the spleen
Central artery
What artery supply’s blood to the entire spleen organ
Splenic artery
The splenic artery enters into the CT tissue of the spleen and divides into
Trabecular arteries
What comes off the trabecular arteries in the spleen
Central arteries
The central arteries run through what and are surrounded by
Lymphoid nodule and is surrounded by lymphocytes
From central arteries in spleen, the artery leaves the nodule and becomes
Penicillar artery
What surrounds the penicillar artery
Macrophages
Once the macrophage surrounds the penicillar artery is becomes what
Sheathed artery and macrophage is looking for marked antibodies
Sheathed arteries in the spleen then enter into
Sinusoids
What are sinusoids
Modified blood vessels with increased diameter which slows blood flow down
What occurs in sinusoids
Removed of old RBCs
Sinusoids in the spleen drain into
Venous return
Tonsils are found encircling what
Nasal and oral cavities
Function of tonsils
Responsible for filtering the air and food or drink that we bring into the oral cavity
Palatine tonsils unilateral or bilateral
Bilateral
Where are palatine tonsils found
On each side of throat
Palatine tonsil is made up of what crypts
10 to 20 crypts
What epi is palatine tonsils made up of
Stratified squamous non keratin
What type of capsule is around palatine tonsils
Thick capsule
Aka of pharyngeal tonsils
Adenoids
Bilateral or unilateral pharyngeal tonsil
Unilateral midline
What makes up pharyngeal tonsils
Pleated surface with no crypts
What type of epi in pharyngeal tonsils
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
What type of capsule is around pharyngeal tonsils
Thin
Where are lingual tonsils found
Base of tongue and embedded in tongue itself
Function of crypts in palatine tonsils
Increase surface area to get more lymph nodules in the tonsil
Is there a CT capsule in lingual tonsils
No due to not needing it
What is the epithelium of lingual tonsils
Keratinized stratified squamous
Does the lingual tonsil contain crypts
Yes but only has one
what is a major identifier of the thymus
No lymph nodules but contains lymphocytes
Function of thymus
Primary site of where T cells are formed
Where is the thymus found
Behind the manubrium and sternum
What happens to thymus in adult
Contains unilocular adipose tissue and disappears
When thymus disappears in the adult how are T cells made
In bone
What is the outer part of the thymus
The cortex
The cortex of the thymus is made up of
T cells, macrophage, reticular cells
The inner medulla of the thymus is made up of
Loose lymphoid tissue and hassal’s corpuscles
Hassal’s corpuscles are made of
T cells and reticular cells
The thymus contains what type of capsule
Dense CT capsule with trabeculae
