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Histology > Test Two Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Test Two Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular fibers are made up of what

A

Type 3 collagen

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2
Q

Function of monocyte

A

Leaves blood stream to become macrophage

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3
Q

Function of plasma cell

A

Synthesis of antibodies

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4
Q

How to find percentage of RBCs in hematocrit

A

Amount of RBCs/ total amount of contents

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5
Q

How do macrophages work

A

Use endocytosis to bring item into their cytoplasm and lysosomes break them down

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6
Q

Life span of neutrophil

A

Short and constantly have to make

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7
Q

Characteristic of osteoclast

A

Very large cells, motile, multinucleated

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8
Q

How does yellow marrow form

A

Red bone marrow stopped working and replaced with adipose

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9
Q

Function of dense regular CT and parallel collagen fibers

A

Really good at resisting stress but in only one direction

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10
Q

What type of CT is formed to be a net to hold the adipose tissue

A

Reticular CT

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11
Q

Characteristics of basophils

A

S shaped nucleus, contains huge purple granules containing heparin and histamine

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12
Q

What color does elastin appear in a fresh section

A

Yellow

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13
Q

What is present in mucous CT

A

Contains a lot of ground substance with hyaluronic acid and is more fluid in nature

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14
Q

What are some examples of glycosamino-glycans

A

Dermatan sulfate, chondritin sulfate, and heparan sulfate

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15
Q

How does osteoblast receive nutrients and O2

A

Diffusion

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16
Q

Characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Dense connective tissue made up of type one collagen and has long rows of chondrocytes with no perichondrium

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17
Q

What cells form reticular tissue

A

Reticulocytes

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18
Q

Is collagen elastic

A

No

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19
Q

Connective tissue develops from what

A

Mesoderm more specifically mesenchyme

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20
Q

Where is multilocular adipose tissue found

A

Found in new born babies around neck and upper thorax and in hibernating animals

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21
Q

What are the subtypes of connective tissue proper

A

Loose, dense irregular, dense regular

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22
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

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23
Q

Is bone living or dead tissue

A

Living

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24
Q

Macrophages act as what

A

Phagocytes

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25
Q

What is yellow marrow

A

Adipose tissue

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26
Q

What are the rarest WBCs

A

Basophils

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27
Q

What are the three abnormal RBCs

A

Microcytes, macrocytes and reticulocytes

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28
Q

How do osteocytes form

A

Osteoid harden due to bringing in calcium and phosphate and simple diffusion is no longer happening

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29
Q

What is the zone of proliferation

A

Mitosis occurs here and chondrocytes start forming stacks of cells, increasing the cells

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30
Q

Purpose of collagen bundles

A

Increase strength

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31
Q

How much adipose on male

A

15 to 20%

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32
Q

Characteristics of osteoblasts

A

Cuboid to round in shape, centrally placed nucleus

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33
Q

What organelle is present in multilocular adipose

A

Mitochondria

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34
Q

What are the two layers in perichondrium

A

First layer contains chondroblasts which is the inner layer that is chondrogenic and the outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue (fibrous layer)

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35
Q

Function of glycoproteins

A

Help hold things together

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36
Q

Bone matrix consists of how much inorganic portion

A

50%

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37
Q

What are chondrocytes

A

Mature cartilage cells

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38
Q

How is collagen classified

A

Depending on amino acid makeup

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39
Q

Purpose of having collagen in all directions of dense irregular CT

A

Helps alleviate stress in multitudes of direction (helps reduce stress in more than one direction)

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40
Q

What is the zone of resting cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage

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41
Q

How to make ground bone

A

Take small piece of bone and place in oven to heat, heat will destroy anything organic, then place bone on grinding wheel to make it thin and allow light to come in, then stain it

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42
Q

Characteristic of monocytes

A

Kidney bean shape nucleus (indented), sky blue cytoplasm, no granules

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43
Q

Is there nerve innervation in cartilage

A

No

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44
Q

Fibrils of collagen are placed together to make what

A

Fibers

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45
Q

Where is fibronectin found

A

It is a cellular adhesion

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46
Q

Where is fibrosa til age found

A

Intervertebral disc

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47
Q

What are the three regions of the bone

A

Diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal plate

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48
Q

What type of cells are osteoblasts

A

Secretory

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49
Q

Elastic can stretch how many times their original length

A

1.5 x

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50
Q

What is attached to RBC that spleen looks for

A

Sugar

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51
Q

Capsules that contain chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage contain what

A

Glycosamino-glycine but poor in collagen

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52
Q

Life span of lymphocyte

A

From days to years

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53
Q

How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense irregular CT

A

Arranged in all types of directions

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54
Q

What is the functional unit of ground bone

A

Osteon

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55
Q

What cell is the most popular connective tissue cell

A

Fibroblast

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56
Q

Function of mucous CT

A

Gives a lot of flexibility but very little support

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57
Q

In a child, most of the bone marrow is going to contain what

A

Red marrow

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58
Q

Is the lipid droplet in adipose tissue a membrane bound vesicle

A

No

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59
Q

Examples of structural glycoproteins

A

Laminin and fibronectin

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60
Q

Function of connective tissue

A

Provides and maintains form of the body

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61
Q

What characteristics of unilocular adipose tissue

A

One lipid droplet, round shaped cell, flattened peripheral nucleus

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62
Q

WBC’s contain two subtypes

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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63
Q

What is the zone of calcification

A

Bring in calcium and phosphate causing area to harden

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64
Q

Second most popular WBC

A

Lymphocyte

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65
Q

Function of cartilage

A

Support soft tissue, provides sliding area for joints, growth of bones

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66
Q

Where do you see fibroblasts in dense regular CT

A

More organized and line up in between the collagen fibers

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67
Q

Function of reticular connective tissue

A

Form a net that holds cells in place but lets fluid go through

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68
Q

Collagen is formed by

A

Fibroblasts

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69
Q

Describe appearance of plasma cell

A

Off centered nucleus, clock face pattern

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70
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

End of bone

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71
Q

What are glycosamino-glycans

A

Long and big sugar molecules that attach to a core protein

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72
Q

Function of osteoblast

A

Secrete osteoid which synthesis organic part of bone

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73
Q

Describe strength of collagen

A

Tensile strength stronger than steel

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74
Q

What type of forces cause damage to dense regular CT

A

Shearing forces

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75
Q

Most numerous WBC

A

Neutrophil

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76
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate

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77
Q

Inorganic portion of bone is responsible for what

A

Hard nature of bone

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78
Q

Collagen stains pink or red because

A

Acidophilic tissue

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79
Q

Cartilage can bear mechanical stress without permanent what

A

Distortion

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80
Q

Where do chondrocytes live

A

Lacunae

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81
Q

Why do women have more adipose than men

A

Helps protect the developing baby

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82
Q

Characteristic of eosinophils

A

Bilobated nucleus, red to orange granules in cytoplasm which are lysosomes,

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83
Q

What type of fibers present in loose areolar

A

Elastic, collagen and reticular

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84
Q

How to make decalcified bone

A

Take bone and soak in a weak acid which leaches out all the calcium and phosphate and makes bone like rubber

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85
Q

Does the lipid droplet stain well

A

No, if create stain to stain droplet then loose staining on other organelles

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86
Q

How much energy produced from sugar

A

4.1 kcal/gram

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87
Q

How do you get a sample of loose areolar tissue

A

Take sample and take a probe and tease it to spread out, some areas will be more dense than others

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88
Q

What components are found in osteoid

A

Type one collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

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89
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

Phagocyte that looks for foreign material

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90
Q

Why is a bone hollow

A

Reduce the weight

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91
Q

What is endosteum

A

Inside of bone body lining the marrow cavity

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92
Q

What type of crystals are in bone matrix

A

Hydroxyapatite

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93
Q

Proteoglycans in hyaline contain what

A

Long hyaluronic acids and give homeogenous appearance

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94
Q

Perichondrium contain how many layers

A

Two

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95
Q

Describe how plasma cells are activated

A

Antigen protein activate plasma cell, plasma cell going to secrete antibody

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96
Q

What creates different glycosamino-glycans

A

The chemical composition of sugar and chemical combination of proteins

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97
Q

What type of plasma proteins are there

A

Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen

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98
Q

What does ground bone contain

A

Calcium and phosphate

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99
Q

If elastin detaches it can do what to the structure

A

Curl

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100
Q

Around each bone crystal is what and why

A

Water, Shells of hydration, which allows the collagen fibers and crystal to interact better

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101
Q

Purpose of multilocular adipose in newborn babies

A

Baby needs time to get use to environment and get metabolism going and basically lives off of brown fat for heat

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102
Q

Hyaline contains what type of matrix

A

Made up type 2 collagen with no definitive pattern, also contains proteoglycans and water

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103
Q

Lacunae in hyaline cartilage contain how many chondrocytes

A

One to many located in isogenic groups

104
Q

Function of multilocular adipose

A

Good at generating heat

105
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue cells

A

Fibroblast, fibrocyte, macrophage, mast cell and plasma cell

106
Q

Characteristic of macrocyte RBCs

A

Above 9 um, start clogging small blood vessels and cause decrease blood supply to area

107
Q

Collagen forms molecules called

A

Tropocollagen

108
Q

Osteocytes are encapsulated in what

A

Bony lamina

109
Q

Ground substance is made up of

A

Glycosamino-glycans and structural glycoproteins

110
Q

Marrow cavity is filled with

A

Red or yellow marrow

111
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue

A

Stores energy, gives us our shape, and insulates our bodies

112
Q

Does the cytoplasm and lipid droplet mix together

A

No

113
Q

In adult, marrow is mostly

A

Yellow

114
Q

Characteristic of decalcified bone

A

Show organic part of bone, can see collagens and cells

115
Q

Unilocular CT is AKA

A

Yellow

116
Q

Osteocytes are located in what

A

Lacuna

117
Q

What is the main characteristic of loose areolar tissue

A

Has a lot of space of ground substance

118
Q

What type of stain do reticular fibers need

A

A special stain called a silver stain

119
Q

Characteristic of neutrophil

A

Polymorphic nucleus with many loves, cytoplasm contains granules which are lysosomes

120
Q

What is the periosteum

A

Outside of the bone

121
Q

Monocytes in blood then got to specific site and become

A

Osteoclasts

122
Q

Describe appearance of mast cell

A

Round with central nuclei, cytoplasm contain large course basophilic granules

123
Q

What are glycoproteins made up of

A

Almost all protein with some sugar

124
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

Very thin and narrow

125
Q

What are the connective tissue fibers coming off fibrous layer that comes into the bone itself

A

Sharpey’s fibers

126
Q

What type of CT is mucous CT

A

Embryonic CT

127
Q

Characteristics of multilocular adipose tissue

A

Round cells, nucleus is round and in center of cell, multiple lipid droplets, foamy appearance to cytoplasm

128
Q

Describe appearance of macrophage

A

Light staining nuclei, granules in cytoplasm that are lysosomes

129
Q

Elastin can be synthesized by what cells

A

Fibroblasts

130
Q

Function of sharpey’s fibers

A

Holds fibrous layers in place and allows osteogenic layer to be in a fixed environment

131
Q

Function of fibrinogen

A

Responsible for blood clotting

132
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

RBC with nucleus, when RBC develop in bone marrow has nucleus but when leaves bone nucleus disappears, bone marrow releasing RBCs too early due to anemia

133
Q

Bone is constantly remodeling due to

A

Stress placed on it

134
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline

135
Q

Characteristic of RBC

A

Biconcave disc, no organelles

136
Q

Osteocytes are

A

Mature bone cells

137
Q

What are fibrocytes

A

Resting fibroblasts or old fibroblast

138
Q

Elastic fibers form what type of network

A

Irregular network

139
Q

What is the fluid environment in blood

A

Plasma

140
Q

RBCs AKA

A

Erythrocytes

141
Q

What other type of CT will you see in between the bundles of elastic fibers of elastic CT

A

Loose connective tissue containing flattened fibrocytes

142
Q

How do chondrocytes appear in fibrocartilage

A

As single cells or in isogenic groups

143
Q

What is the diaphysis of the bone

A

Shaft/ body where marrow cavity is

144
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrous

145
Q

Where is laminin found

A

In basal lamina

146
Q

Function of osteoclast

A

Secretes collagenase that breaks down bone

147
Q

Characteristic of platelets

A

No nucleus, small granules and contains hyalomere

148
Q

What organs does the reticular CT provide framework for

A

Lymphoid and myeloid organs

149
Q

Why does cartilage have decrease healing

A

Low metabolic rate

150
Q

What organelles are Lund in osteoblasts

A

RER and mitochondria and large nucleus

151
Q

What is periosteum and function

A

Connective tissue covering outside of bone

152
Q

Dermatan sulfate is found where

A

In skin

153
Q

Hyaline cartilage is covered by what

A

Perichondrium

154
Q

Marrow cavity is covered by

A

Compact bone

155
Q

When epiphyseal plate closes can bone grow

A

No

156
Q

What CT cell is responsible for the synthesis of fibers and the ground substance

A

Fibroblast

157
Q

Blood is derived from what

A

The mesoderm

158
Q

What other type of cells are found in reticular CT

A

Macrophages and lymphocytes

159
Q

Describe appearance of fibroblast

A

Irregular cytoplasmic outline with large pale ovoid nucleus containing euchromatin

160
Q

Plasma is made up of

A

Proteins, ions, amino acids, hormones and water

161
Q

Why is blood a connective tissue

A

Based on its embryology

162
Q

What organ is the area for RBC removal

A

Spleen

163
Q

What is the rarest CT cell in the body

A

Plasma cell

164
Q

What are the three types of bone cells

A

Osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast

165
Q

Purpose of the outer layer of perichondrium

A

Dense irregular CT that is used as protection of cartilage

166
Q

What part of the bone is hollow

A

Marrow cavity

167
Q

Is there vascular supply in cartilage

A

No

168
Q

Fibrinogen forms what

A

Fibrin which acts like net

169
Q

Heparan sulfate is found where

A

Reticular fibers

170
Q

Epiphyseal plate is made of

A

Hyaline cartilage

171
Q

Can a fibrocyte revert back to a fibroblast

A

Yes

172
Q

Function of elastic CT

A

More movement and more ability to rebound

173
Q

Where will you see plasma cells

A

Liver

174
Q

Platelets are formed from

A

Fragments of Megakaryocytes in the blood marrow when they explode

175
Q

How much adipose on female

A

20 to 25%

176
Q

Describe appearance of fibrocyte

A

Spindle shape with a dark staining nucleus

177
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from

A

Blood monocytes

178
Q

Characteristic of dense irregular CT

A

Very little space

179
Q

What does elastic cartilage look like

A

Exactly like hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers and type one collagen

180
Q

Function of loose areolar tissue

A

Fills in spaces, supports epithelial tissue, and surrounds lymphatic and blood vessels

181
Q

Primary job of RBC

A

Circulate hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2

182
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found

A

In organs that need support but flexibility such upper portion of ear (auricle)

183
Q

Where are reticular fibers found

A

In organs where we want to form a net for filtration such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, kidney

184
Q

What is cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone and helps lighten up bone

185
Q

Connective tissue also contains what other structural protein

A

Glycoproteins

186
Q

What type of fibers will you see in elastic CT

A

Elastic fibers

187
Q

What comes out of hematocrit

A

Three layers, yellow is plasma (top), white/gray are WBCs (middle), bottom is RBCs

188
Q

What goes through Haversian canal

A

Arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic

189
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Kill any sort of parasite and will destroy antibody-antigen complex

190
Q

Microcyte characteristic

A

Below 6um and decrease amount of hemoglobin and don’t have carrying capacity of O2 or CO2

191
Q

How does cartilage get O2 or nutrients

A

Dependent on diffusion

192
Q

How many osteocytes in lacuna

A

One

193
Q

Blood is made up of what formed elements

A

RBC, WBC and platelets

194
Q

How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense regular CT

A

Parallel to each other

195
Q

Elastic fibers are made up of

A

A core of elastin and surrounded by microfibrils

196
Q

What picks up the stain the mucous CT

A

Mucous proteins in the ground substance

197
Q

Characteristic of lymphocyte

A

Huge nucleus with a very thin layer of cytoplasm going around it, very few to no granules

198
Q

Where do you see elastic CT

A

Ligamentum flava

199
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue

A

Unilocular and multilocular

200
Q

What does ground substance look like

A

Colorless, transparent, homogenous, if stained it is the background color

201
Q

What are the circles around Haversian canal

A

Lamella

202
Q

What is in the nucleus of a fibrocyte

A

Heterochromatin

203
Q

What cells are present in mucous CT

A

Fibroblast

204
Q

Osteon contains what

A

Haversian canal

205
Q

Where is loose areolar CT found

A

Around organs that need to move such as lymphatic and blood vessels

206
Q

Where does bone grow from

A

Epiphyseal plate

207
Q

Function of ground substance

A

Acts as a lubricant and barrier

208
Q

Is the ground substance in mucous CT fibrous

A

No

209
Q

What are the two major divisions for connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

210
Q

What part of bone is most prone to undergo remodeling

A

Cancellous bone

211
Q

How are tunnels created with osteocytes

A

Star shaped and processes touch another process of other osteocyte to create gap junctions “tunnels”

212
Q

Mast cells normally contain what in them

A

Heparin, histamine and ECF-A

213
Q

Function of platelets

A

Important in blood clotting

214
Q

What test is used to examine individuals blood and measure amount of RBCs

A

Hematocrit

215
Q

Glycosamino-glycans are primarily made up of

A

Sugar

216
Q

What does heparin and histamine in mast cells do

A

Respond to allergic attacks

217
Q

Fibers of collagen are twisted to make what

A

Collagen bundles

218
Q

What is the primary cell in dense irregular CT

A

Fibroblast

219
Q

How do osteocytes receive nutrients

A

One osteocyte in contact with artery then O2 can move from one osteocyte to another in the gap junctions

220
Q

What does ECF-A do in mast cells

A

Calls for eosinophils from the blood to this area

221
Q

What is zone of hyper trophy

A

Water into the stacked cells and expands, this is the zone that lengthens

222
Q

Macrophage are derived from

A

Blood monocytes

223
Q

What are the cells in hyaline

A

Chondrocytes

224
Q

Dense irregular CT has what inside

A

Collagen fibers

225
Q

Function of chondroblasts

A

Make cartilage

226
Q

What are globulins in blood

A

Antibodies that circulate and part of immune system

227
Q

The matrix of hyaline has what type of function

A

Hold the fibers and cells in place

228
Q

Why is elastic cartilage yellow

A

Contain elastic fibers

229
Q

Lymphocytes come in what two types of populations

A

T and B cells

230
Q

What is hematopoietic tissue

A

Connective tissue responsible for blood cell formation

231
Q

What are the three types of fibers associated with connective tissue

A

Collagen, elastic and reticular

232
Q

Where is mucous CT found

A

Found as Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord

233
Q

Tropocollagen is used to make what

A

Fibrils

234
Q

Red marrow is made up of

A

Immature blood cells

235
Q

What type of cells are present in loose areolar CT

A

All of them but mostly fibroblasts

236
Q

Function of albumin

A

Responsible for creating osmotic pressure of blood

237
Q

Mast cells are turned on by what

A

IgE antibodies

238
Q

What are the subtypes of supporting connective tissue

A

Cartilage and bone

239
Q

What is a drum stick on neutrophil

A

Found in females, which is inactive X

240
Q

Multilocular adipose

AKA

A

Brown fat

241
Q

Where do you see dense regular CT in the body

A

In tendons

242
Q

Where are osteoblasts found

A

Located on surface of synthesized bone

243
Q

What are in canuliculi

A

Where processes of osteocytes are located

244
Q

What type of fibers are present in mucous CT

A

Collagen fibers with a few elastic and reticular fibers

245
Q

What is connective tissue made up of

A

Ground substance, fibers and cells

246
Q

Is loose areolar strong or delicate

A

Delicate

247
Q

What are the lines radiating from lacuna

A

Canuliculi

248
Q

Chondrotin sulfate is found where

A

Hyaline cartilage in joints

249
Q

When do RBCs stop moving

A

120 days due to no longer having efficient carrier system

250
Q

How much energy produced from adipose

A

9.3 kcal/gram

251
Q

Where do you find dense irregular CT

A

Dermis of the skin since it is constantly under stress

252
Q

Connective tissue proper is divided into

A

Loose or dense

253
Q

Where do osteoclasts live

A

Live in depression on the surface of the bone call Howship’s lacuna

254
Q

Specialized connective tissue is divided into what

A

Cartilage, bone, blood or lymph

255
Q

Where are fibroblasts present in elastic CT

A

In between bundles of elastin

256
Q

What are the subtypes of special connective tissue

A

Adipose, elastic, and hematopoietic

257
Q

In adults where is red bone marrow located

A

Sternum and ilium

Histology (14 decks)

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