Test Two Connective Tissue Flashcards
Reticular fibers are made up of what
Type 3 collagen
Function of monocyte
Leaves blood stream to become macrophage
Function of plasma cell
Synthesis of antibodies
How to find percentage of RBCs in hematocrit
Amount of RBCs/ total amount of contents
How do macrophages work
Use endocytosis to bring item into their cytoplasm and lysosomes break them down
Life span of neutrophil
Short and constantly have to make
Characteristic of osteoclast
Very large cells, motile, multinucleated
How does yellow marrow form
Red bone marrow stopped working and replaced with adipose
Function of dense regular CT and parallel collagen fibers
Really good at resisting stress but in only one direction
What type of CT is formed to be a net to hold the adipose tissue
Reticular CT
Characteristics of basophils
S shaped nucleus, contains huge purple granules containing heparin and histamine
What color does elastin appear in a fresh section
Yellow
What is present in mucous CT
Contains a lot of ground substance with hyaluronic acid and is more fluid in nature
What are some examples of glycosamino-glycans
Dermatan sulfate, chondritin sulfate, and heparan sulfate
How does osteoblast receive nutrients and O2
Diffusion
Characteristics of fibrocartilage
Dense connective tissue made up of type one collagen and has long rows of chondrocytes with no perichondrium
What cells form reticular tissue
Reticulocytes
Is collagen elastic
No
Connective tissue develops from what
Mesoderm more specifically mesenchyme
Where is multilocular adipose tissue found
Found in new born babies around neck and upper thorax and in hibernating animals
What are the subtypes of connective tissue proper
Loose, dense irregular, dense regular
What is the most abundant protein in the body
Collagen
Is bone living or dead tissue
Living
Macrophages act as what
Phagocytes
What is yellow marrow
Adipose tissue
What are the rarest WBCs
Basophils
What are the three abnormal RBCs
Microcytes, macrocytes and reticulocytes
How do osteocytes form
Osteoid harden due to bringing in calcium and phosphate and simple diffusion is no longer happening
What is the zone of proliferation
Mitosis occurs here and chondrocytes start forming stacks of cells, increasing the cells
Purpose of collagen bundles
Increase strength
How much adipose on male
15 to 20%
Characteristics of osteoblasts
Cuboid to round in shape, centrally placed nucleus
What organelle is present in multilocular adipose
Mitochondria
What are the two layers in perichondrium
First layer contains chondroblasts which is the inner layer that is chondrogenic and the outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue (fibrous layer)
Function of glycoproteins
Help hold things together
Bone matrix consists of how much inorganic portion
50%
What are chondrocytes
Mature cartilage cells
How is collagen classified
Depending on amino acid makeup
Purpose of having collagen in all directions of dense irregular CT
Helps alleviate stress in multitudes of direction (helps reduce stress in more than one direction)
What is the zone of resting cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
How to make ground bone
Take small piece of bone and place in oven to heat, heat will destroy anything organic, then place bone on grinding wheel to make it thin and allow light to come in, then stain it
Characteristic of monocytes
Kidney bean shape nucleus (indented), sky blue cytoplasm, no granules
Is there nerve innervation in cartilage
No
Fibrils of collagen are placed together to make what
Fibers
Where is fibronectin found
It is a cellular adhesion
Where is fibrosa til age found
Intervertebral disc
What are the three regions of the bone
Diaphysis, epiphysis, and epiphyseal plate
What type of cells are osteoblasts
Secretory
Elastic can stretch how many times their original length
1.5 x
What is attached to RBC that spleen looks for
Sugar
Capsules that contain chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage contain what
Glycosamino-glycine but poor in collagen
Life span of lymphocyte
From days to years
How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense irregular CT
Arranged in all types of directions
What is the functional unit of ground bone
Osteon
What cell is the most popular connective tissue cell
Fibroblast
Function of mucous CT
Gives a lot of flexibility but very little support
In a child, most of the bone marrow is going to contain what
Red marrow
Is the lipid droplet in adipose tissue a membrane bound vesicle
No
Examples of structural glycoproteins
Laminin and fibronectin
Function of connective tissue
Provides and maintains form of the body
What characteristics of unilocular adipose tissue
One lipid droplet, round shaped cell, flattened peripheral nucleus
WBC’s contain two subtypes
Granulocytes and agranulocytes
What is the zone of calcification
Bring in calcium and phosphate causing area to harden
Second most popular WBC
Lymphocyte
Function of cartilage
Support soft tissue, provides sliding area for joints, growth of bones
Where do you see fibroblasts in dense regular CT
More organized and line up in between the collagen fibers
Function of reticular connective tissue
Form a net that holds cells in place but lets fluid go through
Collagen is formed by
Fibroblasts
Describe appearance of plasma cell
Off centered nucleus, clock face pattern
What is the epiphysis
End of bone
What are glycosamino-glycans
Long and big sugar molecules that attach to a core protein
Function of osteoblast
Secrete osteoid which synthesis organic part of bone
Describe strength of collagen
Tensile strength stronger than steel
What type of forces cause damage to dense regular CT
Shearing forces
Most numerous WBC
Neutrophil
What is the epiphyseal plate
Growth plate
Inorganic portion of bone is responsible for what
Hard nature of bone
Collagen stains pink or red because
Acidophilic tissue
Cartilage can bear mechanical stress without permanent what
Distortion
Where do chondrocytes live
Lacunae
Why do women have more adipose than men
Helps protect the developing baby
Characteristic of eosinophils
Bilobated nucleus, red to orange granules in cytoplasm which are lysosomes,
What type of fibers present in loose areolar
Elastic, collagen and reticular
How to make decalcified bone
Take bone and soak in a weak acid which leaches out all the calcium and phosphate and makes bone like rubber
Does the lipid droplet stain well
No, if create stain to stain droplet then loose staining on other organelles
How much energy produced from sugar
4.1 kcal/gram
How do you get a sample of loose areolar tissue
Take sample and take a probe and tease it to spread out, some areas will be more dense than others
What components are found in osteoid
Type one collagen, glycoproteins and proteoglycans
Function of neutrophil
Phagocyte that looks for foreign material
Why is a bone hollow
Reduce the weight
What is endosteum
Inside of bone body lining the marrow cavity
What type of crystals are in bone matrix
Hydroxyapatite
Proteoglycans in hyaline contain what
Long hyaluronic acids and give homeogenous appearance
Perichondrium contain how many layers
Two
Describe how plasma cells are activated
Antigen protein activate plasma cell, plasma cell going to secrete antibody
What creates different glycosamino-glycans
The chemical composition of sugar and chemical combination of proteins
What type of plasma proteins are there
Albumin, globulins and fibrinogen
What does ground bone contain
Calcium and phosphate
If elastin detaches it can do what to the structure
Curl
Around each bone crystal is what and why
Water, Shells of hydration, which allows the collagen fibers and crystal to interact better
Purpose of multilocular adipose in newborn babies
Baby needs time to get use to environment and get metabolism going and basically lives off of brown fat for heat
Hyaline contains what type of matrix
Made up type 2 collagen with no definitive pattern, also contains proteoglycans and water
Lacunae in hyaline cartilage contain how many chondrocytes
One to many located in isogenic groups
Function of multilocular adipose
Good at generating heat
What are the different types of connective tissue cells
Fibroblast, fibrocyte, macrophage, mast cell and plasma cell
Characteristic of macrocyte RBCs
Above 9 um, start clogging small blood vessels and cause decrease blood supply to area
Collagen forms molecules called
Tropocollagen
Osteocytes are encapsulated in what
Bony lamina
Ground substance is made up of
Glycosamino-glycans and structural glycoproteins
Marrow cavity is filled with
Red or yellow marrow
What is the function of adipose tissue
Stores energy, gives us our shape, and insulates our bodies
Does the cytoplasm and lipid droplet mix together
No
In adult, marrow is mostly
Yellow
Characteristic of decalcified bone
Show organic part of bone, can see collagens and cells
Unilocular CT is AKA
Yellow
Osteocytes are located in what
Lacuna
What is the main characteristic of loose areolar tissue
Has a lot of space of ground substance
What type of stain do reticular fibers need
A special stain called a silver stain
Characteristic of neutrophil
Polymorphic nucleus with many loves, cytoplasm contains granules which are lysosomes
What is the periosteum
Outside of the bone
Monocytes in blood then got to specific site and become
Osteoclasts
Describe appearance of mast cell
Round with central nuclei, cytoplasm contain large course basophilic granules
What are glycoproteins made up of
Almost all protein with some sugar
Describe reticular fibers
Very thin and narrow
What are the connective tissue fibers coming off fibrous layer that comes into the bone itself
Sharpey’s fibers
What type of CT is mucous CT
Embryonic CT
Characteristics of multilocular adipose tissue
Round cells, nucleus is round and in center of cell, multiple lipid droplets, foamy appearance to cytoplasm
Describe appearance of macrophage
Light staining nuclei, granules in cytoplasm that are lysosomes
Elastin can be synthesized by what cells
Fibroblasts
Function of sharpey’s fibers
Holds fibrous layers in place and allows osteogenic layer to be in a fixed environment
Function of fibrinogen
Responsible for blood clotting
What are reticulocytes
RBC with nucleus, when RBC develop in bone marrow has nucleus but when leaves bone nucleus disappears, bone marrow releasing RBCs too early due to anemia
Bone is constantly remodeling due to
Stress placed on it
What is the most common type of cartilage
Hyaline
Characteristic of RBC
Biconcave disc, no organelles
Osteocytes are
Mature bone cells
What are fibrocytes
Resting fibroblasts or old fibroblast
Elastic fibers form what type of network
Irregular network
What is the fluid environment in blood
Plasma
RBCs AKA
Erythrocytes
What other type of CT will you see in between the bundles of elastic fibers of elastic CT
Loose connective tissue containing flattened fibrocytes
How do chondrocytes appear in fibrocartilage
As single cells or in isogenic groups
What is the diaphysis of the bone
Shaft/ body where marrow cavity is
What are the three types of cartilage
Hyaline, elastic and fibrous
Where is laminin found
In basal lamina
Function of osteoclast
Secretes collagenase that breaks down bone
Characteristic of platelets
No nucleus, small granules and contains hyalomere
What organs does the reticular CT provide framework for
Lymphoid and myeloid organs
Why does cartilage have decrease healing
Low metabolic rate
What organelles are Lund in osteoblasts
RER and mitochondria and large nucleus
What is periosteum and function
Connective tissue covering outside of bone
Dermatan sulfate is found where
In skin
Hyaline cartilage is covered by what
Perichondrium
Marrow cavity is covered by
Compact bone
When epiphyseal plate closes can bone grow
No
What CT cell is responsible for the synthesis of fibers and the ground substance
Fibroblast
Blood is derived from what
The mesoderm
What other type of cells are found in reticular CT
Macrophages and lymphocytes
Describe appearance of fibroblast
Irregular cytoplasmic outline with large pale ovoid nucleus containing euchromatin
Plasma is made up of
Proteins, ions, amino acids, hormones and water
Why is blood a connective tissue
Based on its embryology
What organ is the area for RBC removal
Spleen
What is the rarest CT cell in the body
Plasma cell
What are the three types of bone cells
Osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast
Purpose of the outer layer of perichondrium
Dense irregular CT that is used as protection of cartilage
What part of the bone is hollow
Marrow cavity
Is there vascular supply in cartilage
No
Fibrinogen forms what
Fibrin which acts like net
Heparan sulfate is found where
Reticular fibers
Epiphyseal plate is made of
Hyaline cartilage
Can a fibrocyte revert back to a fibroblast
Yes
Function of elastic CT
More movement and more ability to rebound
Where will you see plasma cells
Liver
Platelets are formed from
Fragments of Megakaryocytes in the blood marrow when they explode
How much adipose on female
20 to 25%
Describe appearance of fibrocyte
Spindle shape with a dark staining nucleus
Osteoclasts are derived from
Blood monocytes
Characteristic of dense irregular CT
Very little space
What does elastic cartilage look like
Exactly like hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers and type one collagen
Function of loose areolar tissue
Fills in spaces, supports epithelial tissue, and surrounds lymphatic and blood vessels
Primary job of RBC
Circulate hemoglobin that binds to O2 and CO2
Where is elastic cartilage found
In organs that need support but flexibility such upper portion of ear (auricle)
Where are reticular fibers found
In organs where we want to form a net for filtration such as spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, kidney
What is cancellous bone
Spongy bone and helps lighten up bone
Connective tissue also contains what other structural protein
Glycoproteins
What type of fibers will you see in elastic CT
Elastic fibers
What comes out of hematocrit
Three layers, yellow is plasma (top), white/gray are WBCs (middle), bottom is RBCs
What goes through Haversian canal
Arteries, veins, nerves and lymphatic
Function of eosinophils
Kill any sort of parasite and will destroy antibody-antigen complex
Microcyte characteristic
Below 6um and decrease amount of hemoglobin and don’t have carrying capacity of O2 or CO2
How does cartilage get O2 or nutrients
Dependent on diffusion
How many osteocytes in lacuna
One
Blood is made up of what formed elements
RBC, WBC and platelets
How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense regular CT
Parallel to each other
Elastic fibers are made up of
A core of elastin and surrounded by microfibrils
What picks up the stain the mucous CT
Mucous proteins in the ground substance
Characteristic of lymphocyte
Huge nucleus with a very thin layer of cytoplasm going around it, very few to no granules
Where do you see elastic CT
Ligamentum flava
What are the two types of adipose tissue
Unilocular and multilocular
What does ground substance look like
Colorless, transparent, homogenous, if stained it is the background color
What are the circles around Haversian canal
Lamella
What is in the nucleus of a fibrocyte
Heterochromatin
What cells are present in mucous CT
Fibroblast
Osteon contains what
Haversian canal
Where is loose areolar CT found
Around organs that need to move such as lymphatic and blood vessels
Where does bone grow from
Epiphyseal plate
Function of ground substance
Acts as a lubricant and barrier
Is the ground substance in mucous CT fibrous
No
What are the two major divisions for connective tissue
Connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
What part of bone is most prone to undergo remodeling
Cancellous bone
How are tunnels created with osteocytes
Star shaped and processes touch another process of other osteocyte to create gap junctions “tunnels”
Mast cells normally contain what in them
Heparin, histamine and ECF-A
Function of platelets
Important in blood clotting
What test is used to examine individuals blood and measure amount of RBCs
Hematocrit
Glycosamino-glycans are primarily made up of
Sugar
What does heparin and histamine in mast cells do
Respond to allergic attacks
Fibers of collagen are twisted to make what
Collagen bundles
What is the primary cell in dense irregular CT
Fibroblast
How do osteocytes receive nutrients
One osteocyte in contact with artery then O2 can move from one osteocyte to another in the gap junctions
What does ECF-A do in mast cells
Calls for eosinophils from the blood to this area
What is zone of hyper trophy
Water into the stacked cells and expands, this is the zone that lengthens
Macrophage are derived from
Blood monocytes
What are the cells in hyaline
Chondrocytes
Dense irregular CT has what inside
Collagen fibers
Function of chondroblasts
Make cartilage
What are globulins in blood
Antibodies that circulate and part of immune system
The matrix of hyaline has what type of function
Hold the fibers and cells in place
Why is elastic cartilage yellow
Contain elastic fibers
Lymphocytes come in what two types of populations
T and B cells
What is hematopoietic tissue
Connective tissue responsible for blood cell formation
What are the three types of fibers associated with connective tissue
Collagen, elastic and reticular
Where is mucous CT found
Found as Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord
Tropocollagen is used to make what
Fibrils
Red marrow is made up of
Immature blood cells
What type of cells are present in loose areolar CT
All of them but mostly fibroblasts
Function of albumin
Responsible for creating osmotic pressure of blood
Mast cells are turned on by what
IgE antibodies
What are the subtypes of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage and bone
What is a drum stick on neutrophil
Found in females, which is inactive X
Multilocular adipose
AKA
Brown fat
Where do you see dense regular CT in the body
In tendons
Where are osteoblasts found
Located on surface of synthesized bone
What are in canuliculi
Where processes of osteocytes are located
What type of fibers are present in mucous CT
Collagen fibers with a few elastic and reticular fibers
What is connective tissue made up of
Ground substance, fibers and cells
Is loose areolar strong or delicate
Delicate
What are the lines radiating from lacuna
Canuliculi
Chondrotin sulfate is found where
Hyaline cartilage in joints
When do RBCs stop moving
120 days due to no longer having efficient carrier system
How much energy produced from adipose
9.3 kcal/gram
Where do you find dense irregular CT
Dermis of the skin since it is constantly under stress
Connective tissue proper is divided into
Loose or dense
Where do osteoclasts live
Live in depression on the surface of the bone call Howship’s lacuna
Specialized connective tissue is divided into what
Cartilage, bone, blood or lymph
Where are fibroblasts present in elastic CT
In between bundles of elastin
What are the subtypes of special connective tissue
Adipose, elastic, and hematopoietic
In adults where is red bone marrow located
Sternum and ilium
