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Histology > Test Three GI Tract > Flashcards

Test Three GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa and submucosa, muscularis externa and adventitial layer

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2
Q

The mucosa layer is the inner or outer layer

A

Inner

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3
Q

The mucosa is made up of

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

What is the lamina propria

A

Layer of loose CT where there are blood vessels, lymphoid tissue and glands

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5
Q

What is in the muscularis mucosa

A

Thin circular layer and thin longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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6
Q

What is the submucosa

A

Dense CT made up of collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers and may contain glands and lymphoid nodules

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7
Q

What is the muscularis externa

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

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8
Q

The muscularis externa allows for what type of movement

A

Parastolic

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9
Q

AKA of adventitial layer

A

Serosa

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10
Q

What is the adventitial layer

A

Loose CT with blood vessels, lymph vessels or adipose

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11
Q

Function of adventitial layer

A

Separate organ from surrounding structures

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12
Q

What are the two different nerve plexus in the GI

A

Myenteric and submucosal

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13
Q

AKA of myenteric nerve plexus

A

Auerbach’s

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14
Q

Aka of submucosal nerve plexus

A

Meissners

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15
Q

Where is the myenteric nerve plexus found

A

Between the layers of the muscularis externa

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16
Q

Where is the submucosal nerve plexus found

A

In the submucosa

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17
Q

What is the epithelium in the esophagus

A

Non keratinized stratified squamous with a few keratohyalin granules

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18
Q

What is the lamina propria like in the esophagus

A

Loose CT with collagen and elastic fibers and numerous lymphocytes

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19
Q

Are there glands in the lamina propria of the esophagus

A

Yes and they are mucous secreting glands

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20
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa like in the esophagus

A

Longitudinal smooth muscle with elastic fibers

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21
Q

What is the submucosa like in the esophagus

A

Dense CT with collagen and elastic fibers which holds the esophagus in a stellate pattern

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22
Q

What is present in the submucosa of the esophagus

A

Meissners plexus and mucous secreting glands are present

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23
Q

The upper 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the esophagus is what type of muscle

A

Skeletal

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24
Q

The lower 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the esophagus is what type of muscle

A

Smooth

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25
Q

The middle 1/3 of the muscularis externa in the esophagus is what type of muscle

A

Smooth and skeletal

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26
Q

The adventitia of the esophagus is made up of

A

Loose CT that connects the esophagus to surrounding structures, covered by serosa

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27
Q

What are the two sphincters in the esophagus

A

Pharyngeoesophageal and gastroesophageal

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28
Q

What are the type of sphincters in the esophagus

A

Physiological

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29
Q

What are the four regions in the stomach

A

Fundus, body, cardia and pylorus

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30
Q

What two parts of the stomach looks the same histologically

A

Fundus and body

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31
Q

What are the folds called in the stomach

A

Rugae

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32
Q

Function of rugae

A

Allows for stomach to stretch

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33
Q

The fundus is normally filled with

A

Gas

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34
Q

What is the largest part of the stomach

A

Body

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35
Q

What creates the boundary of the body and the pylorus

A

Incisive notch

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36
Q

What are the two different sphincters in the stomach

A

Cardiac/ esophageal and pyloric sphincter

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37
Q

What sphincter in the pylorus is physiological

A

Cardiac and pyloric

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38
Q

What sphincter in the stomach is anatomical

A

Pyloric

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39
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Storage of food, some digestion and absorption

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40
Q

The mucosa of the stomach is made up of

A

Surface epithelium that invaginates into the lamina propria making gastric pits

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41
Q

Function of gastric pit in the stomach

A

Increase surface area and increases number of cells

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42
Q

What empties into the gastric pits of the stomach

A

Branched tubular glands

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43
Q

The lamina propria of the stomach is made up of

A

Loose CT with lymphoid cells, mast cells and macrophages

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44
Q

The muscularis mucosa in the stomach is made up of

A

Smooth muscle of inner circular and outer longitudinal

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45
Q

The surface epithelium of the stomach is made up of

A

Simple columnar

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46
Q

The surface epithelium of the stomach is held together by

A

Tight junctions

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47
Q

What is also found on the surface epithelium of the stomach

A

Microvilli to help with absorption

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48
Q

What is scattered amongst the surface epithelium of the stomach

A

Goblet cells that secrete mucous

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49
Q

Since stomach has an acidic pH what happens to epithelial cells

A

Live only 2 to 3 days

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50
Q

The mucous granules in the stomach epithelial lining are what in shape

A

Round to Ovoid, nucleus near basal portion and contain golgi complex and RER

51
Q

What are the four types of cells found underneath the goblet cells in the fundus of the stomach

A

Chief cell, parietal cell, mucus neck cell, and APUD cell

52
Q

Chief cell looks like

A

Simple cuboidal

53
Q

Function of chief cell

A

Secrete pepsinogen through their granules that are near the lumen

54
Q

What is the inactive form of the enzyme pepsin

A

Pepsinogen

55
Q

Function of pepsin

A

Breakdown protein into amino acids

56
Q

Where are chief cells found

A

Lower 1/3 of the gland

57
Q

Function of parietal cell

A

Make hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor

58
Q

Function of hydrochloric acid

A

Causes transformation of pepsinogen into pepsin and causes acidity in stomach

59
Q

Look of parietal cells

A

Spherical cell wedged between chief cells

60
Q

Where are mucous neck cells found in the glands of the fundus

A

Neck of the gland interspersed amongst the parietal cells

61
Q

Function of mucus neck cells

A

Secrete mucus to help the stomach be in the acidic environment

62
Q

Look of mucous neck cell

A

Flattened basal nuclei and large spherical granules in cytoplasm

63
Q

Function of chief cell

A

Tell chief cells we need pepsinogen and tell parietal cells need more HCl

64
Q

What does APUD mean

A

Amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

65
Q

What is in APUD cells

A

Basal secretory granules, supranuclear golgi complex and narrow apical region that reaches lumen with microvilli

66
Q

What is found in cardia of stomach

A

Shallow gastric pits, lymphoid tissue, mucous cells and few APUD

67
Q

What transition do you see in cardia

A

From stratified squamous of esophagus to simple columnar of stomach

68
Q

Describe look of pylorus of stomach

A

Very deep pits, simple branched tubular mucus glands in lamina propria that contain mucous neck cells

69
Q

Function of mucous neck cells in pylorus

A

Protect the pylorus from autodigestion

70
Q

What is in submucosa of stomach

A

Irregular CT with no lymphoid elements, rich in mast cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils

71
Q

Muscularis externa of the stomach

A

Outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique layer of smooth muscle, these all helps with stomach churning

72
Q

What does adding third oblique muscle layer of the stomach do

A

Allow the stomach to move more

73
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine

A

Digestion, selective absorption, and endocrine function

74
Q

Where do you see most enzymes released in small intestine

A

Duodenum

75
Q

Where does most absorption occur in the small intestine

A

Jejunum and ileum

76
Q

What controls the endocrine system in the small intestine

A

APUD cells

77
Q

Histologically what parts of small intestine look similar

A

Jejunum and ileum

78
Q

What is used to create more surface area of small intestine

A

Plicae semilunaris, villi, and microvilli

79
Q

Describe plicae semilunaris in small intestine

A

Mucosa and submucosa is folded which increases the surface area

80
Q

Describe microvilli in small intestine

A

Cytoplasmic extension of cell

81
Q

Describe villi of small intestine

A

Projections of mucosa, taking epithelial cells and folding them in order to get more of them per unit space

82
Q

Where do crypts of lieberkuhn are found

A

In the small intestine a the base of the villi

83
Q

What cells are found in crypts of lieberkuhn

A

Absorptive cells, paneth cells, goblet cells, M cells

84
Q

What do the absorptive cells look like in crypts of lieberkuhn

A

Simple columnar cells with basal ovoid nuclei, mitochondria, supranuclear golgi, SER and microvillus brunch border with actin protein core

85
Q

What holds the absorptive cells together in crypts of lieberkuhn

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

86
Q

Life span of absorptive cells in crypts of lieberkuhn

A

1 to 2 days

87
Q

Where are paneth cells located

A

Base of the crypts of lieberkuhn

88
Q

Describe paneth cells

A

Pyramidal in shape, round basal nuclei, eosinophilic granules, RER, golgi, and zinc granules in apical portion

89
Q

What is in the granules in the paneth cells

A

IgA and IgG for the regulation of the intestinal flora and lysozyme for the breakdown of bacterial walls

90
Q

M cells stand for

A

Microfold cells

91
Q

Where are M cells found

A

In the lymphoid nodules of peyer’s patches in the crypts of lieberkuhn

92
Q

Function of M cells

A

Pick up foreign material through endocytosis in lumen and transport to lymphoid nodules

93
Q

What do M cells look like

A

Numerous invaginations that form pits for lymphocytes and macrophages, no villi, rough nucleus

94
Q

Describe villi in the small intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium, absorptive cells present and APUD cells on surface, brush border

95
Q

The lamina propria of the villi in the small intestine contain

A

Blood vessels to absorb carbs and proteins, central lacteal to absorb lipids, and smooth muscle for rymthmic movement

96
Q

Describe duodenum histologically

A

Simple columnar epithelium found in crypts and villi

97
Q

What is found in the submucose of duodenum

A

Brunners glands -mucous glands

98
Q

Function of brunners glands

A

Secrete mucous that has alkaline pH

99
Q

Is adventicia present in duodenum

A

Test

100
Q

Is there a typical muscularis in duodenum

A

Yes

101
Q

What is different between duodenum and jejunoileum

A

Increase number of goblet cells and lymphoid tissue, no brunners glands

102
Q

Describe lamina propria in jejunoileum

A

Loose CT with lymphoid tissue that form core of villi

103
Q

Describe muscularis mucosa in jejunoileum

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

104
Q

Describe submucosa of jejunoileum

A

Dense CT with elastic fibers, lymphoid nodules make up peyer’s patches

105
Q

What are peyer’s patches

A

GALT and are covered with M cells , contains primary B cells

106
Q

Describe muscularis externa of jejunoileum

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

107
Q

What is the appendix

A

Blind evagination of cecum with mucosal crypts containing lymphoid tissue

108
Q

Describe epithelium of appendix

A

Absorptive with few goblet cells, paneth cells, and APUD cells at base of crypts, GALT present

109
Q

The mucosa of the appendix looks like

A

Large intestine but no villi

110
Q

Describe submucosa of appendix

A

Lymphoid nodules present with germinal centers and adipose tissue

111
Q

Describe muscularis externa of appendix

A

Similar to small intestine with inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

112
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Water reabsorption and mucous production

113
Q

How is water reabsorbed in the large intestine

A

Moves sodium out inside large intestine and water will be reabsorbed, directly absorb Na+ and indirectly absorb water

114
Q

Describe mucosa of large intestine

A

Smooth with no folds and lacks villi

115
Q

Describe lamina propria of large intestine

A

Lymphoid cells, crypts are densely packed with a lot of goblet cells to move fecal matter

116
Q

Describe muscularis mucosa of large intestine

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle

117
Q

Describe submucosa of large intestine

A

Loosely arranged with fat and no glands

118
Q

Describe muscularis externa of large intestine

A

Completer inner circular muscular layer, longitudinal layer of smooth muscle is incomplete to create tenia coli

119
Q

What is the tenia coli

A

One in front of large intestine and two in back and is the layer of the longitudinal muscle

120
Q

Describe serosa of large intestine

A

Contains adipose tissue

121
Q

The anal canal represents the transition zone bc

A

End of simple columnar and beginning of stratified squamous, non keratinized

122
Q

Describe mucosa of anal canal

A

Forms longitudinal folds, which are the rectal columns

123
Q

What is in the lamina propria of the anal canal

A

Large veins, hemorrhoidal veins

124
Q

Describe muscularis mucosa of anal canal

A

Incomplete

Histology (14 decks)

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