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Anatomy > Test Two > Flashcards

Test Two Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.

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2
Q

What is the difference between FCT and the other connective tissues (cartilage, bone, blood)?

A

most diverse type

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3
Q

What are the cell types found in FCT?

A

fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes

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4
Q

What are the fiber types found in FCT?

A

collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fiber

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5
Q

What is the most common protein fiber in the body?

A

a

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6
Q

What is the ground substance in FCT?

A

occupies the space between cells and fibers and usually has a gelatinous consistency because of proteoglycans and glycoproteins.

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7
Q

What is the difference between loose and dense FCT?

A

in loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance.
in dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than cells and ground substance.

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8
Q

What are the two types of loose FCT?

A

Areolar

Reticular

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9
Q

What are the two types of dense FCT?

A

dense regular connective tissue and Dense irregular connective tissue

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10
Q

What are fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts?

A

Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance
Chondroblasts produce matrix and surround
themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae)

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11
Q

What is the difference between cartilage and other types of connective tissue?

A

a

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12
Q

What is the strongest type of cartilage?

A

Fibrocartilage

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13
Q

What is the most elastic type of cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage

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14
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

compact and spongy

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15
Q

Where will you find each type?

A

Spongy bone fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum.
Compact (dense) bone is a calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye; spongy bone, when present, is always covered by compact bone.

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16
Q

What is the function of a Haversain canal?

A

blood vessels and nerves travel through the canals.

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17
Q

What are lamellae?

A

Onionlike layers around each central canal

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18
Q

What is an osteon?

A

central canal and its surrounding lamellae

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19
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

mature bone cells that occupy the

lacunae

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20
Q

How does it get nutrients if it is entrapped in solid calcium crystal matrix?

A

a

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21
Q

What is the perioseum?

A

tough fibrous connective tissue covering of the bone as a whole

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22
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

plasma as the ground substance, and cells and cell fragments called formed elements.

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23
Q

What is the ground substance of blood?

A

plasma

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24
Q

What is the three parts of a neuron? What are their functions?

A 
axon- sends outgoing signals to 
other cells
neurosoma- Houses nucleus and other 
organelles, cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis 
dendrite- Receive signals from other 
cells, transmit messages to neurosoma
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25
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

protect and assist neurons, housekeepers of nervous system

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26
Q

What are the different functions of neuroglia and neurons?

A

a

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27
Q

What are the three types of muscle cells?

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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28
Q

Where will you find each type of muscle cells?

A

skeletal- most attach to bone
cardiac- heart
smooth- digestive tract

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29
Q

How are each type of muscle cells shaped?

A

skeletal- Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers
cardiac- shorter, branched, and notched at
ends
smooth- Relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends)

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30
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A

Tight Junctions, desmosomes, gap Junctions

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31
Q

What is an intercalated disc?

A

Provide electrical and mechanical connection

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32
Q

What is a gland?

A

cell or organ that secretes substances
for use elsewhere in the body or releases them
for elimination from the body

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33
Q

What are the two types of glands based on destination of secretions?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine Glands

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34
Q

What are the three types of secreted material?

A

a

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35
Q

What are the two methods of secretion?

A

a

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36
Q

What is the difference between secretion and excretion?

A

a

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37
Q

What are membranes?

A

a

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38
Q

What is the diffrerence between cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes?

A

a

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39
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

A

trophy- makes cells bigger

plasia- add more cells

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40
Q

How are hypertrophy and hyperplasia similar?

A

promote cell growth

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41
Q

What is the difference between atrophy, necrosis, and apoptosis?

A

atrophy- shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell
size or number
necrosis- premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections
apoptosis- programmed cell death

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42
Q

How are atrophy, necrosis, and apoptosis similar?

A

cell death

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43
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?

A

replacement of dead or damaged cells
by the same type of cell as before
replacement of damaged cells with scar
tissue

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44
Q

How are regeneration and fibrosis similar?

A

cell repair

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45
Q

What are the parts of the integumentary system?

A

Consists of the skin and its accessory organs; hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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46
Q

What are the funtions of the skin?

A

thermoregulation, communication, sensation, vitamin d synthesis, resists infection and trauma, barrier to h2o and radiation (uv)

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47
Q

What is the difference between skin types? (thin/thick)

A

thick- on palms and sole, and corresponding
surfaces on fingers and toes, has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands, Epidermis 0.5 mm thick
thin- covers rest of the body, epidermis about 0.1 mm thick, possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands

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48
Q

What are the 2 layers of the skin?

A

dermis and epidermis

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49
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A 
– Subcutaneous tissue 
– More areolar and adipose than 
dermis 
– Pads body 
– Binds skin to underlying 
tissues
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50
Q

What occurs in those layers and what tissues will you find there?

A

a

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51
Q

What pigments color the skin and hair?

A

melanin

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52
Q

What are the skin functions?

A

a

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53
Q

What is horripilation?

A

goosebumbs

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54
Q

What cells make up hair?

A

hard keratin

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55
Q

What are the piloerector muscles?

A

a

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56
Q

What do hair and nails grow similar to skin?

A

a

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57
Q

How does follicle shape affect hair growth?

A

a straight hair is round, a wavy hair is oval, a tightly curly hair is relatively flat

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58
Q

What are the funtions of hair?

A

a

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59
Q

What are the three types of hair on humans?

A

lanugo, vellus, terminal

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60
Q

What are the three sections of hair?

A

bulb, root, shaft

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61
Q

What are the three layers of tissue in hair?

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle

62
Q

What are the three stages of hair growth and what happens in each?

A

anagen- stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath
catagen- mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
telogen- when the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period

63
Q

What cells are nails made of?

A

hard derivatives of the stratum corneum composed of very thin, dead, scaly cells packed densely together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin

64
Q

What are the functions of nails?

A

a

65
Q

What are the sections of a nail?

A

• Nail plate—hard part of the nail
– Free edge: overhangs the fingertip
– Nail body: visible attached part of nail
– Nail root: extends proximally under overlying skin

66
Q

Where will you find the various cutaneous gland types?

A

a

67
Q

What is produced in apocrine and merocrine sudoriferous glands?

A

a

68
Q

What is produced in ceruminous, sebaceous, and mammary glands?

A

cer- Their secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells to form earwax (cerumen)
seb- oily secretion produced by sebaceous
glands, Flask-shaped glands with short ducts opening into hair follicle
mam- milk

69
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

70
Q

What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

71
Q

What will you find in the stratum basale?

A

melanocytes and tactile cells

72
Q

What will you find in the stratum spinosum?

A

several layers of keratinocytes

73
Q

What will you find in the stratum granulosum?

A

three to five layers of keratinocytes

74
Q

What will you find in the stratum lucidum?

A

keratinocytes densely packed with eleidin

75
Q

What will you find in the stratum corneum?

A

up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form the surface layer

76
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?

A

support, protection (bones enclose and protect organs), movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation

77
Q

What are the 4 bone shapes?

A

flat, long, short, irregular

78
Q

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

A

compact- outer shell of long bone
spongy- covered by more durable
compact bone, Spongy bone in ends of long bones, and middle of nearly all others

79
Q

Where are spongy and compact bone found?

A

outer shell of long bone

inner shell of long bone

80
Q

What are the structures in an osteon?

A

osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, gap junctions

81
Q

What is the difference between epiphyses and diaphyses?

A

e- —enlarged ends of a long bone
d- cylinder of compact bone to provide
leverage

82
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow

83
Q

What are the nutrient foramina?

A

minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate

84
Q

What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?

A

peri- external sheath that covers bone except
where there is articular cartilage
endo- thin layer of reticular connective tissue
lining marrow cavity

85
Q

What are perforating fibers?

A

a

86
Q

Why is the periosteum so important for bone growth?

A

a

87
Q

What are osteogenic cells?

A

stem cells that give rise to most other bone cells, they are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and the central canals

88
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

bone-forming cells, they are roughly cuboidal or angular and form a single layer on the bone surface uner the endosteum and periosteum

89
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix they deposited

90
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surfaces

91
Q

What are the different marrow types and where are they found?

A

• Red marrow (myeloid tissue)
– In nearly every bone in a child
– Hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells and is
composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but
intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself
– In adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of
humerus and femur
• Yellow marrow found in adults
– Most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
– No longer produces blood

92
Q

How is bone made during intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Condensation of mesenchyme into soft sheet
    permeated with blood capillaries
  2. Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts
    on mesenchymal surface; entrapment of first
    osteocytes; formation of periosteum
  3. Honeycomb of bony trabeculae formed by
    continued mineral deposition; creation of
    spongy bone
  4. Surface bone filled in by bone deposition,
    converting spongy bone to compact bone.
    Persistence of spongy bone in the middle layer.
93
Q

How is bone made during endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Early cartilage model
  2. Formation of primary ossification center, bony collar, and periosteum
  3. Vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center
  4. Bone at birth, with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
  5. Bone of child, with epiphyseal plate at distal end
  6. Adult bone with a single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate
94
Q

What is the metaphysis and what happens in its 5 zones?

A

is the zone of transition facing the
marrow cavity
1. Zone of reserve cartilage: Typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage
2. Zone of cell proliferation: Chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small flattened lacunae
3. Zone of cell hypertrophy: Cessation of mitosis;
enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls
4. Zone of calcification: Temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae
5. Zone of bone deposition: Breakdown of lacuna walls, leaving open channels; death of chondrocytes; bone deposition by osteoblasts, forming trabeculae of spongy bone

95
Q

What is the difference between appositional and interstitial growth?

A

a- bones increase in width throughout life

i- bones increase in length

96
Q

What minerals make up bone matrix?

A

the organic matter includes collagen and protein
the inorganic matter is about 85% hydroxyapatite, a crystalized calcium phosphate salt, 10% calcium carbonate and lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions

97
Q

What are the effects of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?

A

a

98
Q

What substances are secreted by osteoclasts?

A

bone dissolving fluids

99
Q

What are the hormones involved in bone remodeling?

A

a

100
Q

Where are the hormones involved in bone remodeling produced?

A

a

101
Q

What are the functions of the three hormones involved in bone remodeling?

A

a

102
Q

What mechanisms do these hormones involved in bone remodeling initiate?

A

a

103
Q

What are the steps in bone fracture repair?

A

1.Hematoma formation: The hematoma is converted to granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries.
2. Soft callus formation: Deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus.
3. Hard callus formation: Osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs.
4. Bone remodeling: Small bone fragments are
removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone.

104
Q

What is the difference between synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses?

A

a

105
Q

What is the difference between fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints?

A

fib- a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other
cart- two bones are linked by cartilage
syn- joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity

106
Q

What is the difference between sutures, gomphoses, and ligaments?

A

Sutures—immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
Gomphosis (fibrous joint)— attachment of a tooth to its socket
Ligament: similar tissue that attaches one bone to
another

107
Q

What is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?

A

syn- bones are bound by hyaline cartilage

sym- two bones joined by fibrocartilage

108
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A
  • Most familiar type of joint
  • Most are freely movable
  • Most structurally complex type of joint
109
Q

What are the tissues that make up the capsule?

A

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

110
Q

What is the synovial fluid?

A

slippery lubricant in joint cavity

111
Q

Where is synovial fluid made?

A

joint cavity

112
Q

What is synovial fluid’s function?

A

Makes movement of synovial joints almost friction free

113
Q

What is a meniscus?

A

in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint

114
Q

What is a bursa?

A

a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

115
Q

Where are menisci and bursi found?

A

the knee

116
Q

What are the 6 synovial joint shapes based on movement?

A 
Ball-and-socket joint 
Pivot joint (radioulnar)
Saddle joint (trapeziometacarpal)
Hinge joint (humeroulnar) 
Plane joint (intercarpal) 
Condylar joint (metacarpophalangeal)
117
Q

How many planes can each move in?

A 
ball-and-socket: multiaxial
pivot- monaxial
saddle- biaxial
hinge- monaxial
plane- biaxial
condylar- biaxial
118
Q

What is an example in the body of each plane?

A 
ball-and-socket: shoulder joint
pivot: Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
saddle: Sternoclavicular joint: clavicle articulates with 
sternum
hinge: Elbow joint: ulna and humerus 
plane: Tarsal bones of ankle
condylar:
119
Q

What are the 3 lever types?

A

a

120
Q

What is an example in the body of each?

A

a

121
Q

Which is the most common lever?

A

a

122
Q

What are the ligaments found in the knee joint?

A

a

123
Q

What knee bone do the quadriceps attach to?

A

a

124
Q

What are the 5 funtions of the muscular system?

A

a

125
Q

What are the connective tissues in muscle?

A

a

126
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

a

127
Q

What is the difference between endomysium, perimysium and epimysium?

A

a

128
Q

What is the difference between deep fascia and superficial fascia?

A

a

129
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a

130
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

a

131
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

a

132
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

a

133
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

a

134
Q

What is the sarcomeres?

A

a

135
Q

What is a transverse tubule?

A

a

136
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

a

137
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

a

138
Q

What are the names of thin and thick filaments?

A

a

139
Q

What is titin?

A

a

140
Q

How do actin and myosin relate to one another in a sacromere?

A

a

141
Q

What is the difference between the origin, insertion and belly of a muscle?

A

a

142
Q

What are the 5 muscle shapes?

A

a

143
Q

Which is strongest?

A

a

144
Q

Which is weakest?

A

a

145
Q

What are the 4 muscle actions?

A

a

146
Q

What is an example of each muscle action in the body?

A

a

147
Q

What is the difference in anatomy and function between slow and fast twitch fibers?

A

a

148
Q

What are the sources of muscular fatique?

A

a

149
Q

How do smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle fibers in anatomy, neuromuscular junctions and contractions?

A

a

150
Q

What is a calculus?

A

calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such

as the lung

Anatomy (11 decks)

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