Test Two Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions of connective tissue?
A
Binding of organs, support, physical protection, immune protection, movement, storage, heat production, and transport.
2
Q
What is the difference between FCT and the other connective tissues (cartilage, bone, blood)?
A
most diverse type
3
Q
What are the cell types found in FCT?
A
fibroblasts, macrophages, leukocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes
4
Q
What are the fiber types found in FCT?
A
collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, and elastic fiber
5
Q
What is the most common protein fiber in the body?
A
a
6
Q
What is the ground substance in FCT?
A
occupies the space between cells and fibers and usually has a gelatinous consistency because of proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
7
Q
What is the difference between loose and dense FCT?
A
in loose connective tissue, much of the space is occupied by ground substance.
in dense connective tissue, fiber occupies more space than cells and ground substance.
8
Q
What are the two types of loose FCT?
A
Areolar
Reticular
9
Q
What are the two types of dense FCT?
A
dense regular connective tissue and Dense irregular connective tissue
10
Q
What are fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts?
A
Fibroblasts produce fibers and ground substance
Chondroblasts produce matrix and surround
themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae)
11
Q
What is the difference between cartilage and other types of connective tissue?
A
a
12
Q
What is the strongest type of cartilage?
A
Fibrocartilage
13
Q
What is the most elastic type of cartilage?
A
Elastic cartilage
14
Q
What are the two types of bone?
A
compact and spongy
15
Q
Where will you find each type?
A
Spongy bone fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum.
Compact (dense) bone is a calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye; spongy bone, when present, is always covered by compact bone.
16
Q
What is the function of a Haversain canal?
A
blood vessels and nerves travel through the canals.
17
Q
What are lamellae?
A
Onionlike layers around each central canal
18
Q
What is an osteon?
A
central canal and its surrounding lamellae
19
Q
What is an osteocyte?
A
mature bone cells that occupy the
lacunae
20
Q
How does it get nutrients if it is entrapped in solid calcium crystal matrix?
A
a
21
Q
What is the perioseum?
A
tough fibrous connective tissue covering of the bone as a whole
22
Q
What are the formed elements of blood?
A
plasma as the ground substance, and cells and cell fragments called formed elements.
23
Q
What is the ground substance of blood?
A
plasma
24
Q
What is the three parts of a neuron? What are their functions?
A
axon- sends outgoing signals to other cells neurosoma- Houses nucleus and other organelles, cell’s center of genetic control and protein synthesis dendrite- Receive signals from other cells, transmit messages to neurosoma
25
What are neuroglia?
protect and assist neurons, housekeepers of nervous system
26
What are the different functions of neuroglia and neurons?
a
27
What are the three types of muscle cells?
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
28
Where will you find each type of muscle cells?
skeletal- most attach to bone
cardiac- heart
smooth- digestive tract
29
How are each type of muscle cells shaped?
skeletal- Long, threadlike cells called muscle fibers
cardiac- shorter, branched, and notched at
ends
smooth- Relatively short, fusiform cells (thick in middle, tapered at ends)
30
What are the three types of intercellular junctions?
Tight Junctions, desmosomes, gap Junctions
31
What is an intercalated disc?
Provide electrical and mechanical connection
32
What is a gland?
cell or organ that secretes substances
for use elsewhere in the body or releases them
for elimination from the body
33
What are the two types of glands based on destination of secretions?
Endocrine and Exocrine Glands
34
What are the three types of secreted material?
a
35
What are the two methods of secretion?
a
36
What is the difference between secretion and excretion?
a
37
What are membranes?
a
38
What is the diffrerence between cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes?
a
39
What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
trophy- makes cells bigger
| plasia- add more cells
40
How are hypertrophy and hyperplasia similar?
promote cell growth
41
What is the difference between atrophy, necrosis, and apoptosis?
atrophy- shrinkage of a tissue through a loss in cell
size or number
necrosis- premature, pathological death of tissue due to trauma, toxins, or infections
apoptosis- programmed cell death
42
How are atrophy, necrosis, and apoptosis similar?
cell death
43
What is the difference between regeneration and fibrosis?
replacement of dead or damaged cells
by the same type of cell as before
replacement of damaged cells with scar
tissue
44
How are regeneration and fibrosis similar?
cell repair
45
What are the parts of the integumentary system?
Consists of the skin and its accessory organs; hair, nails, and cutaneous glands
46
What are the funtions of the skin?
thermoregulation, communication, sensation, vitamin d synthesis, resists infection and trauma, barrier to h2o and radiation (uv)
47
What is the difference between skin types? (thin/thick)
thick- on palms and sole, and corresponding
surfaces on fingers and toes, has sweat glands, but no hair follicles or sebaceous (oil) glands, Epidermis 0.5 mm thick
thin- covers rest of the body, epidermis about 0.1 mm thick, possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
48
What are the 2 layers of the skin?
dermis and epidermis
49
What is the hypodermis?
```
– Subcutaneous tissue
– More areolar and adipose than
dermis
– Pads body
– Binds skin to underlying
tissues
```
50
What occurs in those layers and what tissues will you find there?
a
51
What pigments color the skin and hair?
melanin
52
What are the skin functions?
a
53
What is horripilation?
goosebumbs
54
What cells make up hair?
hard keratin
55
What are the piloerector muscles?
a
56
What do hair and nails grow similar to skin?
a
57
How does follicle shape affect hair growth?
a straight hair is round, a wavy hair is oval, a tightly curly hair is relatively flat
58
What are the funtions of hair?
a
59
What are the three types of hair on humans?
lanugo, vellus, terminal
60
What are the three sections of hair?
bulb, root, shaft
61
What are the three layers of tissue in hair?
medulla, cortex, cuticle
62
What are the three stages of hair growth and what happens in each?
anagen- stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath
catagen- mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
telogen- when the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period
63
What cells are nails made of?
hard derivatives of the stratum corneum composed of very thin, dead, scaly cells packed densely together and filled with parallel fibers of hard keratin
64
What are the functions of nails?
a
65
What are the sections of a nail?
• Nail plate—hard part of the nail
– Free edge: overhangs the fingertip
– Nail body: visible attached part of nail
– Nail root: extends proximally under overlying skin
66
Where will you find the various cutaneous gland types?
a
67
What is produced in apocrine and merocrine sudoriferous glands?
a
68
What is produced in ceruminous, sebaceous, and mammary glands?
cer- Their secretion combines with sebum and dead epithelial cells to form earwax (cerumen)
seb- oily secretion produced by sebaceous
glands, Flask-shaped glands with short ducts opening into hair follicle
mam- milk
69
What are the three types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage
70
What are the 5 strata of the epidermis?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
71
What will you find in the stratum basale?
melanocytes and tactile cells
72
What will you find in the stratum spinosum?
several layers of keratinocytes
73
What will you find in the stratum granulosum?
three to five layers of keratinocytes
74
What will you find in the stratum lucidum?
keratinocytes densely packed with eleidin
75
What will you find in the stratum corneum?
up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form the surface layer
76
What are the 7 functions of the skeletal system?
support, protection (bones enclose and protect organs), movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation
77
What are the 4 bone shapes?
flat, long, short, irregular
78
What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?
compact- outer shell of long bone
spongy- covered by more durable
compact bone, Spongy bone in ends of long bones, and middle of nearly all others
79
Where are spongy and compact bone found?
outer shell of long bone
| inner shell of long bone
80
What are the structures in an osteon?
osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, gap junctions
81
What is the difference between epiphyses and diaphyses?
e- —enlarged ends of a long bone
d- cylinder of compact bone to provide
leverage
82
What is the medullary cavity?
space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow
83
What are the nutrient foramina?
minute holes in the bone surface that allows blood vessels to penetrate
84
What is the difference between periosteum and endosteum?
peri- external sheath that covers bone except
where there is articular cartilage
endo- thin layer of reticular connective tissue
lining marrow cavity
85
What are perforating fibers?
a
86
Why is the periosteum so important for bone growth?
a
87
What are osteogenic cells?
stem cells that give rise to most other bone cells, they are found in the endosteum, the inner layer of the periosteum, and the central canals
88
What are osteoblasts?
bone-forming cells, they are roughly cuboidal or angular and form a single layer on the bone surface uner the endosteum and periosteum
89
What are osteocytes?
former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the bone matrix they deposited
90
What are osteoclasts?
bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surfaces
91
What are the different marrow types and where are they found?
• Red marrow (myeloid tissue)
– In nearly every bone in a child
– Hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells and is
composed of multiple tissues in a delicate, but
intricate arrangement that is an organ to itself
– In adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum,
part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of
humerus and femur
• Yellow marrow found in adults
– Most red marrow turns into fatty yellow marrow
– No longer produces blood
92
How is bone made during intramembranous ossification?
1. Condensation of mesenchyme into soft sheet
permeated with blood capillaries
2. Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts
on mesenchymal surface; entrapment of first
osteocytes; formation of periosteum
3. Honeycomb of bony trabeculae formed by
continued mineral deposition; creation of
spongy bone
4. Surface bone filled in by bone deposition,
converting spongy bone to compact bone.
Persistence of spongy bone in the middle layer.
93
How is bone made during endochondral ossification?
1. Early cartilage model
2. Formation of primary ossification center, bony collar, and periosteum
3. Vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center
4. Bone at birth, with enlarged primary marrow cavity and appearance of secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
5. Bone of child, with epiphyseal plate at distal end
6. Adult bone with a single marrow cavity and closed epiphyseal plate
94
What is the metaphysis and what happens in its 5 zones?
is the zone of transition facing the
marrow cavity
1. Zone of reserve cartilage: Typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage
2. Zone of cell proliferation: Chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small flattened lacunae
3. Zone of cell hypertrophy: Cessation of mitosis;
enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls
4. Zone of calcification: Temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae
5. Zone of bone deposition: Breakdown of lacuna walls, leaving open channels; death of chondrocytes; bone deposition by osteoblasts, forming trabeculae of spongy bone
95
What is the difference between appositional and interstitial growth?
a- bones increase in width throughout life
| i- bones increase in length
96
What minerals make up bone matrix?
the organic matter includes collagen and protein
the inorganic matter is about 85% hydroxyapatite, a crystalized calcium phosphate salt, 10% calcium carbonate and lesser amounts of magnesium, sodium, potassium, fluoride sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions
97
What are the effects of hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia?
a
98
What substances are secreted by osteoclasts?
bone dissolving fluids
99
What are the hormones involved in bone remodeling?
a
100
Where are the hormones involved in bone remodeling produced?
a
101
What are the functions of the three hormones involved in bone remodeling?
a
102
What mechanisms do these hormones involved in bone remodeling initiate?
a
103
What are the steps in bone fracture repair?
1.Hematoma formation: The hematoma is converted to granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries.
2. Soft callus formation: Deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus.
3. Hard callus formation: Osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs.
4. Bone remodeling: Small bone fragments are
removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone.
104
What is the difference between synarthroses, amphiarthroses and diarthroses?
a
105
What is the difference between fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints?
fib- a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other
cart- two bones are linked by cartilage
syn- joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
106
What is the difference between sutures, gomphoses, and ligaments?
Sutures—immovable or slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other
Gomphosis (fibrous joint)— attachment of a tooth to its socket
Ligament: similar tissue that attaches one bone to
another
107
What is the difference between synchondroses and symphyses?
syn- bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
| sym- two bones joined by fibrocartilage
108
What are the features of a synovial joint?
* Most familiar type of joint
* Most are freely movable
* Most structurally complex type of joint
109
What are the tissues that make up the capsule?
connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
110
What is the synovial fluid?
slippery lubricant in joint cavity
111
Where is synovial fluid made?
joint cavity
112
What is synovial fluid's function?
Makes movement of synovial joints almost friction free
113
What is a meniscus?
in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint
114
What is a bursa?
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin
115
Where are menisci and bursi found?
the knee
116
What are the 6 synovial joint shapes based on movement?
```
Ball-and-socket joint
Pivot joint (radioulnar)
Saddle joint (trapeziometacarpal)
Hinge joint (humeroulnar)
Plane joint (intercarpal)
Condylar joint (metacarpophalangeal)
```
117
How many planes can each move in?
```
ball-and-socket: multiaxial
pivot- monaxial
saddle- biaxial
hinge- monaxial
plane- biaxial
condylar- biaxial
```
118
What is an example in the body of each plane?
```
ball-and-socket: shoulder joint
pivot: Radiocarpal joint of the wrist
saddle: Sternoclavicular joint: clavicle articulates with
sternum
hinge: Elbow joint: ulna and humerus
plane: Tarsal bones of ankle
condylar:
```
119
What are the 3 lever types?
a
120
What is an example in the body of each?
a
121
Which is the most common lever?
a
122
What are the ligaments found in the knee joint?
a
123
What knee bone do the quadriceps attach to?
a
124
What are the 5 funtions of the muscular system?
a
125
What are the connective tissues in muscle?
a
126
What is a fasicle?
a
127
What is the difference between endomysium, perimysium and epimysium?
a
128
What is the difference between deep fascia and superficial fascia?
a
129
What is a tendon?
a
130
What is an aponeurosis?
a
131
What is the sarcolemma?
a
132
What is the sarcoplasm?
a
133
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
a
134
What is the sarcomeres?
a
135
What is a transverse tubule?
a
136
What is a myofibril?
a
137
What are myofilaments?
a
138
What are the names of thin and thick filaments?
a
139
What is titin?
a
140
How do actin and myosin relate to one another in a sacromere?
a
141
What is the difference between the origin, insertion and belly of a muscle?
a
142
What are the 5 muscle shapes?
a
143
Which is strongest?
a
144
Which is weakest?
a
145
What are the 4 muscle actions?
a
146
What is an example of each muscle action in the body?
a
147
What is the difference in anatomy and function between slow and fast twitch fibers?
a
148
What are the sources of muscular fatique?
a
149
How do smooth muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle fibers in anatomy, neuromuscular junctions and contractions?
a
150
What is a calculus?
calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ such
| as the lung
