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Anatomy > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

local potential

A

voltage change on the dendrite or soma

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2
Q

pennate

A

feather-like muscle shape

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3
Q

trigger zone

A

dominated by voltage gated ion channels

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4
Q

dynein

A

motor protein used in retrograde transport

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5
Q

lactic acid

A

byproduct of anaerobic fermentation

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6
Q

EPSP

A

makes a neuron more likely to fire

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7
Q

Endoneurium

A

sheath surrounding every axon in PNS

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8
Q

motor unit

A

motor neuron and its muscle fibers

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9
Q

myosin

A

thick filament in a sarcomere

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10
Q

tetanus

A

smooth prolonged contraction of muscle

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11
Q

synapse

A

junction of a neuron and a target cell

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12
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle or neuron fibers

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13
Q

eccentric

A

increase in length of muscle but no change in tension

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14
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies inside the CNS

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15
Q

potassium

A

positive ion that causes repolarization

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16
Q

Which is NOT a function of the muscular system? a. movement b. heat production c. stability d. electrolyte balance

A

d. electrolyte balance

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17
Q

Which muscle action assists and stabilizes the prime mover? a. fixator b. synergist c. agonist d. antagonist

A

b. synergist

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18
Q

Which neurotransmitter type is made of short chains of amino acids? a. neuropeptides b. acetylcholine c. monoamines d. amino acid neurotransmitters

A

a. neuropeptides

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19
Q

Which of the following is a broad sheet-like tendon? a. aponeurosis b. retinaculum c. insertion d. origin

A

a. aponeurosis

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20
Q

What type of conduction is permitted by myelinated neurons? a. anterograde b. saltatory c. retrograde d. metabotropic

A

b. saltatory

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21
Q

Which type of axoplasm flow brings material down the axon from the soma? a. sensory b. retrograde c. anterograde d. motor

A

c. anterograde

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22
Q

Which type of neuroglial cell consumes pathogens and debris? a. oligodendrocytes b. astrocytes c. microglia d. satellite cells

A

c. microglia

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23
Q

Which effect is it when a neurotransmitter stimulates second-messenger proteins to open ligand-gated ion channels to open from the inside of a cell? a. metabotropic effect b. cholinergic effect c. ionotropic effect d. doppler effect

A

a. metabotropic effect

24
Q

What is a full cycle of contraction and relaxation of a muscle? a. tetanus b. recruitment c. muscle twitch d. unipolar

A

c. muscle twitch

25
Q

What type of neuron has more than one dendrite and just one axon on the soma? a. anaxonic b. bipolar c. multipolar d. unipolar

A

c. multipolar

26
Q

Which characteristic is common to both nervous tissue and muscular tissue? a. contractility b. elasticity c. excitability d. extensibility

A

c. excitability

27
Q

Which method of ATP production does not use oxygen or glucose? a. phosphagen system b. anaerobic fermentation c. excitation-contraction coupling d. aerobic respiration

A

a. phosphagen system

28
Q

What is the name of the contractile unit of a muscle cell? a. sarcolemma b. sarcoplasm c. sarcomere d. sarcophagus

A

c. sarcomere

29
Q

Which part of the muscle cell contains ligand-gated ion channels? a. t-tubule b. terminal cisternae c. motor end plate d. synaptic knob

A

c. motor end plate

30
Q

Which muscle shape has the weakest of contraction strength? a. fusiform b. circular c. parallel d. convergent

A

b. circular

31
Q

True or False: Qualitative encoding is based on frequency and number of neurons

A

false

32
Q

True or False: Ependymal cells filter blood to make cerebrospinal fluid.

A

true

33
Q

True or False: Sodium is kept at a high concentration outside neuron membranes

A

true

34
Q

True or False: The time during which a cell cannot be stimulated again is the refractory period

A

true

35
Q

True or False: Sensory neurons carry information from the CNS to the body

A

false

36
Q

True or False: Myosin heads bind to actin active sites when exposed

A

true

37
Q

True or False: Superficial fascia lies between muscles

A

false

38
Q

True or False: Myofilaments are made up of many sarcomeres

A

false

39
Q

True or False: Actin filaments are connected to dense bodies in smooth muscle

A

true

40
Q

True or False: Acetylcholine is degraded by acetylcholinesterase

A

true

41
Q

What are the benifits and disadvantages to aerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation?

A

aerobic- produces more ATP and less toxic end products, but requires a continual supply of oxygen
anaerobic- allows the cell to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen, but produces lactic acid, a toxic end product which is a major factor in muscle fatigue

42
Q

What are the three characteristic of nervous tissue?

A
  1. excitability
  2. conductiivity
  3. secretion
43
Q

What are the five characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

a

44
Q

Name three of the six neuroglial cell types and give one function of each

A
  • satellite cells: Provide electrical insulation around the soma
  • microglia: Wander in search of cellular debris to phagocytize
  • shwann cells: Produce a myelin sheath
45
Q

What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?

A

Temporal summation: results from two stimuli arriving close

together

46
Q

What is the difference between endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium?

A

Endomysium: connective tissue around muscle cells
Perimysium: connective tissue around muscle fascicles Epimysium: connective tissue surrounding entire muscle

47
Q

What are the three ways to remove neurotransmitters from a synaptic cleft

A

diffusion, reuptake, degradation

48
Q

What is the difference between the somatic and visceral divisions of the pns?

A

Somatic sensory division: carries signals from
receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

– Visceral sensory division: carries signals from the
viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Heart, lungs, stomach, and urinary bladder

49
Q

What is the function of the troponin/tropomyosin complex?

A

Troponin–tropomyosin complex changes shape and exposes active sites on actin

50
Q

What is the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs

A

EPSPs- excitatory - makes neurons more likely to fire

IPSPs - inhibitory- makes neurons less likely to fire

51
Q

List the difference in form and function of local and action potentials

A

local is a short range change in voltage, may occur when a neuron is stimulated. It varies in magnitude depending on the strength of stimulus. They get weaker as they spread from the point of stimulation. Also is reversible if stimulation ceases.

action is a rapid up and down shift inmembrane voltage produced by voltage regulated ion gates in the plasma membrane. It only occurs when there is a high enough density of voltage. regulated gates

52
Q

List the differences in anatomy and function between slow and fast twitch fibers

A 
Slow oxidative (SO), slow-twitch, red, or type I fibers have relatively abundant mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries and a deep red color.
a. SO fibers do not fatigue easily and exhibit a relatively long twitch 
(~100 msec) in response to a single stimulus

Fast glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch, white, or type II fibers are adapted for quick responses but not for fatigue resistance.

a. They are rich in enzymes of the phosphagen and glycogen–lactic acid systems.
b. Their SR releases and reabsorbs Ca2+ quickly.
c. FG fibers are poorer in mitochondria, myoglobin, and blood capillaries than SO fibers, so they are relatively pale.
d. They produce twitches as short as 7.5 msec.

53
Q

List the causes of fatigue in muscle cells

A

a

54
Q

Describe in detail one of the following processes: excitation, excitatio- contraction coupling, contaction, relaxation

A

Contraction is the step in wich the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten. Myosin ATPase enzyme in myosin head hydrolyzes on ATP molecule. It activates the head “cocking” it in an extended position. ADP + Pi remain attached. Head binds to actin active site forming a myosin-actin cross bridge. Then the myosin head releases ATP and Pi, flexes pulling thin filaments past thick. This is called the power stroke. Upon binding more ATP, myosin releases actin and process is repeated.

55
Q

Name three things that return a muscle cell to its resting size during relaxation.

A

Tropomyosin reblocks the
active sites

• Muscle fiber ceases to
produce or maintain tension

• Muscle fiber returns to its 
resting length 
– Due to recoil of elastic 
components and 
contraction of antagonistic 
muscles
56
Q

What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS and what do those acronyms stand for?

A

– Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain and spinal cord enclosed in bony coverings
• Enclosed by cranium and vertebral column

– Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• All the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord;
composed of nerves and ganglia

57
Q

What is the difference between a neuron, a nerve and a ganglion?

A

Neuron- the entire cell
• Nerve—a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous
connective tissue
• Ganglion—a knotlike swelling in a nerve where neuron cell
bodies are concentrated

Anatomy (11 decks)

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