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Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

simplest form of matter to have unique

chemical properties

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2
Q

What is matter made of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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3
Q

What are the three sub-atomic particles and what charges do they carry?

A

– Protons: single + charge, mass = 1 atomic mass unit
(amu)
– Neutrons: no charge, mass = 1 amu
– Atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to its
total number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

A

a molecule is chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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5
Q

How many electrons can be found in each of the first four electron shells around a nucleus?

A

2n^2

n= electron ring

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6
Q

What is a mole?

A

6.022x 10^23

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7
Q

How many grams of a substance will equal one mole of that substance?

A

1

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8
Q

Which 6 elements make up most of the human body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

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9
Q

Which are the top 3?

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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10
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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11
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A

a cation is an atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) a Cation is an atom that loses an electron (net positive charge)

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12
Q

What is an isotope?

A

varieties of an element that differ from
one another only in the number of neutrons and
therefore in atomic mass

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13
Q

What is a free radical?

A

chemical particles with an odd

number of electrons

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14
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

salts that ionize in water and form

solutions capable of conducting an electric current

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15
Q

What are the four types of atomic bonds?

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals forces

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16
Q

How are each of the four types of atomic bonds formed?

A

ionic- the attraction of a cation to an anion
covalent- the sharing of electrons between two atoms
hydrogen- a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
van der waals- weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms caused by random fluctuations in electron orbits

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17
Q

What is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

A

non-polar- Electrons shared equally

polar- Electrons shared unequally

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18
Q

Name and describe the properties of water? Why is water’s polarity important to all of them?

A

solvency- the ability to dissolve other chemicals
cohesion- the tendancy of one substance to cling to itself
adhesion- the tendency of one substance to cling to another
chemical reactivity- the ability to
participate in chemical reactions
thermal stability- Water helps stabilize the internal temperature of the body

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19
Q

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A

a Calorie is 1000 calories

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20
Q

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

A

solute- being dissolved into solvent

solvent- greater quantity

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21
Q

What is the definition of an acid and a base?

A

an acid is any proton donor

a base is a proton acceptor

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22
Q

What happens when an acid and a base are mixed together?

A

they neutralize

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23
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

7

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24
Q

What is the pH of human bl ood?

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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25
Q

What is a buffer?

A

chemical solutions that resist changes in pH

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26
Q

What are the three types of chemical reactions?

A

decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions

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27
Q

What is the difference between reactants and products?

A

reactants are on the left side and products are on the right

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28
Q

What is the definition of an organic compound?

A

carbon bound to hydrogen

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29
Q

What are the 4 organic compounds common to living systems?

A

-Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleotides and nucleic acids

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30
Q

What foods are common sources of carbohydrates?

A

sugars

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31
Q

What elements are found in carbohydrates?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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32
Q

What is the generic formula for a lipid?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ration of hydrogen to oxgen

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33
Q

What is the difference between fatty acids and a triglyceride?

A

a fatty acid is a chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group and one end and a mthyl group at the other

a triglyceride is a molecule consisiting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, a three-carbon alcohol

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34
Q

What is a steriod?

A

a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings

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35
Q

What molecule does the body use to make steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

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36
Q

What is the difference between hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic?

A

philic- substances that dissolve in water
phobic- substances that do not dissolve in water
amphiphilic- both

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37
Q

What are the prefixes and suffixes used when referring to carbohydrates?

A

Word root sacchar-

Suffix -ose

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38
Q

What are carbohydrates used for in the body?

A

energy

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39
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Which is liquid at room temp?

A

saturated- has as much hydrogen as it can carry

un- some carbons joined by double covalent bonds (liq)

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40
Q

What is a phospholipd? Why is it an important molecule in cellular life?

A

similar to neutral fats, but in place on one fatty acid, they have a phosphate group, which is linked to other functional groups

structure in cell membranes

41
Q

How does a phospholipid react with water?

A

amphiphilic

42
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

a central carbon atom with an amino group and a corboxyl group bound to it

43
Q

How many amino acid forms are there?

A

20

44
Q

What is a peptide?

A

any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds

45
Q

What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?

A

a poly peptide has 15 or more amino acids, a protein has 50 or more

46
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure in a protein? How is each structure formed?

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

47
Q

How is the primary structure formed?

A

the protein’s amino acid sequence

48
Q

How is the secondary structure formed?

A

a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds

49
Q

How is the tertiary structure formed?

A

further bending and folding resulting from association of hydrophobic R groups to avoid water and hydrophilic R groups to be in contact with water

50
Q

How is the quaternary structure formed?

A

the association of two or more polypeptide chains by non-covalent forces such as ionic bonds and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions

51
Q

What is conformation?

A

responcible for the functions of muscle contraction, enzyme funtion, and other actions

52
Q

What is denaturation?

A

irreversable conformation change due to extreme changes in pH or temperature

53
Q

What is a conjugated protein?

A

have a non-amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group

54
Q

What are the 7 funtions of proteins in the body?

A

structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition, movement, and cell adhesion

55
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

proteins that function as biological catalysts, permitting biochemical reations to occur rapidly at body temperatures

56
Q

How does an enzyme speed up chemical reactions?

A

a substrate binds to its enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

57
Q

What are cofactors?

A

a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.

58
Q

What is a substrate?

A

it binds to its enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex

59
Q

What are co enzymes?

A

organic cofactors usually derived from water-soluble vitamins

60
Q

What is a nucleic acid?

A

polymers of nucleotides

61
Q

What are sub-units of a nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

62
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

a chain of reaction of reactions with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme

63
Q

What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is the largest nucleic acid, typically 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides in length A-T T-A C-G G-C

RNA comes in three forms which range from 70 to 10,000 nucleotides in length

64
Q

What are the parts that make up a nucleotide?

A

a carbon-nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups

65
Q

What is the long name of ATP?

A

adenosine triphosphate

66
Q

What is the difference between integrated and peripheral proteins?

A

integrated- spans the bilayer

peripheral- adhere to one face of the membrane

67
Q

What are the functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. receptors to which signaling molecules, called messengers, can attach
  2. some play key roles in second-messenger systems, in which binding of a signaling molecule causes release of a second molecule in the cytoplasm
  3. others are enzymes acting at the cell’s surface
  4. some serve as ion channels, allowing water and dissolved ions to pass through the membrane
  5. carriers bind to target molecules and take them accross the membrane; pumps are carriers that use ATP energy
  6. some glycoproteins are cell-identity markers, allowing the recognition of cells as “self”
  7. some proteins are cell-adhesion molecules, holding cells to one another
68
Q

What is the function of ATP?

A

energy

69
Q

What is the basal body?

A

anchors the cilium

70
Q

What is the basal body made of?

A

dynein

71
Q

What is the difference between cilia, microvilli, and flagella?

A

microvilli- small extentions (1-2 um) of the plasma membrane that serve to increase a cell’s surface area. found in the digestive tract
cilia- hair like (7-10 um) processes, they move materials in a single direction. found in the respiratory tract
flagella- whiplike structures (20-200 um longer than cilia but with an identical axoneme. they move a cell through fluid. found in sperm cells only

72
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

DNA and RNA synthesis

73
Q

What is different about the nucleus’ membrane compares to other organelles?

A

the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane that forms the nuclear envelope, which is perforated with nuclear pores

74
Q

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

lipid synthesis

75
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth er?

A

rough- consists of flattened sacs covered with ribosomes. synthesizes steroids and lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures cell membranes
smooth- endoplasmic reticulum consists of more tubular cisternae and lacks ribosomes. more active in detoxification and also stores calcium in muscle cells

76
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

protein synthesis

77
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A

RNA

78
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

packages of enzymes surrounded by a unit membrane

79
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

synthesize ATP

80
Q

What are the cristae and matrix of the mitochondria?

A

well- cisternae

fluid - matrix

81
Q

What kinds of structures make up he cytoskeleton?

A

microfiliments, intermediate filaments, and microtublues

82
Q

How many ATP are made during the breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose and oxygen?

A

a

83
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

to organize the cytoskeleton

84
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration

85
Q

What is osmosis

A

the diffusion of water down a concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

86
Q

What are solutions that are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic?

A

hypo- lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than does the intracellular fluid; water flows into a cell
hyper- higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than does the intracellular fluid; wayer flows out of the cell
iso- total concetration of nonpermeating solutes equal to that of the intracellular fluid; as much water flows into the cell as flows out

87
Q

What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A

facilitated diffusion is carrier-mediated transport that moves a solute down its concentration gradient
diffustion - the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration

88
Q

What is the difference in flow of particles between diffusion and active transport?

A

diffusion- particles from high to low concentration

active transport - moves a solute up (against) its concentration gradient

89
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Do they need cell energy to work?

A

endo- brings materials into a cell
exo- releases material to outside the cell
both processes employ motor proteins powered by ATP

90
Q

What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

A

phago- “eat”

pino- “drink”

91
Q

What is cotransport?

A

carry two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction

92
Q

What is the difference between an antiport and a symport?

A

anti - carry two or more solutes in opposite directions

sym-carry two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction

93
Q

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

94
Q

How can you distinguish one tissue type from another?

A

the types and funtions of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix around the cells and the relative amount of space, cells and matrix occupy

95
Q

What is matrix?

A

space between cells

96
Q

What is the Cell Theory of life?

A
  1. al organisms are composed of cells and cell products
  2. the cell is the simplest structural and function unit of life
  3. an organism’s sturcture and functions are ultimately due to cellular activity
  4. cells come only from pre-existing cells
  5. the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities
97
Q

What is the function of the golgi appartus?

A

synthesis carbohydrates and completes proteins and glycoprotein synthesis

98
Q

What is the golgi apparatus made of?

A

a system of cisternae

Anatomy (11 decks)

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