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Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an element?

A

simplest form of matter to have unique

chemical properties

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2
Q

What is matter made of?

A

protons, neutrons, and electrons

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3
Q

What are the three sub-atomic particles and what charges do they carry?

A

– Protons: single + charge, mass = 1 atomic mass unit
(amu)
– Neutrons: no charge, mass = 1 amu
– Atomic mass of an element is approximately equal to its
total number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

A

a molecule is chemical particles composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond

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5
Q

How many electrons can be found in each of the first four electron shells around a nucleus?

A

2n^2

n= electron ring

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6
Q

What is a mole?

A

6.022x 10^23

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7
Q

How many grams of a substance will equal one mole of that substance?

A

1

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8
Q

Which 6 elements make up most of the human body?

A

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

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9
Q

Which are the top 3?

A

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

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10
Q

What is an ion?

A

charged particles with unequal numbers of protons and electrons

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11
Q

What is the difference between a cation and an anion?

A

a cation is an atom that gains electrons (net negative charge) a Cation is an atom that loses an electron (net positive charge)

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12
Q

What is an isotope?

A

varieties of an element that differ from
one another only in the number of neutrons and
therefore in atomic mass

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13
Q

What is a free radical?

A

chemical particles with an odd

number of electrons

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14
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

salts that ionize in water and form

solutions capable of conducting an electric current

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15
Q

What are the four types of atomic bonds?

A

ionic bonds, covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der waals forces

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16
Q

How are each of the four types of atomic bonds formed?

A

ionic- the attraction of a cation to an anion
covalent- the sharing of electrons between two atoms
hydrogen- a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
van der waals- weak, brief attractions between neutral atoms caused by random fluctuations in electron orbits

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17
Q

What is the difference between polar and non-polar covalent bonds?

A

non-polar- Electrons shared equally

polar- Electrons shared unequally

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18
Q

Name and describe the properties of water? Why is water’s polarity important to all of them?

A

solvency- the ability to dissolve other chemicals
cohesion- the tendancy of one substance to cling to itself
adhesion- the tendency of one substance to cling to another
chemical reactivity- the ability to
participate in chemical reactions
thermal stability- Water helps stabilize the internal temperature of the body

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19
Q

What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?

A

a Calorie is 1000 calories

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20
Q

What is the difference between a solute and a solvent?

A

solute- being dissolved into solvent

solvent- greater quantity

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21
Q

What is the definition of an acid and a base?

A

an acid is any proton donor

a base is a proton acceptor

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22
Q

What happens when an acid and a base are mixed together?

A

they neutralize

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23
Q

What is the pH of water?

A

7

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24
Q

What is the pH of human bl ood?

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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25
What is a buffer?
chemical solutions that resist changes in pH
26
What are the three types of chemical reactions?
decomposition, synthesis, or exchange reactions
27
What is the difference between reactants and products?
reactants are on the left side and products are on the right
28
What is the definition of an organic compound?
carbon bound to hydrogen
29
What are the 4 organic compounds common to living systems?
-Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleotides and nucleic acids
30
What foods are common sources of carbohydrates?
sugars
31
What elements are found in carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
32
What is the generic formula for a lipid?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high ration of hydrogen to oxgen
33
What is the difference between fatty acids and a triglyceride?
a fatty acid is a chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group and one end and a mthyl group at the other a triglyceride is a molecule consisiting of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, a three-carbon alcohol
34
What is a steriod?
a lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings
35
What molecule does the body use to make steroid hormones?
cholesterol
36
What is the difference between hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and amphiphilic?
philic- substances that dissolve in water phobic- substances that do not dissolve in water amphiphilic- both
37
What are the prefixes and suffixes used when referring to carbohydrates?
Word root sacchar- | Suffix -ose
38
What are carbohydrates used for in the body?
energy
39
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? Which is liquid at room temp?
saturated- has as much hydrogen as it can carry | un- some carbons joined by double covalent bonds (liq)
40
What is a phospholipd? Why is it an important molecule in cellular life?
similar to neutral fats, but in place on one fatty acid, they have a phosphate group, which is linked to other functional groups structure in cell membranes
41
How does a phospholipid react with water?
amphiphilic
42
What is an amino acid?
a central carbon atom with an amino group and a corboxyl group bound to it
43
How many amino acid forms are there?
20
44
What is a peptide?
any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds
45
What is the difference between a polypeptide and a protein?
a poly peptide has 15 or more amino acids, a protein has 50 or more
46
What are the 4 levels of structure in a protein? How is each structure formed?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
47
How is the primary structure formed?
the protein's amino acid sequence
48
How is the secondary structure formed?
a coiled or folded shape held together by hydrogen bonds
49
How is the tertiary structure formed?
further bending and folding resulting from association of hydrophobic R groups to avoid water and hydrophilic R groups to be in contact with water
50
How is the quaternary structure formed?
the association of two or more polypeptide chains by non-covalent forces such as ionic bonds and hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions
51
What is conformation?
responcible for the functions of muscle contraction, enzyme funtion, and other actions
52
What is denaturation?
irreversable conformation change due to extreme changes in pH or temperature
53
What is a conjugated protein?
have a non-amino acid moiety called a prosthetic group
54
What are the 7 funtions of proteins in the body?
structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition, movement, and cell adhesion
55
What is an enzyme?
proteins that function as biological catalysts, permitting biochemical reations to occur rapidly at body temperatures
56
How does an enzyme speed up chemical reactions?
a substrate binds to its enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
57
What are cofactors?
a substance (other than the substrate) whose presence is essential for the activity of an enzyme.
58
What is a substrate?
it binds to its enzyme, forming an enzyme-substrate complex
59
What are co enzymes?
organic cofactors usually derived from water-soluble vitamins
60
What is a nucleic acid?
polymers of nucleotides
61
What are sub-units of a nucleic acid?
DNA and RNA
62
What is a metabolic pathway?
a chain of reaction of reactions with each step catalyzed by a different enzyme
63
What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA
DNA is the largest nucleic acid, typically 100 million to 1 billion nucleotides in length A-T T-A C-G G-C RNA comes in three forms which range from 70 to 10,000 nucleotides in length
64
What are the parts that make up a nucleotide?
a carbon-nitrogen ring called a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups
65
What is the long name of ATP?
adenosine triphosphate
66
What is the difference between integrated and peripheral proteins?
integrated- spans the bilayer | peripheral- adhere to one face of the membrane
67
What are the functions of membrane proteins?
1. receptors to which signaling molecules, called messengers, can attach 2. some play key roles in second-messenger systems, in which binding of a signaling molecule causes release of a second molecule in the cytoplasm 3. others are enzymes acting at the cell's surface 4. some serve as ion channels, allowing water and dissolved ions to pass through the membrane 5. carriers bind to target molecules and take them accross the membrane; pumps are carriers that use ATP energy 6. some glycoproteins are cell-identity markers, allowing the recognition of cells as "self" 7. some proteins are cell-adhesion molecules, holding cells to one another
68
What is the function of ATP?
energy
69
What is the basal body?
anchors the cilium
70
What is the basal body made of?
dynein
71
What is the difference between cilia, microvilli, and flagella?
microvilli- small extentions (1-2 um) of the plasma membrane that serve to increase a cell's surface area. found in the digestive tract cilia- hair like (7-10 um) processes, they move materials in a single direction. found in the respiratory tract flagella- whiplike structures (20-200 um longer than cilia but with an identical axoneme. they move a cell through fluid. found in sperm cells only
72
What is the function of the nucleus?
DNA and RNA synthesis
73
What is different about the nucleus' membrane compares to other organelles?
the nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane that forms the nuclear envelope, which is perforated with nuclear pores
74
What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
lipid synthesis
75
What is the difference between rough and smooth er?
rough- consists of flattened sacs covered with ribosomes. synthesizes steroids and lipids, detoxifies alcohol and other drugs, and manufactures cell membranes smooth- endoplasmic reticulum consists of more tubular cisternae and lacks ribosomes. more active in detoxification and also stores calcium in muscle cells
76
What is the function of ribosomes?
protein synthesis
77
What are ribosomes made of?
RNA
78
What are lysosomes?
packages of enzymes surrounded by a unit membrane
79
What is the function of the mitochondria?
synthesize ATP
80
What are the cristae and matrix of the mitochondria?
well- cisternae | fluid - matrix
81
What kinds of structures make up he cytoskeleton?
microfiliments, intermediate filaments, and microtublues
82
How many ATP are made during the breakdown of 1 molecule of glucose and oxygen?
a
83
What is the function of the centrioles?
to organize the cytoskeleton
84
What is diffusion?
the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
85
What is osmosis
the diffusion of water down a concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane
86
What are solutions that are hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic?
hypo- lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than does the intracellular fluid; water flows into a cell hyper- higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than does the intracellular fluid; wayer flows out of the cell iso- total concetration of nonpermeating solutes equal to that of the intracellular fluid; as much water flows into the cell as flows out
87
What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
facilitated diffusion is carrier-mediated transport that moves a solute down its concentration gradient diffustion - the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration
88
What is the difference in flow of particles between diffusion and active transport?
diffusion- particles from high to low concentration | active transport - moves a solute up (against) its concentration gradient
89
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis? Do they need cell energy to work?
endo- brings materials into a cell exo- releases material to outside the cell both processes employ motor proteins powered by ATP
90
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
phago- "eat" | pino- "drink"
91
What is cotransport?
carry two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction
92
What is the difference between an antiport and a symport?
anti - carry two or more solutes in opposite directions | sym-carry two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction
93
What are the 4 primary tissue types?
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
94
How can you distinguish one tissue type from another?
the types and funtions of their cells, the characteristics of the matrix around the cells and the relative amount of space, cells and matrix occupy
95
What is matrix?
space between cells
96
What is the Cell Theory of life?
1. al organisms are composed of cells and cell products 2. the cell is the simplest structural and function unit of life 3. an organism's sturcture and functions are ultimately due to cellular activity 4. cells come only from pre-existing cells 5. the cells of all species have many fundamental similarities
97
What is the function of the golgi appartus?
synthesis carbohydrates and completes proteins and glycoprotein synthesis
98
What is the golgi apparatus made of?
a system of cisternae

Anatomy (11 decks)

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