Exam 2 and 3

Question 1

Name the 3 stages of hair growth and what occurs in each stage.

Answer 1

anagen- stem cells form the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downwards, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath
catagen- mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
telogen- when the papallae reaches the bulge

Question 2

In what organs are calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone made

Answer 2

calcitriol- kidneys
calcitonin- secreated by C cells of the thyriod gland
para- posterior surface of throid gland

Question 3

What are the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix?

Answer 3

organic- collagen and protein-carbohydrate complexes

inorganic- 85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonnate, and hydroxide ions

Question 4

What is the difference between serous mucous and cytogenic glands

Answer 4

serous- produce thin, watery fluids, such as tears
mucous- secrete a glycoprotein called mucin, which absob water once it is secreated to form the sticky product mucus
cytogenic- release whole cells

Question 5

What are the promary and secondary ossification centers found?

Answer 5

pri- hyaline cartilage

sec- perichondrium

Question 6

List the 6 functions of the integumentary system (5)

Answer 6

body temperature regulation, protection, resistance to trauma and infection, vitamin d synthesis, sensation, nonverbal communication

Question 7

List the 3 types of fibrous joints, the two types of cartilagious joints, and the 6 types of synovial joints. (5)

Answer 7

fibrous- sutures, gomphosis, syndesmoses
cart- synchondroses, symphyses
synovial- ball and socket, biaxial condylar, biaxial saddle, biaxial plane, hinge, pivot

Question 8

What are the three charactistics of nervous tissue and the five characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 8

nervous- excitability, conductivity, secretion

muscle- excitability, conductivity, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Question 9

What is the difference between a neuron, a nerve, and a ganglion

Answer 9

neuron- nerve cell
nerve- a bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue
ganglion- knot-like swelling in a nerve where the cell bodies of a neuron are concentrated

Question 10

explain how smooth muscle cells are timulated in a single-unit format.

Answer 10

myocytes are electrically coupled to each other by gap junctions so that cells directly stimulate each other and contract as a unit

Question 11

What is the function of the troponin/tropomyosin complex?

Answer 11

acts like a switch to determine when the fiber can contract or not contract

Question 12

Exlain the action of an IPSP

Answer 12

inhibitory- any voltage change that hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes it more negative than the RMP

Question 13

Name three things that return a muscle to its resting size during relazton

Answer 13

antagonist, gravity pull on the body part, tropoyosin moves back into position

Question 14

List the physical difference between a smooth muscle cell and a skeletal muscle cell

Answer 14

smooth- no striations, tapered cells, one nucleus

skeletal- striations, longcells, multiple nucleui per cell

Question 15

Wha is the difference between qualitative and quantitative neural coding?

Answer 15

qual- each never fiber to the brain leads from a receptor that recognized a particular stimulus type
quan- information about intensity of a stimulus is encoded in two ways

Question 16

What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation?

Answer 16

temp- EPSPs coming from one synapse until threshold voltage is released
spatial- EPSPs coming from multipe synapses to a cell soma can signal down axon until threshold voltage is reached