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Biology > Test part 3 > Flashcards

Test part 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic code

4 base pairs and 4 nitrogen bases

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2
Q

Nucleotide

A

The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

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3
Q

Nitrogenous base

A

Nitrogen-bearing compound with chemical properties of a base

one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, such as DNA.

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4
Q

Base pairing rules

A

Adenine pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine

Specific hydrogen bonding in a DNA strand

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5
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips the DNA strand

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6
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Reads the DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides to the new strand

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7
Q

RNA

A

a long, single-stranded chain of cells that processes protein

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8
Q

Messenger rna (mRNA)

A

Carries DNA code from nucleus to ribosome, orders tRNA to pickup amino acids

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9
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Assembles ribosomes in nucleus

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10
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Carries each amino acid to the ribosomes

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11
Q

Transcription

A

RNA is copied from DNA

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12
Q

Translation

A

mRNA transcribed from DNA

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13
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes use RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins

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14
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

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15
Q

Ribosome

A

The site of translation and protein synthesis

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16
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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17
Q

Mutation

A

Mistakes made when DNA is copied

Changes genetic material of the cell

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18
Q

Duplication

A

A type of mutation in which a portion of a genetic material or a chromosome is duplicated or replicated, resulting in multiple copies of that region.

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19
Q

Deletion

A

a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome

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20
Q

Inversion

A

a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

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21
Q

Translocation

A

a segment of genetic material from one chromosome becomes heritably linked to another chromosome.

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22
Q

Mitosis

A

process by which the nucleus divides in eukaryotic organisms, producing two new nuclei that are genetically identical to the nucleus of the parent cell.

PMAT

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23
Q

Meiosis

A

process by which the nucleus divides in all sexually reproducing organisms during the production of spores or gametes

PMATx2

24
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells

25
Q

Haploid

A

Cells that have only one copy of the chromosomes (1n)

26
Q

Diploid

A

cells that have two copies of every chromosome (2n)

27
Q

Chromosomes

A

Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins called histones

28
Q

Chromatin

A

substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division.

29
Q

Independent assortment

A

When the chromosomes arrange themselves into a random order when they separate

30
Q

Crossing over

A

The exchanging of genes between chromosomes to allow genetic variability

31
Q

Interphase

A

A period of growth development in the cell cycle

32
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of a cells cytoplasm (when the cell splits in two)

33
Q

G1 phase

A

The longest stage of interphase

The cell is growing and organelles are duplicating

34
Q

S phase

A

DNA and chromosomes replicate

35
Q

G2 phase

A

Prepares cell for mitosis

Cell continues to grow and checks for errors

36
Q

Checkpoints

A

Regulate the cell cycle

Found in interphase, give stop and go ahead signals

37
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and centrioles move to opposite ends of cell

38
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes form a line down the middle

39
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

40
Q

Telophase

A

2 new daughter nuclei form
Cleavage furrow
Cells elongate
Mitosis ends

41
Q

G0 phase

A

The dormancy period in the interphase or cell cycle in which the somatic cell is resting or dormant

42
Q

Cancer

A

A disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue

43
Q

Heredity

A

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

44
Q

Trait

A

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

45
Q

Gene

A

A portion of a DNA molecule that serves as the basic unit of heredity. Genes control the characteristics that an offspring will have

46
Q

Allele

A

one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele.

47
Q

Dominant factor

A

Stronger, masks recessive

48
Q

Recessive factor

A

Seems to disappear

49
Q

Homozygous

A

has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive,

50
Q

Heterozygous

A

having one each of two different alleles

51
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical appearance of the individual

52
Q

Genotype

A

Alleles an individual receives at fertilization

53
Q

Complete dominance

A

The dominant allele will completely mitigate any effect the recessive allele has in determining the outcome of the gene

54
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Offspring are intermediate between two parental phenotypes

Neither allele is completely dominant over the other resulting in 3 phenotypes

55
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles of a gene are expressed

Neither allele is dominant or recessive

56
Q

sex-linked traits

A

The genes on the X chromosome that have no matching genes on the Y chromosomes

(Usually recessive)

Biology (13 decks)

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