Biology Test Flashcards
Carbohydrates
A macromolecule
Sugars and starches
Consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2 hydrogen for every 1 oxygen
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars
Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharides…..
Contain energy in bonds
Dehydration synthesis
When water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded
During dehydration synthesis….
A bond is formed between the -OH bonds of each monosaccharide
(OH from one bonds with the H of another H goes to H20)
A disaccharide is formed from…
The 2 sugars
Disaccharides
Double sugar (glucose+glucose) Ex) table sugar
Polysaccharides
Excess sugar
Formed by joining monosaccharide units
Ex) cellulose and glycogen
Hydrolysis
When polysaccharides are split apart to form monosaccharides
Lipids
A macromolecule
Lipids store energy (C-H) bonds
Form biological membranes
Chemical messengers
Fats, oils, and waxes
Saturated and unsaturated lipids
Saturated are solid at room temp
C-C
Unsaturated are liquid at room temp
Have at least one C=C
Proteins
A macromolecule
Made of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Polymers of amino acids
Amino acids
There’s 20 different amino acids which can form to make over 1000 different proteins that make up living tissue
Function of proteins
Carry out chemical reactions
Let molecules in and out of cells
Enzymes
Most are proteins
Nucleic acids
A macromolecule
Organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms
Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotides
2 types of nucleic acids
DNA
RNA
Function of nucleic acids
Store and transmit genetic information
Dehydration synthesis is also referred to as…
Condensation reaction
What’s inside the nucleus
Neutrons and protons
Positive and neutral charge
What’s outside the nucleus?
Electrons (negative charge)
Valence electron
Present in the outermost unfilled shell of an atom that participate in bonding and chemical reactions
Covalent bond
2 atoms share 1 or more valence electron
2 nonmetals
Ionic bond
Transfer of electrons
Formed by electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged ions
1 metal and 1 nonmetal
Solute
What is being dissolved
Adhesion
Property of water
Sticking together of one substance to another
Cohesion
Property of water
Ability of molecules to stick together
Results in surface tension
Water attracts other water molecules
What creates surface tension?
Cohesion
Capillary action
Adhesion and cohesion in action
Process of pulling water up against gravity in plant vessels
Why is water a polar molecule
It’s bonded together by polar covalent hydrogen bonds
Sharing is not equal; Oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen
The charge is not equal
What is the PH
Refers to the dissociation of water molecules
What are buffers
Substances that minimize changes in PH
What is an acid
When acids dissolve in water they donate H+ to the solution
An acid is a substance that increases the H+ concentration
What is a base
A substance that reduces the H+ concentration
