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Semester exam vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

Simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element

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2
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle outside the nucleus

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3
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle inside the nucleus

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4
Q

Neutron

A

A particle inside the nucleus with a neutral charge

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5
Q

Compound

A

Made up of atoms of two or more elements

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6
Q

Molecule

A

Simplest part of a substance that retains all properties of that substance, can exist in a free state

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7
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge

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8
Q

Monomer

A

A simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer

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9
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers or small units

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10
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

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11
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and amino group and that makes up proteins; a protein monomer

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12
Q

Fatty acid

A

An organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils

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13
Q

Nucleotide

A

In a nucleic-acid chain, A sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

A type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed

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16
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly

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17
Q

pH

A

Measures how acidic or basic a substance, ranges from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral and below 7 acidic

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18
Q

Acid

A

Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ion’s when dissolved in water

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19
Q

Base

A

Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down molecules into monomers

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygenate

6CO2+6H2O+sunglight——->C6H12O6+6O2

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22
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

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23
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates

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24
Q

Thylakoids

A

A membrane system found within chloroplast that contain the components for photosynthesis

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25
Stroma
In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast
26
Cellular respiration
The process by which cells obtain energy from carbohydrates C6H1206+602----->6CO2+6H2O+ATP
27
Mitochondria
The site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP
28
Aerobic
Create 36 ATP molecules, The two stages are the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain Needs oxygen Slow but efficient
29
Anaerobic
Does not need oxygen, fast but inefficient
30
Fermentation
The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, or mold in the absence of oxygen
31
Glycolysis
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP Creates 2 ATP
32
Krebs cycle
Breaks down Acetyl CoA Five step process Goal: Produces H+ to travel down the electron transport chain Only 2 ATP r created
33
Electron transport chain
Produces ATP from H+ ions
34
Autotroph
An organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances -plants Also called producers
35
Heterotrophs
Cannot make their own food Also called consumers Eats other organisms and plants
36
Herbivore
Animals that feed on plants and plant materials
37
Carnivore
Animals that feed on other animal animals
38
Decomposer
Feed on dead and decaying organisms
39
Food web
A diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem Consists of many food chains
40
Food chain
A series of organisms that each depend on the next as a source of food Each level is called a trophic level
41
Carbon cycle
The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things in back
42
Nitrogen cycle
The process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem
43
Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)
Water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded
44
ATP/ADP
When an organism needs energy, it breaks off the last phosphate group of ATP, forming ADP When an organism stores energy, they attach a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP
45
What are the four major macromolecules
Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates
46
What are the building blocks of lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
47
What are the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
48
What are the building blocks of nucleic acid's
Nucleotides
49
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates
Simple sugars, monosaccharides
50
How is energy transferred in the energy pyramid
At each step, energy is transferred to the next higher level 90% energy is lost and 10% is transferred
51
What levels r on the energy pyramid
It goes from producers at the bottom, to herbivores, to carnivores, to tertiary consumers
52
Why do leaves appear to be green
The green light is reflected by the leaves | And chlorophyll
53
What happens in the light reaction of photosynthesis
The chloroplast traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy Occurs in the thylakoids
54
Where does photosynthesis occur
In the stroma of the chloroplast
55
What happens in the dark reaction of photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle)
NADPH provides hydrogen atoms that help form glucose and ATP provides the energy for this and other reactions used to synthesize glucose
56
How is energy released from ATP
The last phosphate is broken off to create ADP
57
What does the rate of photosynthesis depend on
Sunlight and CO2
58
How is carbon absorbed and released in the carbon cycle
We exhale carbon dioxide and animals and plants release it through respiration Carbon is attached to oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide
59
Why is nitrogen essential for organisms
To synthesize proteins and nucleic acid's
60
What elements make up carbohydrates, fats, and lipids
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
61
What is the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Cellular respiration C6H1206+602--->6CO2 +6H2O+ATP Photosynthesis 6CO2+6H2O+light energy= C6H1206+602
62
What's the importance of oxygen in respiration
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor (the final truck) To convert hydrogen from the Krebs cycle to ATP in electron transport chain
63
What's the difference between organic and inorganic compounds
Organic compounds contain carbon Inorganic compounds do not and inorganic compounds are needed for living things
64
Why is water a polar molecule and what are its properties
There is an unequal distribution of the electrical charges Two positive hydrogen, negative oxygen electrons are not shared equally
65
ATP is not made of what
Glucose

Biology (13 decks)

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