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Biology > Semester exam vocabulary > Flashcards

Semester exam vocabulary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Atom

A

Simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element

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2
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle outside the nucleus

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3
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle inside the nucleus

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4
Q

Neutron

A

A particle inside the nucleus with a neutral charge

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5
Q

Compound

A

Made up of atoms of two or more elements

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6
Q

Molecule

A

Simplest part of a substance that retains all properties of that substance, can exist in a free state

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7
Q

Polar molecule

A

A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge

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8
Q

Monomer

A

A simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer

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9
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule that is formed by more than five monomers or small units

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10
Q

Chemical reaction

A

The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

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11
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic molecule that contains a carboxyl and amino group and that makes up proteins; a protein monomer

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12
Q

Fatty acid

A

An organic acid that is contained in lipids, such as fats or oils

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13
Q

Nucleotide

A

In a nucleic-acid chain, A sub-unit that consists of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar that is the basic subunit, or monomer, of a carbohydrate

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

A type of protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed

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16
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed or changed significantly

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17
Q

pH

A

Measures how acidic or basic a substance, ranges from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral and below 7 acidic

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18
Q

Acid

A

Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ion’s when dissolved in water

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19
Q

Base

A

Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaks down molecules into monomers

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21
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygenate

6CO2+6H2O+sunglight——->C6H12O6+6O2

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22
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

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23
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment that is present in most plant cells, that gives plants their characteristic green color, and that reacts with sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to form carbohydrates

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24
Q

Thylakoids

A

A membrane system found within chloroplast that contain the components for photosynthesis

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25
Q

Stroma

A

In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast

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26
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The process by which cells obtain energy from carbohydrates

C6H1206+602—–>6CO2+6H2O+ATP

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27
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP

28
Q

Aerobic

A

Create 36 ATP molecules, The two stages are the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

Needs oxygen
Slow but efficient

29
Q

Anaerobic

A

Does not need oxygen, fast but inefficient

30
Q

Fermentation

A

The breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeast, or mold in the absence of oxygen

31
Q

Glycolysis

A

The anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, which makes a small amount of energy available to cells in the form of ATP

Creates 2 ATP

32
Q

Krebs cycle

A

Breaks down Acetyl CoA
Five step process
Goal: Produces H+ to travel down the electron transport chain
Only 2 ATP r created

33
Q

Electron transport chain

A

Produces ATP from H+ ions

34
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that produces its own nutrients from inorganic substances

-plants

Also called producers

35
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Cannot make their own food

Also called consumers

Eats other organisms and plants

36
Q

Herbivore

A

Animals that feed on plants and plant materials

37
Q

Carnivore

A

Animals that feed on other animal animals

38
Q

Decomposer

A

Feed on dead and decaying organisms

39
Q

Food web

A

A diagram that shows the feeding relationships among organisms in an ecosystem

Consists of many food chains

40
Q

Food chain

A

A series of organisms that each depend on the next as a source of food

Each level is called a trophic level

41
Q

Carbon cycle

A

The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things in back

42
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

The process in which nitrogen circulates among the air, soil, water, plants, and animals in an ecosystem

43
Q

Dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction)

A

Water is removed and sugars are covalently bonded

44
Q

ATP/ADP

A

When an organism needs energy, it breaks off the last phosphate group of ATP, forming ADP

When an organism stores energy, they attach a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP

45
Q

What are the four major macromolecules

A

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates

46
Q

What are the building blocks of lipids

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

47
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino acids

48
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acid’s

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars, monosaccharides

50
Q

How is energy transferred in the energy pyramid

A

At each step, energy is transferred to the next higher level

90% energy is lost and 10% is transferred

51
Q

What levels r on the energy pyramid

A

It goes from producers at the bottom, to herbivores, to carnivores, to tertiary consumers

52
Q

Why do leaves appear to be green

A

The green light is reflected by the leaves

And chlorophyll

53
Q

What happens in the light reaction of photosynthesis

A

The chloroplast traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy

Occurs in the thylakoids

54
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast

55
Q

What happens in the dark reaction of photosynthesis (Calvin Cycle)

A

NADPH provides hydrogen atoms that help form glucose and ATP provides the energy for this and other reactions used to synthesize glucose

56
Q

How is energy released from ATP

A

The last phosphate is broken off to create ADP

57
Q

What does the rate of photosynthesis depend on

A

Sunlight and CO2

58
Q

How is carbon absorbed and released in the carbon cycle

A

We exhale carbon dioxide and animals and plants release it through respiration

Carbon is attached to oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide

59
Q

Why is nitrogen essential for organisms

A

To synthesize proteins and nucleic acid’s

60
Q

What elements make up carbohydrates, fats, and lipids

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

61
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

Cellular respiration
C6H1206+602—>6CO2 +6H2O+ATP

Photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O+light energy= C6H1206+602

62
Q

What’s the importance of oxygen in respiration

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor (the final truck)

To convert hydrogen from the Krebs cycle to ATP in electron transport chain

63
Q

What’s the difference between organic and inorganic compounds

A

Organic compounds contain carbon

Inorganic compounds do not and inorganic compounds are needed for living things

64
Q

Why is water a polar molecule and what are its properties

A

There is an unequal distribution of the electrical charges

Two positive hydrogen, negative oxygen electrons are not shared equally

65
Q

ATP is not made of what

A

Glucose

Biology (13 decks)

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