Test part 2 Flashcards
DNA has four nitrogenous bases, what are they?
ATGC
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
The backbone of DNA is composed of what?
Deoxyribose sugar and phosphates
Why is DNA important?
It’s the complex chemical that carries genetic information
It is the genetic blueprint for life
It allows organisms to grow and repair damaged cells
What is base pairing?
Rules describe the arrangement of the nitrogen bases between two DNA strands
What pairs with what in base pairing?
A pairs with T and C pairs with G
Adenine and thymine
Cytosine and guanine
What is replication?
The process by which DNA is copied
What does DNA polymerase do?
Enzyme that adds nucleotides to exposed nitrogen bases
What does RNA polymerase do?
Enzyme that catalyzes the formation of RNA on a DNA template
What is helicase?
Enzyme that separates DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds that link the nitrogen bases
What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA:
1: found in nucleus
2: sugar is deoxyribose
3: bases are A,T,C,G
RNA: 1: found in nucleus and cytoplasm 2: sugar is ribose 3: Bases are A,U, C, G SINGLE STRAND
mRNA
Takes instructions from a gene to make a protein
tRNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome to make protein
rRNA
Where protein synthesis occurs, makes up ribosomes
Where does transcription of DNA to form a molecule of mRNA take place?
In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the DNA-containing region in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells
Name the steps of replication
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides break
- Strands of DNA separate
- Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA
- Hydrogen bonds between nucleotides form
What term refers to loose DNA inside of a nucleus?
Chromatin
During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cells nucleus replicated?
End of synthesis
During what part of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell condensed into chromosomes?
Beginning of Mitosis
Overview
DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of RNA during transcription, RNA directs the proteins during translation
Difference between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase
DNA polymerase synthesizes a DNA strand
RNA polymerase is used to transcription to synthesize the mRNA strand
Benign tumor
Non cancerous
Malignant tumor
Cancerous
Invasive tumor
Destroys healthy tissue
Can break off and spread
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
Discovered the basic principles of heredity in his garden
What plant did Gregor Mendel use
Garden peas cause they were easy to grow, short generation time, could be self pollinated
Chose true breeding
Cross pollinated plants
Sex linked genes
The genes on the X chromosome that have no matching genes on the Y chromosomes
Usually recessive
Hemophilia is
Recessive and x linked
Pedigree
a diagram showing genetic relationships between members of a family
Structure of DNA
4 base pairs
4 nitrogen bases
Double helix
AT
CG
Watson and crick
Discovered the structure of DNA
RNA structure
Single strand
Uracil base
Ribose sugar
Differences between RNA and DNA
DNA-double helix, thymine, deoxyribose sugar
RNA-uracil, single strand, 3 types, ribose sugar
