test over medieval europe Flashcards
2 Frankish dynasties
Merovingians and Carolingians
Anglo Saxon scholar hired by Charlemagne to run his palace schools
Alciun
2 ways of proving innocence in early Germanic trials
ordeal
oath
mayor of the palace who defeated an Arab invasion of France in 732
Charles Martel
Roman military leader who may have been king Arthur
Riothamus
Frankish king who converted to Christianity
Clovis
Term for Germans settles in the Roman Empire to defend it
Federates
Frankish queen who helped convert her husband to Christianity
Clothide
Gallo Roman bishop who wrote a history of the Franks
Gregory of Tours
What was the name of the guy in the Norman style video?
William the Conqueror
New type of architecture in the high middle ages
gothic
Early Norman rivals who fought over the throne when Henry the I died
Matilda and Stephen
Greek author rediscovered by western Chirsitian scholars during the 11th century
Aristotle
Term for medieval scholars who studied the ancients and blended faith and reason
scholastics
people who called for the 1st crusade
Urban the II
document that ran and recognized towns
charter
powerful duchess who was the wife of 2 kings and mother of 2 kings
Eleanor of Aquitane
which powerful king of England introduced land reforms and killed an archbishop?
Henry II
medieval French Dynasty
Capetians
Where was the Papacy moved in the early 1300s
avignon
Pope captured and deposed by French King
Pope Boniface VIII
English King who called the Model Parliment
Edward I
2 of the rulers who went on the 3rd Crusade
Fredrick Barbarossa, Richard the Lionhearted, Philip Augustus II
most powerful medieval pope
innocent III
term for large scale attack on Jews
pogroms
French King who deposed a Pope over taxing clergy
Philip IV
2 Holy Roman Emperors from 1000-1300s
Frederick Barbarossa, Otto the I, Henry IV
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire capital of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires, now called Istanbul
Justinian’s code- a collection of Roman laws organized by the Byzantine emperor Justinian and later serving as a model for the Catholic Church and medieval monarchs
Constantinople
ruler who has complete authority
Autocrat
referring to the Middle Ages in Europe or the period of history between ancient and modern times
medieval
a Germanic tribe that conquered present-day France and neighboring lands in the 400s
Franks
battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated the Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into France
Battle of Tours
an ethnic group centered in present-day Hungary
Magyars
Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s
Vikings
(483-565) was born of peasant stock and adopted by his uncle Justin (emperor from 518). As the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565, Justinian continued war with Persia and sought to win back former western Roman provinces from barbarian invaders. After riots and a major fire in 532, he rebuilt much of Constantinople in glorious style. He also instituted reforms to stop imperial corruption and promote justice for his subjects. His most influential achievement is Justinian’s Code, a collection, organization, and revision of Roman laws.
Justininian
(497-548) was the wife of the emperor Justinian and was his most trusted advisor. Known for her powerful intelligence and shrewd political insight.
Theodora exerted decisive influence in Byzantine political affairs. She is mentioned by name in almost every law passed during Justinian’s reign. Theodora used her position and power to advance her interests, including pioneering efforts for women’s rights. She supported strong laws to end the traffic in young women and
revised divorce laws in favor of more benefits to women.
Theodora
(466-511) is known as the political and religious founder of the kingdom of the Franks. He ruled much of Gaul from the late fifth century until 511. His kingdom, which expanded south and west from what is present-day Belgium and northeastern France, was the most powerful in Gaul. He was also the most important ally of the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. Born a pagan, Clovis corresponded with the powerful bishops of Gaul and, in 496 or perhaps later, became famous as one of the first Germanic kings to convert to
Christianity.
Clovis
Charles Martel (688-741) served as mayor of the palace (the person who ruled in the name of the king) for the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom from 715 until 741. The illegitimate son of the former mayor, Martel seized power, eventually reunited, and then ruled the entire kingdom of the Franks. Since 711, Muslims had raided Frankish lands, and in 732 they reached Bordeaux. Called to help at the battle of
During that year, Charles’s cavalry halted this last great Muslim advance into Europe.
Charles Martel
Charlemagne (747-814), (or “Charles the Great”) king of the Franks, the Lombards, and emperor of the Romans, began as a warrior king seeking to conquer territory and distribute plunder in the Frankish tradition. But he also strove to unite and govern an increasingly diverse collection of conquered peoples as well as cope with threats from new invaders. He conducted a long series of successful military campaigns, made efforts to spread Christianity and implement religious reform, and sought to make more effective inherited political institutions and
procedures. and supported cultural renewal through a revival of learning.
Charlemagne
loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord
feudalism
in medieval Europe, a lord was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord
vassal
exchange of pledges between lords and vassals
feudal contract
in medieval Europe, an estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty
Fief
a European noble who served as a mounted warrior
knight
a mock battle in which knights would compete against one another to display their fighting skills
Tournament
code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages
chivlary
a wandering poet or singer of medieval Europe
Troubadour
during the Middle Ages in Europe, a lord’s estate that included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
manor
also called manorial system; economic system during the Middle Ages in Europe that was built around large estates called manors, which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands
manor system
in medieval Europe, a peasant bound to the lord’s land
serf
(1122-1204), was an heiress to the dukedom of Aquitaine. At age 15, she married the French royal heir, Louis VI, and became queen of France. Intelligent and energetic, she strongly influenced her husband and went with him on the Second Crusade. Her second marriage was to Henry Plantagenet, who became Henry Il of England in 1154. While caring for five sons and three daughters, she actively helped administer England, managed her domains making the court at Poitiers a model of courtly life and remained politically active into her 80s.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
a sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church
sacrament
rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into worship, work, and study periods.
Benedictine rule
having to do with worldly, rather than religious matters; nonreligious
secular
the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers
papal supremacy
the body of laws of a church
Canon law
exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law
Excommunication
in the Roman Catholic Church, ex-communication of an entire town, region, or kingdom
Interdict
a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor
friar
prejudice against Jews
Anti-seminitsm
the practice of lending money at interest
Usury
a split or divide
schism
the holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
icon
the official split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Byzantine churches that occurred in 1045; another event was the Great Western Schism, a period when rival popes fought for exclusive power and divided the Roman Catholic Church from 1378- 1417
the great schism
in the Middle Ages, a written document that set out the rights and privileges of a town
charter
money or wealth used to invest in business or enterprise
captial
a group of merchants who joined together to finance a large-scale venture that would have been too costly for an individual trader
Partnership
someone who would pay rent to a lord to farm part of the lord’s land
Tenant farmer
a group of people, including artisans, merchants, and traders, whose rank was between nobles and peasants
middle class
in the Middle Ages, an association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to uphold standards of their trade and to protect their economic interests
guild
a young person learning a trade from a master
apprentice
a salaried worker employed by a guild master
journeymen
a series of wars between the 1000s and the 1200s in which European Christians tried to win control of the Holy Land from Muslims
crusades
Jerusalem and other places where Christians believed Jesus had lived and practiced
holy land
during the 1400s, the campaign by European Christians to drive the Muslims from present-day Spain
Reconquista
A church court set up to try people accused of heresy
Inquisition
Ferdinand and Isabella
Ferdinand III (1452-1516) and Isabella I (1451-1504) were the king of Aragon and the queen of Castile. Their marriage joined the two countries to become the country of Spain. Their military efforts were responsible for the final success of the Reconquista.
Ferdinand and Isabella
(1042-1099) was the leader of the Roman Catholic church when the Seljuk Turks were threatening the Byzantine Empire. He convened the council of Clermont, where he launched the First Crusade to win the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Pope Urban II
a legal system based on custom and court rulings
common law
the Great Charter approved by King John of England in the year 1215. It limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen.
Magna Carta
the requirements that the government acts fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does.
due process of law
the principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime
habeas corpus
the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain
parliament
the empire of west-central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring lands.
Holy Roman Empire
appointment of Bishops by anyone who is not of the clergy
Lay investiture
(1028-1087) became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured King
Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward’s death, William invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
William the Conqueror
(c. 1166-1216) was a son of King Henry II. He seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. Conflicts with the English nobles led to John’s forced signature of the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings.
King John
(1214-1270) was King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France. He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the Church.
Louis IX
(c. 1025-1085) achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture. He greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers.
Gregory VII
(1050-1106) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VIII over lay investiture. Gregory excommunicated Henry but later reinstated him in the church after Henry did penance
Henry IV
(c. 1123-1190) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152. He fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings. He died while on the Third Crusade.
Fredrick Barbarossa
(c. 1160-1216) was only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy. When King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without Innocent’s approval, the pope excommunicated John.
Pope Innocent III
in medieval Europe, the school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief
scholasticism
Everyday language of the ordinary people
vernacular
the type of medieval architecture that developed in the Middle Ages, characterized by the flying buttress, ribbed vaulting, thin walls, and high roofs
gothic style
stone supporters on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls, that contained large stained-glass windows.
flying buttress
the artistic decoration of books and manuscripts
illumination
the holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church
icon
(c. 1364-1430) was the daughter of a physician and astronomer in the French court. Highly educated, de Pisan spoke several languages. After being widowed at 25, she began to write poetry and then comment on social issues.
Chrisitan de Pisan
(1225-1274) was a philosopher, theologian, and monk who helped bridge the gap between medieval faith and the philosophy of reason promoted by Greek philosophy. He also explained the idea of natural law, that there are universal laws based on reason that are independent of laws passed by the government.
Thomas Aquinas
(1265-1321) was a philosopher, writer, and poet who was deeply involved in Italian politics, including the battles between the popes and monarchs of his time. He held political offices at different times throughout his life. Although he wrote many poems and other works, he is known best for Divine
Comedy.
Dante Alighieri
(1343-1400) was the first important poet of his time to write in English.
At various times during his life he worked as a copywriter, member of Parliament, and justice of the peace. His keen observations of many different types of people were reflected in his famous work, Canterbury Tales.
Geoffrey Chaucer
an epidemic of the Bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s
Black death
an outbreak of rapidly spreading disease
epidemic
a six-foot longbow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor
longbow
sparse, dry, treeless grassland
steppe
the capital of medieval Russia and present-day Ukraine
kyiv
relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyrillic; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages.
cryillic
triangular trade arm of land that juts from Southeast Europe into the Meditteranean
balkan penninsula
large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage
ethnic group
assembly, or legislature
diet
a charter that strictly limited power in Hungary
golden bull of 1222
(1462-1505) was one of the most powerful Russian rulers. He consolidated his power by winning the
voluntary allegiance of Russian princes and preventing further Mongol invasions.
Ivan the Great
(1530-1584) was the grandson of Ivan the Great. He continued to centralize power in his own hands, developing a brutal secret group that terrorized members of the hereditary nobility, or boyars. His eventual insanity contributed to his name “the Terrible.”
Ivan the Terrible
Justinian contributed to the flourishing of the Byzantine empire after Rome’s decline by
reforming the laws of ancient Rome.
How did Justinian’s Code influence Western political and legal traditions?
It codified principles that many legal systems still use.
How did the fall of Rome impact Western Europe?
Trade slowed greatly, and Western Europe became politically divided.
How did Germanic tribes carve Europe into small kingdoms?
Germanic kings waged wars of conquest
Which of the following best describes the significance of Pope Leo III’s crowning of Charlemagne as the Emperor of the Romans?
It brought back the ideal of uniting Christendom.
How would you BEST describe the factors contributing to the development of the political and social system of feudalism?
Invasions led to the development of a new system to provide protection.
What was the role of knights and nobles in the feudal system?
As vassals, they swore loyalty and provided military service.
Which describes how noblewomen contributed to the economic system of manorialism?
They managed the daily activities of their manor.
What was the obligation of nobles to the peasants on their estates?
to provide them with protection and land to farm
Which could MOST likely have led to low life expectancy for peasants?
They worked hard and had poor diets, so were vulnerable to disease.
Which of the following was one of the ways Christianity spread across Europe?
Traveling friars lived and preached among the common people.
How did monks and nuns contribute to learning and intellectual life?
They copied and preserved ancient works.
Which statement best describes the role of the popes in the Middle Ages?
They were spiritual leaders who also exercised secular power.
What role did Jewish people fill for popes and kings?
They served as advisors and physicians.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the medieval Eastern Orthodox Church?
the use of icons in Church teachings and worship
Why was the invasion of the Byzantine empire by the Seljuk Turks significant?
It prompted the first of the Crusades.
Which of the following items best explains the Crusades’ lasting influence on life in Europe?
They brought new ideas and goods to Europe.
How did the growth of trade and manufacturing change women’s lives in Europe?
Women were able to join and even run guilds.
How did the three-field system benefit peasants?
It provided a more balanced diet and increased the land’s fertility
What was the result of Isabella’s efforts to bring religious unity to Spain?
Jews and Muslims were forced to leave Spain.
How did new knowledge based on Aristotle and other Greek thinkers pose a challenge to Christian scholars?
Christians believed in the authority of the Church and accepted ideas on faith.
How did epic poems reflect the culture of medieval Europe?
They reflected themes of loyalty and heroism that were prized in Europe.
What did tapestries and stained glass windows have in common?
Both told important stories to an illiterate audience
How did the development of universities affect wealthy townspeople, who were not members of the nobility?
It provided them an opportunity for advancement.
Why were Byzantine scholars so important to Western Europe?
They helped preserve ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
How was the Church an obstacle to monarchs who wanted more power?
It challenged monarchs’ attempts to control the clergy.
How did King Philip August change France?
He took control of English lands in Normandy and Anjou.
The Magna Carta was important because it established
the principle that the monarch must obey the law
How did Pope Innocent III challenge the power of Europe’s monarchs?
He stated that the pope was second only to God.
What compromise resulted from the Concordat of Worms?
The Church was granted the power to elect and invest bishops, but the emperor could invest them with fiefs
Which of the following is one of the far-reaching consequences of the Black Death in Europe?
the slow breakdown of feudalism
What became a significant threat to Church power as a result of the election of two rival popes in Rome and Avignon?
Reformers began to challenge the traditional role of the Church.
What did John Wycliffe do that the Church saw as a threat?
He translated the Bible into English.
What happened in France as a result of the Hundred Years’ War?
The French kings moved to strengthen the monarchy.
How did the Hundred Years’ War affect the feudal system?
New technology and changing military needs made feudal lords obsolete.
One way in which Russia’s geography affected its early history was that
the lack of natural barriers on the steppe encouraged migration.
How did Ivan the Great and Ivan the Terrible change Russian government?
They built an absolute monarchy and concentrated power in their own hands.
Which of the following is a way that Mongol rule affected Russia?
It cut off Russia from Western Europe at a time of great scientific progress.
Which of the following items is one reason why Eastern Europe became a refuge for Jews?
Poland’s government established a policy of toleration toward Jews.
How did Eastern Europe become home to so many ethnic groups?
Its geography and location facilitated migration.
