test over Islam Flashcards
Muhammed’s journey from Mecca to Medina in 622
Hijra
the holy book of Islam
Quran
Muslim house of worship
Mosque
one of the 5 pillars of Islam, the pilgrimage that all Muslims are expected to make at least once in their lifetime
Hajj
The body of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life.
Sharia
a city in western Saudi Arabia; a city where Muhammed preached
Medina
final destination of Muhammed’s hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims; later remained Medina; located in the northwest of present-day Saudia Arabia
Yathrib
the most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca
Kaaba
City in western Saudi Arabia; birthplace of Muhammed, viewed by Muslims as the prophet of Islam, and the most holy city for Islamic people
Mecca
a desert-dwelling Arab nomad
Bedouin
introduced the religion of Islam in southwestern Asia. According to Muslim belief, Muhammed heard the voice of Angel Gabriel instructing him to serve as a messenger for God. Muhammed spent the rest of his life spreading Islam. Muslims today honor Muhammed as God’s final prophet.
Muhammed
successor to Muhammed as political and religious leader of the Muslims
caliph
Sunni dynasty of caliphs that ruled from 661 to 750
Umayyad
dynasty that ruled Bahgdad from 750 to 1258
Abbasid
capital city of present-day Iraq; capital of the Muslim empire during Islam’s golden age
Baghdad
slender tower of a mosque, from which Muslims are called to pray
Minaret
Muslim ruler
Sultan
a member of one of the largest Muslim sects; believe that inspiration came from the example of Muhammed as recorded by his early followers
Sunni
a member of one of the 2 major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammed’s daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders
Shiite
Muslim mystic who seeks communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals
Sufi
Muhammed’s father-in-law and the first Muslim caliph, or leader, following Muhammed’s death. An early convert to Islam, he advised Muhammed and traveled on the hijra with the prophet. He helped unite the Muslim people through his role as successor to Muhammed. Under his rule, the Muslim empire expanded.
Abu Bakr
the ability to move in social class
Social mobility
the art of producing beautiful handwriting
Calligraphy
a Muslim poet most famous for the Shah Namah, or Book of Kings, which he wrote in Persian using Arabic script. He wrote at a time when Persia or Iran was fairly free from the control of the Muslim empire and local leaders encouraged a flowering of Persian culture. The famous poet centered his writing on the stories of royalty and heroes; many of the themes he introduced are still relevant today.
Firdwasi
also known as Averroes, was a philosopher, and scientist who lived in Cordoba and influenced European thought. As a philosopher, he placed a variety of subject matter under the scrutiny of reason and analysis and argued that humans were partially but not completely controlled by fate. In the field of science, Ibn Rushd contributed to the study of disease.
Ibn Rushd
was an Arab thinker who helped establish the principles of many branches of knowledge including history and economics. He is perhaps best known for the development of standards for studying and writing about history, which he explained in his landmark book, the Muqaddimah. He also introduced or refined many economic concepts relating to labor, profits, supply and demand, use of resources, production, and supply and demand.
Ibn Khaldun
a Muslim mathematician who developed groundbreaking concepts related to the study of algebra and introduced the term algebra, al-jabr. Through his writings, he introduced Europeans to the study of this branch of mathematics. Working in the fields of geography as well, al-Khwarizmi also supervised the production of one of the earliest maps of the world.
al-Khwarizmi
was a renowned Muslim physician who pioneered the study of many diseases. In addition to a well-received book on measles and smallpox, he also wrote texts about the history of medicine and ways to advance in the field. Al-Razi held the position of chief physician, first in the city of Rayy and then in Baghdad. Also, a philosopher, al-Razi analyzed the works of Plato while presenting his ideas.
Muhammad al-Razi
also known as Avicenna was a Persian physician who wrote the Canon on Medicine, which focused on past medical practices throughout the known world as well as his procedures. This work features descriptions of anatomy, symptoms of diseases, and medicines and cures. Ibn wrote a variety of other topics as well, including philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy
Ibn Sina
a member of a Turkish speaking nomadic people who migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor
Ottoman
Capital of the Ottoman Empire, formerly known as Constantinople, when it was the center of the eastern Roman Empire and also capital of the Byzantine empire
Istanbul
a member of the elite forces of the Ottoman army
Janizary
king
shah
capital of Safavid empire during the 1600s; located in present-day Iran
Isfahan
a member of the dynasty that ruled present-day Iran from the late 1700s until 1925
Qatar
capital of the Qajar dynasty and present-day Iran
Tehran
was a sultan of the Ottoman Empire who ruled from 1520 to 1566. During this time he brought bureaucracy and stability to the empire and advanced the arts, law, and architecture. His military campaigns greatly expanded the scope of the empire
Suleiman
was the shah of the Safavid dynasty from 1588 until his death in 1629. He drove Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persia and sponsored a golden age of Persian arts and achievements
Shah Abbas the Great
park like landscape of grasslands with scattered trees that can survive dry spells, found in tropical areas with dry seasons
Savanna
largest desert in the world, covering almost all of North Africa
Sahara
waterfall
Cataract
process by which fertile or semi-desert land becomes desert
Desertification
root language of West Africa on which some early African migration patterns are based
Bantu
ancient kingdom of northeastern Africa, also called Kush
Nubia