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Biochem summer > Test One > Flashcards

Test One Flashcards

1
Q

what is a 5’ overhang

A

5’ side has many nucleotides attached

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2
Q

where does Z form of DNA exist

A

higher ion concentration

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3
Q

why does single stranded DNA or RNA fold on itself

A

stabilizes structure by base complementation

base pairing

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4
Q

what are the two types of supercoiling

A

positive and negative

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5
Q

restriction enzymes in prokaryotes can recognize

A

cell DNA vs foreign DNA

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6
Q

what is a van der waals interaction

A

electron distribution around an atom is asymmetrical

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7
Q

delta G= 0

A

initial and final states in equilibrium

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8
Q

what type of bond is a phosphodiester bond

A

covalent bond

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9
Q

what does polycistronic mean

A

multiple genes are being transcribed into multiple proteins

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10
Q

what is the melting temp (Tm)

A

temp in which half of the DNA molecule lost its double helical structure

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11
Q

what type of bond is used in the secondary structure to associate adjacent aa

A

hydrogen bonds between O of C=O and H of N-H in peptide bonds

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12
Q

what are fatty acids

A

long nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxylic group as a polar head

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of alpha helix

A

can bend and stretch

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14
Q

what aa are hydrophobic

A

gly, ala, leu, ile, val, pro, trp, phe, met

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15
Q

what type of bond is the sugar-phosphate bone

A

covalent

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16
Q

why is the core of collagen so crowded

A

three helices twisting around each other

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17
Q

what type of elements are used in covalent bonds

A

non metals

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18
Q

what turn is a omega turn

A

omega turn

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19
Q

where can you find proline

A

between different regions of secondary structure within a protein chain

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20
Q

third step of DNA synthesis from RNA

A

DNA transcript of viral RNA uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize second strand of DNA creating double helical viral DNA

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21
Q

what is the main enzyme needed for DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase

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22
Q

RNA transcription direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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23
Q

why can cells grow on a medium with antibiotics

A

resistant gene was placed in plasmid and has reporter gene that allows growth on medium

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24
Q

what is the reporter gene site in a vector

A

a gene that codes for a protein which tells the researcher that the plasmid arrived successfully inside the cell

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25
Q

what is an example of a retrovirus

A

HIV

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26
Q

if the base is C, we call it what with deoxy

A

deoxycytidine triphosphate

dCTP

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27
Q

deoxyribose has what at 2’ carbon

A

hydrogen

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28
Q

hydrophobic aa in rhodospin face

A

outward

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29
Q

what aa contribute to H bonding within protein and substrates

A

ser, thr, asn, gln

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30
Q

what turn is a beta turn

A

reverse turn or hairpin turn

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31
Q

what aa are negatively charge

A

asp, glu

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32
Q

how are the side chains on alpha helix

A

projected outward

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33
Q

negative supercoiling stores free energy that helps

A

unwind DNA during replication and transcription

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34
Q

schematically, what represents an alpha helix

A

ribbon or cylinder

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35
Q

b-form DNA r or L handed helix

A

R

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36
Q

what is transcription

A

process of copying DNA into RNA by RNA polymerase

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37
Q

what aa are neutral-polar

A

ser, thr, tyr, asn, gln, cys

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38
Q

who discovered restriction enzymes

A

hamilton smith

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39
Q

if the base is G, we call it what with ribo

A

guanosine triphosphate

GTP

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40
Q

what is the correct complement of DNA sequence

ACCG

A

CGGT

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41
Q

hydrophilic aa in rhodospin face

A

inward

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42
Q

delta G> 0

A

unfavorable for reaction to occur spontaneously

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43
Q

what is another name for super helix

A

coiled coil

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44
Q

which aa is an aliphatic side chain

A

tyrosine

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45
Q

where are bases added to in hyrdroxyl group during DNA synthesis

A

3’

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46
Q

nitrogenous bases has what length of wavelength for uv light

A

260 nm

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47
Q

what type of interaction can form between the R groups of I and M

A

hydrophobic

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48
Q

who created the PCR

A

Kary Mullins

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49
Q

what is an example of tertiary structures

A

alpha-keratin

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50
Q

requirements for RNA polymerization

A

DNA template, NTP, magnesium ions

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51
Q

what kind of bonding is found in water

A

hydrogen bonding

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52
Q

nucleotides

A

repeats of different monomeric units

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53
Q

delta G < 0 endergonic or exergonic?

A

exergonic

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54
Q

Reverse-transcription

A

process of copying RNA into DNA by reverse transcriptase

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55
Q

what type of interaction can form between the R groups of E and K

A

ionic

due to each having opposite charges

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56
Q

circular DNA can coil on itself and be called?

A

supercoiled

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57
Q

if the base is T, we call it with ribo

A

thymidinetriphosphate

TTP

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58
Q

is DNA or RNA stronger, why?

A

DNA bc OH bond is easier to break

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59
Q

what is a beta sheet

A

aggregate of beta strands

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60
Q

what enzymes are needed to clone a gene into a plasmid vector

A

restriction enzyme

DNA ligase

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61
Q

what are cysteine residues in used for in coiled coils

A

creating di-sulfide bonds to stabilize tertiary structure

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62
Q

what are the three features of a vector

A

origin of replication
multiple cloning site
reporter gene

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63
Q

what is a 3’ overhang

A

3’ side has many nucleotides attached

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64
Q

what are the three different temperatures for PCR

A 
DNA denaturation (95)
primer annealing (52-65)
DNA synthesis (72)
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65
Q

what is splicing

A

removing introns and putting exons together

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66
Q

what kind of curve shows melting temp and denature of DNA

A

sigmoidal curve

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67
Q

the transcription and translation processes in prokaryotes are said to be….

A

coupled

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68
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics

A

the total energy of a system and its surroundings is constant

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69
Q

what side chain causes hydrophobic

A

aromatic side chain

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70
Q

what attaches to amino acids to make aminoacyl-tRNA

A

ligases

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71
Q

where does b form of DNA exist

A

higher humidity

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72
Q

what type of chromosomes are in eukaryotes

A

linear

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73
Q

with shared electrons in a covalent bond hold what together

A

atoms together by attracting nuclei of both atoms

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74
Q

function of vectors

A

used to make many copies of gene of interest through replication
also used to express a gene of interest through translation

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75
Q

A- form of DNA, R or L helix

A

R

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76
Q

major groove of b form

A

wide

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77
Q

ligases attach to amino acids to make

A

aminoacyl-tRNA

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78
Q

what enzyme is responsible for RNA transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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79
Q

if the base is C, we call it what with ribo

A

Cytidinetriphosphate

CTP

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80
Q

proteins are what type of polymer of aa

A

linear

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81
Q

what aa is hydroxyproline modified from

A

proline

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82
Q

what sign is total entropy

A

delta s

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83
Q

van der waals is also known as

A

london dispersion forces

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84
Q

as the “properly” folded protein reaches its lowest free energy level the entropy…

A

increases

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85
Q

alpha keratin is found where

A

hair, wool, hooves, claws and horns

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86
Q

what gives the property of aa and function

A

R group

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87
Q

if the base is U, we call it with ribo

A

uridine triphosphate

UTP

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88
Q

what direction is DNA polymerization (synthesis)

A

5’ to 3’

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89
Q

ribonucleotides have what at 2’ carbon

A

OH

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90
Q

what is an ionic bond

A

noncovalent interaction between anion and cation

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91
Q

what aa breaks the alpha helix

A

proline

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92
Q

the complementary strand of DNA is

A

anti-parallel

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93
Q

how is a super helix bonded

A

with weak bonds

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94
Q

hydrophobic

A

water hating

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95
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

formed between covalently bound donor hydrogen atom and covalently bound acceptor atom

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96
Q

what makes water special

A

less dense when frozen
excellent solvent
remains liquid in many temps

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97
Q

hydrophobic residues in an apolipoprotein face

A

inward

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98
Q

what are the two types of cells in nature

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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99
Q

in aqueous environment, how are proteins built

A

charged aa are on the surface and hydrophobic aa in the core

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100
Q

DNA is composed of

A

two antiparallel strands hydrogen bonded together

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101
Q

what defines cell boundaries and biological reactions

A

hydrophillic or hydrophobic

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102
Q

what aa are hydrophilic

A

ser, thr, tyr, asn, gln, cys

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103
Q

what side is the c-terminal

A

carboxy terminal

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104
Q

minor groove of z form

A

narrow and extremely deep

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105
Q

what is transcription

A

synthesis of RNA to DNA

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106
Q

what is an amphipathic helix

A

contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic aa

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107
Q

what macromolecule splices DNA

A

RNA

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108
Q

what type of bond connects aa in adjacent beta strands to maintain the structural integrity

A

h bonds between C=O and N-H

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109
Q

what is an example of hydrophobic effect

A

fatty acids with cell boundaries,

hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head

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110
Q

restriction enzymes function in nature

A

cleave foreign DNA molecules

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111
Q

tRNA reads what

A

nucleotide sequence of codon on mRNA

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112
Q

base pairs in DNA use what bond

A

hydrogen bonding

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113
Q

what aa can form disulfide bonds

A

cysteine (2)

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114
Q

is rotation restricted in peptide bond

A

yes

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115
Q

what is the function of loops in a secondary structure

A

important in reversing the direction of the other secondary structure which results in forming a globular compact proteins

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116
Q

major groove of A form

A

narrower and deeper

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117
Q

what aa tend to be on inside of protein

A

hydrophobic aa and aromatic aa

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118
Q

what is needed to clone a gene into a plasmid vector

A

appropriate vector for job
gene of interest
appropriate host

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119
Q

what enzyme is used in reverse transcription

A

reverse transcriptase

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120
Q

what is cohesiveness

A

water molecules interacting with each other due to hydrogen bonding

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121
Q

what is the Van der Waals distance

A

optimum distance of which two atoms being attracted to each other reach

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122
Q

if the base is A we call it what with ribo

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

ATP

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123
Q

besides alpha and beta secondary structures, what is another

A

loops

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124
Q

how can you make a cell competent

A

using calcium ion

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125
Q

what kind of bond is a disulfide bridge

A

covalent

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126
Q

vectors are

A

genetically engineered plasmids

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127
Q

what is the coding region of DNA

A

transcribed region of DNA

128
Q

what is a consequence of using aa in repeated fashion

A

helix is stabilized by the pyrrolidine rings of every proline/hydroxyproline avoiding each other/ stearic repulsion

129
Q

what makes up a myoglobin

A

alpha helices and turns

130
Q

is the hydrogen in hydrogen bonds acceptors or donors

A

donor

131
Q

what are regulatory sequences

A

enhancers, promoters, transcription factor binding sites

132
Q

what is the zwitterionic form of aa

A

when aa is both positive and negative

133
Q

what is the third aa in peptide sequence of collagen

A

glycine

134
Q

where can you find disulfide bonds

A

extracellular proteins

135
Q

what water polar or nonpolar

A

polar

136
Q

function of myoglobin

A

carry oxygen to muscles

137
Q

do non polar molecules react with water

A

no

138
Q

as soon as the mRNA is transcribed in prokaryotes, what can happen

A

ribosomes will attach to it and start translating it

139
Q

Does DNA or RNA absorb more UV light, why?

A

RNA, due to only one strand so not being blocked

140
Q

what does PCR do

A

technique to amplify any target sequence (fragment) from the entire DNA molecule

141
Q

the tertiary structure of proteins is at what level of free energy

A

lowest level

142
Q

what are recombinant DNA technology

A

manipulating DNA sequences

143
Q

nucleic acids in RNA and DNA carry…

A

the info for making proteins

144
Q

what are the two important properties of water

A

polarity and cohesiveness

145
Q

why are D isomers slightly less soluble

A

tend to form crystals

146
Q

what aa are positively charged

A

lys, arg, his

147
Q

if the base is T, we call it with deoxy

A

deoxythymidine triphosphate

dTTP

148
Q

what are some technique names of manipulating DNA sequences

A 
Restriction enzymes
blotting techniques
plasmids and cloning
polymerase chain reaction
DNA sequencing
nucleic acid synthesis
149
Q

DNA carries what material

A

genetic

150
Q

function of porins

A

outer membrane protein that functions as channel

151
Q

what type of forces are present in covalent bonds

A

attractions between electron and nuclei
repulsion between electrons
repulsion between nuclei

152
Q

myoglobin is an example of what type of structure

A

tertiary

153
Q

what makes plasmids useful

A

can carry extra genes
antibiotic resistance
different enzymes allow host to utilize different food source
pathogenicity-related genes

154
Q

what is the core structure of alpha keratin

A

two alpha helices twist around each other to form super helix

155
Q

manipulating DNA sequences entails

A 
cutting it to specific fragments
extracting sequences that encode genes or regulatory sequences
expressing specific genes in organisms
cloning
sequencing
156
Q

the amino acid attachment site binds to the

A

3’ or 2’ hydroxyl group of the 3’ end of the tRNA

157
Q

where is energy acquired from

A

surroundings

158
Q

what is the template recognition site

A

contains anticodon which is annealed to mRNA

159
Q

what type of chromosomes are in prokaryotes

A

circular

160
Q

what enzyme is used for DNA replication from RNA

A

reverse transcriptase

161
Q

primary structure

A

description of linear aa sequence of polypeptide

162
Q

what is the distance between repeating units in an alpha helix

A

5.4 A

163
Q

what was the first discovered secondary structure

A

alpha helix

164
Q

what was the first protein sequence

A

insulin

165
Q

what is the henderson hasselbalch equation

A

pH=pKa+log (conj base/acid)

166
Q

if pH>pka then

A

chemical group is not protonated

167
Q

if order for delta G to be negative then

A

delta s of universe has to increase

168
Q

where does A form DNA exist

A

lower humidity

169
Q

translation

A

ribosome-mediated production of a polypeptide whose amino acid sequence is specified by the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA

170
Q

how is the alpha helix stabilized

A

h bonds between C=O group of aa and N-H group of aa situated three residues ahead

171
Q

if single strand DNA or RNA fold on themselves what structure does it create

A

secondary

172
Q

base stacking uses what type of bonding

A

van der waals bonding, sharing of pi electrons between base pairs

173
Q

who discovered the alpha helix in the secondary structure

A

pauling, corey, branson

174
Q

besides R group what other part of aa do you have to worry about charge

A

amino terminal and carboxy terminal

175
Q

coiled coils have an imperfect repeat of how many aa

A

7

176
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

177
Q

why can glycine fit in tight places

A

small aa, with no side chain

178
Q

what is the multiple cloning sites in a vector

A

where “foreign” DNA is inserted

179
Q

what bond is the strongest bond

A

covalent bonds

180
Q

what is needed for transformation

A

restriction digest/ pcr
ligation into a plasmid
transformation into competent cells
further analysis

181
Q

how many cycles can a PCR run

A

25-35

182
Q

how many bp/turn in Z form

A

12

183
Q

what does monocistronic mean

A

only one gene being coded into one protein

184
Q

if the base is G, we call it what with deoxy

A

deoxyguanosine triphosphate

dGTP

185
Q

what dictates the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins

A

primary structure

186
Q

what are the three parts of an amino acid

A

amine group
side chain
carboxyl group

187
Q

how do the side chains sit to the plane of the sheet in a beta sheet

A

perpendicular

188
Q

what is a tertiary structure

A

the association of the secondary structure elements with one another which give the polypeptide its overall structure

189
Q

messenger RNA is

A

the template for protein synthesis

190
Q

is hydrophobic effect a bond

A

no, just a mean to minimize chaos in presence of water

191
Q

what is an intron

A

non genetic area of DNA

192
Q

what is in the protein backbone

A

amino acids joined by peptide bonds

193
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

194
Q

what is transformation with plasmid

A

the process by which a host organism can take up DNA from environment

195
Q

secondary structure

A

the association of the adjacent aa within the primary structure with one another

196
Q

why are polar molecules easily soluble in water

A

the more electronegative atom wants to accept the donor hydrogen to create a hydrogen bond

197
Q

surroundings refers to

A

the matter in the rest of the universe

198
Q

what is a promoter

A

sites on DNA molecules that signal RNA polymerase that there is a gene ahead

199
Q

what is a liposome

A

bilayer with hydrophilic core

200
Q

what is the origin of replication in a vector

A

regulatory sequence where replication is initiated

201
Q

DNA topology has to do with

A

coiling of DNA or RNA strand

202
Q

so any energy released in the formation of a chemical bond must be used to

A

break another bond
released as heat
stored in other form

203
Q

Tobacco Mosiac Virus (TMV) replicates its RNA genome using what enzyme

A

RNA-directed RNA polymerase

204
Q

hydrophillic

A

water loving

205
Q

what type of single strands are messenger RNA

A

irregular

206
Q

where is deoxyribose linked to with a phosphate group

A

5’ carbon

207
Q

why does eukaryotes have a more complicated version of mRNA

A

must be processed before protein synthesis

208
Q

what is an apolipoprotein

A

alpha helix that has both hydrophilic and phobic aa

209
Q

what type of proteins represent an amphipathic alpha helix

A

apolipoprotein and rhodopsin

210
Q

how many bp/turn in b form

A

10

211
Q

the backbone of DNA is made of

A

sugar-phosphate repeats

212
Q

delta G> 0 endergonic or exergonic?

A

endergonic

213
Q

what modified aa does collagen use

A

hydroxyproline

214
Q

more s-s bridges means

A

less flexibility and more strength

215
Q

what side is the n- terminal

A

amino terminal

216
Q

Z form DNA R or L handed helix

A

L

217
Q

what makes DNA sequence so specific to restriction enzymes

A

dna fignerprint

218
Q

the area on DNA before the transcribed region is called

A

regulatory DNA sequences, promoter region

219
Q

why is glycine used in collagen

A

small aa it can fit into three helix

220
Q

what is pKa

A

the pH at which the protonated and unprotonated species are equal

221
Q

if the base is U, we call it with deoxy

A

deoxyuridine triphosphate

dUTP

222
Q

what aa are neutral- nonpolar

A

gly, ala, leu, ile, val, pro, trp, phe, met

223
Q

tRNA is the adapter molecule between….

A

nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence

224
Q

what bond angles can rotate

A

phi and psi

bond within one aa

225
Q

what is gene expression

A

overall process by which the information encoded in a gene is converted into a phenotype

226
Q

in bacteria how many enzymes required for DNA replication

A

20

227
Q

why is “complementary” used in van der waals interaction

A

two atoms getting closer causes fluctuations in electron distribution which allows the attraction between the two atoms

228
Q

what is annealing

A

separate strands of DNA from two different organisms and you anneal one strand from an organism to another strand of a different organism

229
Q

how to find free energy

A

heat from system to surrounding -T(total entropy of sys)

230
Q

which aa can switch from + to no charge due to environment

A

histidine

231
Q

genes in prokaryote are…

A

continuous with no interruptions

232
Q

what is an example of a quaternary structure

A

collagen

233
Q

the carboxyl group of the aa is …. to 3’ hydroxyl group of the 3’ end of tRNA

A

esterfied

234
Q

how are proteins built in porins

A

charged aa in the core and hydrophobic aa on surface

235
Q

how to find number of DNA replicas in PCR

A

2^n

n= number of cycles

236
Q

what are micelles

A

round groups of fatty acids, with polar head facing water and nonpolar tails not facing water in center

237
Q

what is the helper group of myoglobin

A

heme

238
Q

what is the central dogma

A

DNA replicating or going to RNA by transcription, then RNA going to Protein due to translation

239
Q

delta G < 0

A

favorable for reactions to occur spontaneoulsy

240
Q

what is the hydrophobic effect

A

nonpolar molecules have to aggregate together to lessen the surface area that water touches

241
Q

what does RNA polymerization not require

A

primer or mechanism to correct wrong bases

242
Q

which aa is an imino acid

A

proline

243
Q

ribosomal RNA is comprised of what % in cellular RNA

A

85

244
Q

what does PCR require

A

DNA template
thermostable DNA polymerase
pair of primers complementing the flanking sequences of the target

245
Q

Messenger RNA is comprised of what % in cellular RNA

A

around 5

246
Q

who discovered the insulin protein sequence

A

frederick sanger

247
Q

if the base is A we call it what with deoxy

A

deoxyadnisone triphosphate

dATP

248
Q

when are liposomes used

A

for drugs to reach inside cells without being disrupted by water

249
Q

where are the nitrogenous bases attached to on the deoxyribose

A

1’ of carbon

250
Q

what is hyperchromism

A

heating DNA, so two strands gradually separate from one another

251
Q

what kind of bond is between carboxyl group of one aa to amino group of another aa

A

amide bonds/ peptide bonds

252
Q

what type of molecules have covalent bonds

A

amino acids, carbohydrates, nitrogenous bases, accessory molecules

253
Q

what stabilized the collage three helices

A

hydrophobic interactions b/w proline and hydroxyproline residues

254
Q

hydrophilic residues in an apolipoprotein face

A

outward

255
Q

what is required for polymerization of DNA

A

DNA template
primer
mechanism to correct errors due to replication
dNTP and magnesium ions

256
Q

second law of thermodynamics

A

the total entropy of a system and its surroundings always increases

257
Q

covalent bonds

A

electrons being shared between atoms

258
Q

what happens is if the two atoms get too close and is a shorter distance that the van der waals distance

A

the atoms repulse each other

259
Q

what sign is free energy

A

delta G

260
Q

what is a palindrome

A

a word or sentence that reads the same from left to right as does right to left

261
Q

how many aa

A

20

262
Q

second step of DNA synthesis from RNA

A

DNA-RNA hybrid uses reverse transcriptase to digest RNA

263
Q

how do you get the total entropy of the surrounding

A

-(amount of heat from system/temp)

264
Q

What is DNA replication

A

a process by which DNA molecule duplicates

265
Q

what is total entropy

A

measure of randomness

266
Q

negative covalent bond

A

both atoms have similar electronegativity

267
Q

what is an exon

A

genetic area of DNA

268
Q

which aa is an aromatic side chain

A

phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

269
Q

what forms can energy take

A

kinetic, heat and potential

270
Q

transfer RNA comprises what % of cellular RNA

A

15

271
Q

what enzymes can denature DNA at physiological temps

A

helicases

272
Q

knowing the aa sequence of proteins helps us…

A

predict structure
predict function
molecular pathology

273
Q

minor groove of b form

A

narrow

274
Q

in water what is the partial charge of hydrogen and oxygen

A

hydrogen is positive

oxygen is negative

275
Q

what is the core of myoglobin and surface

A

core: hydrophobic aa
surface: charged aa

276
Q

major groove of z form

A

flattened

277
Q

where do plasmids replicate

A

inside the host cell independently

278
Q

how can beta sheets run

A

antiparallel and parallel

279
Q

how many bp/turn in A form

A

11

280
Q

why use a calcium ion to make a cell competent

A

shields the negative charge of DNA

281
Q

why are ser, thr, asn, and gln contibute to H bonding within protein and with substrates

A

due to hydroxyl groups and carboxymide groups

282
Q

what are some examples of loops

A

beta- turn

omega- turn

283
Q

first step of DNA synthesis from RNA

A

viral RNA uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA complimentary to RNA

284
Q

in order for reaction to occur spontaneously total entropy must

A

increase

285
Q

what are cohesive (sticky) ends

A

asymmetric cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone on both DNA strands

286
Q

what enzyme is used in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

287
Q

in a single beta strand are there H bonds

A

no

288
Q

always read DNA

A

5’ to 3’

289
Q

positive supercoiling stores free energy that helps

A

prevent DNA from unwinding in thermophiles

290
Q

system refers to

A

matter confined to a definite region of space

291
Q

what are hairpin loops

A

when ssDNA or RNA folds on each other and the bases pair up with each other from same strand

292
Q

do ions exist as free entities

A

no they are surrounded by hydration shells

293
Q

if ph< pka then

A

chemical group is protonated

294
Q

what is a blunt end

A

both 3’ and 5’ side have same amount of nucleotide when cleaved by restriction enzyme

295
Q

what sites do restriction enzymes recognize

A

palindromes

296
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

special enzymes that recognized specific DNA sequences and hydrolyze the phosphodiester bond at these sites

297
Q

fatty acids in water demonstrates thermodynamics how

A

fatty acids aggregate together and order themselves, but overall randomness and chaos of molecules of surrounding is increasing

298
Q

which aa are sole contributors to overall charge of proteins

A

basic and acidic amino acids

hydrophilic

299
Q

what is the Tm in which half DNA is in single strand form

A

85 degrees celsius

300
Q

what makes up collagen

A

three helices wound around each other

301
Q

where is collagen found

A

skin, bones, teeth, cartilage, tendons, and blood vessels

302
Q

polar covalent bond

A

one atom is more electronegative than the other

303
Q

how do restriction enzymes get their names

A

derived from the organism its extracted from

304
Q

can tyrosine be hydrophilic, why

A

because OH attached will allow it to be if forced

305
Q

in nature, aa are in what configuration

A

L isomer

306
Q

what is the function of annealing

A

to determine organism relatedness

307
Q

minor groove of A form

A

broader and shallower

308
Q

steps in PCR

A

DNA heated to denature strands
annealing: DNA strands are cooled to allow them to anneal with primers
Extension: DNA polymerase completes the DNA strand

309
Q

what does an organism being naturally competent mean

A

can take up DNA from the environment without any intervention

310
Q

in biological systems, energy is related to

A

the possibility of different molecules to react with one another

311
Q

how many aa residues in a beta strand

A

8 to 10

312
Q

each turn of an alpha helix is how many aa

A

3.6

313
Q

in transconfiguration of peptide bond, is it rigid and ….

A

yes and planar

314
Q

what are zwitterions

A

aa in cells existing as dipolar ions

315
Q

what do the imperfect repeat of aa in coiled coils do

A

allow complementary aa to meet at the crossing points, usually hydrophobic aa

Biochem summer (12 decks)

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