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Biochem summer > Signal transduction pathways > Flashcards

Signal transduction pathways Flashcards

1
Q

what are signal transduction pathways

A

link between cell/tissue and the external environment

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2
Q

what is step 1 in STP

A

release of primary messenger

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3
Q

what is step 2 in stp

A

reception

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4
Q

what is step 3 in stp

A

relay of information

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5
Q

what is step 4 in stp

A

activation of message- physiological response

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6
Q

what is step 5 in stp

A

signal termination

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7
Q

where is the receptor located

A

in the membrane

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8
Q

how many domains does the receptor have

A

extracellular and intracellular domain

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9
Q

the extracellular domain is specific to

A

the receptor

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10
Q

when the receptor binds to hormone/signal what happens

A

triggers structural changes to convey the message to the inside

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11
Q

where does the primary signal go

A

to the specific receptor on the membrane

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12
Q

first messengers are usually

A

hormones

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13
Q

what are examples of hormones

A 
peptides (
insulin)
gas (NO)
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)
cholesterol derivative
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14
Q

what changes in the receptor leads to production of small molecules that serves as secondary messengers

A

structural changes

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15
Q

how do we get secondary messengers

A

structural changes in the receptor

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16
Q

which is more produced

primary or secondary messengers

A

secondary

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17
Q

what are some examples of secondary messengers

A 
cAMP
cGMP
Ca++
IP3
Diacylglycerol
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18
Q

responses to primary messengers would include

A

alteration of cellular and molecular activites by
covalent modification
conformational changes
alteration of protein expression

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19
Q

who is affected with there is a response to the primary messengers

A

pumps
enzymes
gene transcription factors
processes such as nerve transmission

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20
Q

what must happen after the response

A

the original signal must be terminated

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21
Q

one primary messenger can produce

A

a 50 million fold

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22
Q

what are the three classes of receptor proteins

A 
7TM
dimeric receptors (recruit protein kinase)
dimeric receptors (they are protein kinase)
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23
Q

what is the first step of 7TM

A

cytoplasmic domain conformation change when bond with messenger, activating G protein

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24
Q

7tm: what happens when g protein becomes activated

A

GTP binds instead of GDP

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25
Q

7TM: what happens when Gprotein becomes GTP

A

dissociates and binds to adenylate cyclase activating it

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26
Q

7TM: what happens when adenylate cyclase becomes activated

A

activates ATP and turns into cyclic amp and then cyclic amp phosphorylates protein kinase A

27
Q

7TM: what happens when cAMP is activated

A

phosphorylates protein kinase A

28
Q

7TM: how does GTP become GDP

A

has internal clock and hydrolyzes to GDP

causes Galpha to dislocate and attach to beta and gamma

29
Q

when Galpha dissociates from adenylate cyclase does the cascade stop

A

no because there are still cAMP phosphorylating protein kinase A

30
Q

7Tm: who is the secondary messenger

A

cAMP

31
Q

7TM: how do you inactivate the secondary messenger

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

32
Q

7TM: how does protein kinase A become inactive

A

special enzymes remove phosphate group

33
Q

7TM: when hormone eventually dissociates from receptor, what protein comes along and phosphorylates it to lock in the inactive state

A

GRK2

34
Q

7TM: where does GRK2 connect to

A

carboxy terminal of ser and thr

35
Q

7tM: what second protein comes to GRK2 to help phosphorylate it

A

beta arrestin

36
Q

how does cholera toxin work

A

“A” subunit binds to G protein and locks in GTP causing PKA to become phosphorylated and always active

37
Q

how does pertussis toxin work

A

locks Galpha in GDP

38
Q

dime:tyrosine has what type of units

A

alpha: binds to insulin
beta: subunit in cytoplasm which is a tyrosine subunit kinase

39
Q

what makes the receptor molecules interesting in dime:tyrosine

A

they have to come together to bind to insulin

40
Q

does the insulin bind to one alpha subunit or two

A

one

41
Q

what happens with the two alpha subunits are close together

A

beta subunits are close together and cross phosphorylate activating them

42
Q

what binds to the beta unit

A

irs

43
Q

does the irs have tyrosine residues

A

yes

44
Q

who binds to irs when phosphorylated

A

PI3k

45
Q

PI3k activates who and what

A

PIP3 who is the secondary messenger

46
Q

PIP3 activates??

A

PDK1

47
Q

what type of kinase is PDK1

A

tyrosine

48
Q

when PDK1 becomes phosphorylated and activated what happens

A

activate Akt/PKB

49
Q

what type of kinase is PKB

A

ser/thr

50
Q

who does AKT/PKB activate

A

glut 2 and glut 4

51
Q

how are signals terminated in dimeric

A

phosphatases

52
Q

tyrosine phosphatases affect

A

irs and pi3k

53
Q

lipid phosphotases affect

A

pip3

54
Q

serine phosphotase affect

A

AKT/PKB

55
Q

in HGH what protein kinase is associated with cytoplasmic domain

A

JAK2

56
Q

JAK2 binds to what and does what

A

STAT5 which deals with regulating gene expression

57
Q

inositol/ca+ binds to what

A

7tm

58
Q

in inositol the receptor activates a

A

gprotein

59
Q

inositol: the gprotein activates what

A

phospholipase c

60
Q

who does phospholipase c activate

A

DAG and PIP3 (both secondary messengers)

61
Q

who does pip3 bind to in inositol

A

calcium channel on er

62
Q

who does DAG activate

A

PKC

63
Q

how does nuclear receptor signaling work

A

lipophilic mesenger binds to receptor
conformational change
dna binding and transcription of specific genes is activated

64
Q

what a glucocorticoid

A

used in nuclear receptor signaling
cholesterol derived
used in many drugs

Biochem summer (12 decks)

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