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Biochem summer > Test 3 fatty acid metabolism > Flashcards

Test 3 fatty acid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are some of the roles of fatty acids

A

rich energy source
main components of membranes
used for protein modifications
part of hormonal system

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2
Q

what are fatty acids stored as

A

triglycerides/ triglycerols

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3
Q

what makes up a triglycerol

A

one glycerol

three fatty acids

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4
Q

are dietary lipids soluble

A

no

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5
Q

how do we digest dietary lipids

A

need to be solubitized by amphipathic moleules

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6
Q

what amphipathic molecules do we use to digest dietary lipids

A

bile salts from the gall bladder

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7
Q

how do bile salts work

A

wrap themselves around the lipid like a micelle

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8
Q

what do lipases do

A

they access triglycerols in micelles

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9
Q

what is glycocholate

A

bile salt

polar head and hydrophobic tial

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10
Q

purpose of lipase

A

break ester bond between glycerol and carbon fatty acid

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11
Q

does lipase break fatty acids all at once or one by one

A

one by one until triacylglyerol becomes monoacylglycerol

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12
Q

what happens to the fatty acids and monoacylglycerol after they were broken down

A

transported into mucosal cell

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13
Q

once fatty acids and monoacylglycerol are transported into mucosal cell what happens next

A

they are reassembled into triglycerides

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14
Q

other lipid proteins and triglycerides come together to form

A

chylomicrons

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15
Q

function of chylomicron

A

travel trigylcerides to different tissues for storage and ultimately degredation

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16
Q

what are the protein components of lipoproteins called

A

apolipoproteins

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17
Q

the chylomicrons can travel through what system

A

lymph system

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18
Q

once chylomicrons are in the lymph system they travel to the…

A

blood

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19
Q

what is the final destination of chylomicrons

A

adipose tissue

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20
Q

when chylomicrons are in the adipose tissue, what happens to the triglycerides

A

they are digested by lipases and transported into cell and then resynthesized in cell and stored

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21
Q

what are the three stages when lipids are needed after storing

A

mobilization
transport
oxidation

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22
Q

what happens in the lipid mobilization stage

A

moving trigylcerol molecules around to make more accessible to lipase enzymes to release free fatty acids

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23
Q

what happens in the lipid transport stage

A

moving fatty acids to needy tissues using the circulatory system

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24
Q

what happens in the lipid oxidation stage

A

extracting the high energy electrons to synthesize ATP

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25
Q

what receptor is on chylomicrons

A

glucagon, which is influenced by protein kinase A

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26
Q

what two proteins are involved in mobilizing fatty acids from adipose tissue

A

perilipin A

lipase

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27
Q

function of perilipin A

A

protein responsible for re-arranging triglycerol molecules to make them more accessible for digestion

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28
Q

function of lipase protein

A

completely hydrolyze fatty acids from glycerol for fatty acid breakdown (oxidation)

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29
Q

what happens during mobilization of lipids

A

glucagon binds to receptor activating protein kinase A which phosphorylates lipases

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30
Q

what happens during stage 2, transportation of fatty acids

A

fatty acids bind to albumin and transports it through blood to reach destined tissue

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31
Q

where is albumin produced

A

in liver

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32
Q

function of albumin

A

transport fatty acids, and other hormones

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33
Q

what happens during stage 3: oxidation of fatty acids and glycerol

A

glycerol enters liver cell and either goes through glycolysis or gluconeogenesis
fatty acid enters tissue, and go through beta oxidation

34
Q

where does beta oxidation occur

A

inside mitochondrial matrix

35
Q

can fatty acids freely enter the mitochondria

A

no

36
Q

what is the first step of beta oxidation

A

activating the fatty acid

37
Q

how do fatty acids become activated to go into mitochondrial matrix

A

form high energy thioester bond

38
Q

what enzymy creates the thioester bond for fatty acid activation

A

acyl-CoA synthetase

39
Q

what is the product when fatty acid has acyl-CoA synthetase attach to it

A

acyl-CoA

40
Q

where does the fatty acid meeting acyl-CoA synthetase occur

A

outer mitochondrial membrane

41
Q

how does acyl CoA enter mitochondrial matrix once activated

A

carnitine must attach to it

42
Q

what enzyme is used to attach acyl CoA to carnitine

A

carnitine acyltransferase I

43
Q

what is the product of acyl CoA and carnitine acyltransferase I

A

acyl carnitine

44
Q

once in matrix, acyl carnitine turns into acyl coA by what enzyme

A

carnitine acyltransferase II

45
Q

what are the main steps in beta oxidation

A

oxidation, hydration, oxidation and cleavage

46
Q

how many fatty acids can beta oxidation synthesize

A

16

47
Q

what is the product of beta oxidation

A

activated acyl group and activated acetyl group

48
Q

BO: so if we have a 16 carbon fatty acid, how many cleavage reactions

A

7

49
Q

BO: 16 carbon fatty acid, how many acetyl-Coa produced

A

8

50
Q

BO: 16 carbon fatty acid, how many NADH and FADH2 produced

A

8

8

51
Q

what happens in BO during Oxidation one

A

oxidation of acyl-CoA to produce trans-delta2-enoyl CoA

52
Q

what is the electron acceptor for BO oxidation one

A

FADH2

53
Q

FADH2 from oxidation one, is carried to ETC by what carrier

A

Electron transferring flavoprotein

ETF

54
Q

what is ETF

A

enzyme carrier protein

55
Q

does the ETF pump protons

A

no because it uses FAD and FADH2

56
Q

where is the ETF located

A

located in mitochondrial matrix

57
Q

what enzyme is used in BO oxidation one

A

acyl-Coa dehydrongenase

58
Q

in BO oxidation one, what must happen to the double bond

A

trans configuration

between carbon 2 and 3

59
Q

what happens in BO hydration

A

the enoyl is hydrated to form an alcohol

60
Q

what enzyme is used in BO hydration

A

enoyl-CoA hydratase

61
Q

what happens in BO oxidation 2

A

the alcohol group is oxidized to a keto group to form 3-ketoacyl-CoA

62
Q

what enzyme is used in BO oxidation 2

A

L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase

63
Q

what happens in BO cleavage

A

cleavage of the ketoacyl by a thiol group from a second CoA molecule

64
Q

what is the process called during BO cleavage

A

thiolysis

65
Q

what enzyme is used during BO cleavage

A

beta-ketothiolase

66
Q

where does acetyl CoA go after beta oxidation

A

the TCA cycle

67
Q

what happens in a monounsaturated cis fatty acid

A

must convert cis to trans

68
Q

what enzyme is used to convert double cis bond to double trans bond

A

cis-delta3-enoyl CoA isomerase

69
Q

what is the next step after FA double bond went from cis to trans

A

hydration

70
Q

what was skipped when FA double bond went from cis to trans

A

oxidation one

FADH2

71
Q

an odd chain fatty acid beta oxidation creates

A

3 carbon

propionyl-Coa

72
Q

what is the end product of propionyl coA in beta oxidation

A

succinyl CoA

73
Q

what is skipped in odd chain FA beta oxidation

A

2 NADH that happens in TCA cycle bc product is succinyl CoA

74
Q

what is the function of peroxisomes

A

to use oxidation to break down FA to 8 carbons

75
Q

what is produced in peroxisomes

A

H2O2

76
Q

what happens to H2O2 in peroxisomes

A

catalase converts to water immediately

77
Q

in peroxisome what is the final electron acceptor for FADH2

A

O2

78
Q

what happens to the acetyl CoA produced in peroxisomes

A

transported out into bile salts synthesis and cholesterol

79
Q

where are peroxisomes located

A

membrane bound organelles

80
Q

peroxisomes also synthesize

A

plasmogen

81
Q

what is plasmogen

A

an important lipid in myelin sheath that surrounds axons

82
Q

what disease is associated with peroxisomes

A

zellweger syndrome

Biochem summer (12 decks)

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