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BECOM FINAL > Test Block 2 > Flashcards

Test Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

secondary messenger signals are an example of what kind of signal

A

intracrine

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2
Q

many of the effects of calcium are mediated by

A

calmodulin

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3
Q

what does GEF do

A

exchange GDP for GTP

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4
Q

what does GAP do

A

speeds up GTP hydrolysis

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5
Q

lipophillic hormones ______ pass through the cell membrane

A

can

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6
Q

T/F Insulin is already dimerized

A

true

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7
Q

NF-kappa B leads to

A

cell proliferation

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8
Q

what is the philadelphia chromosome

A

when part of chromosome 9 is translocated to chromosome 22

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9
Q

rheumatoid arthritis occurs when you present too much

A

TNF-alpha

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10
Q

what is the key feature of an action potential

A

it is all or nothing

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11
Q

the speed of a signal is dependant upon

A

diameter of axon, myelination, and resistance

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12
Q

what are the two types of synapses

A

chemical and electrical

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13
Q

blocks Ach release from presynaptic terminals

A

botulinus toxin

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14
Q

competes with Ach for receptors on motor end plate

A

curare

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15
Q

AchE inhibitor

A

neostigmine

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16
Q

blocks reuptatke of choline into presynaptic terminal

A

hemicholinium

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17
Q

examples of inhibitory signals

A

GABA and Glycine

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18
Q

the net sum of inputs per unit of time

A

temporal summation

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19
Q

acidosis _____ neuronal activity

A

depresses

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20
Q

alkalosis ______ neuronal activity

A

increases

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21
Q

acidosis/alkalosis is thought to occur because of the

A

NA/H exchanger

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22
Q

manages body fluid balance, temperature, and hunger

A

hypothalmus

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23
Q

manages respiration and urination

A

pons

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24
Q

manages respiration, cardiac, visceral, and vascular

A

medulla

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25
what part of the nervous system is cranial sacral
parasympathetics
26
under sympathetic innervation only
- kidneys - arteriolar smooth muscle - sweat glands - clotting - sweat glands
27
which part of the axons are myelinated
preganglionic
28
what do alpha 1 receptors do
smooth muscle contraction NE>EPI
29
what do alpha 2 receptors do
inhibit NE release; NE>EPI
30
what do Beta 1 receptors do
heart, kidney, lipolysis EPI=NE
31
what do beta 2 receptors
smooth muscle relaxation EPI>>>NE
32
what do beta 3 recept
thermogenesis NE>EPI
33
what physiological effects might electrical stimulation of vagus nerve produce
brachicardia, low BP, constricts lungs, increase digestive function
34
what do organophosphates inhibit
acetylcholinesterase
35
if you inhibit parasympathetics, what happens to heart rate
increases
36
final effect depends on
dose, affinity, and number of receptors
37
what happens to BP with a low dose of EPI? a high dose?
decrease; increase
38
what enzyme does glucagon use
Adenyly cyclase
39
what enzyme does EPI use
phospholipase C
40
what receptor and enzyme does insulin use
RTK; PI-3-kinase
41
what does insulin remove a phosphate on
glycogen phosphorylase (to inactivate), protein kinase (to inactivate), glycogen synthase (to activate)
42
T/F EPI inhibits insulin, even if blood glucose is high
T
43
hormone sensitive lipase is activated when
phosphorylated
44
FA production is regulated by what enzyme
Acetyl CoA carboxylase (directly influenced by glucagon/epinephrine)
45
how insulin released by beta cells
1. High ATP closes K+ channels 2. the cell depolarizes and allows entry of Ca2+ 3. Ca2+ triggers release of insulin
46
where does the TCA take place
mito matrix
47
what is the purpose of the TCA cycle
generate NADH or FADH2
48
is NADH oxidized or reduced
reduced
49
what is another name for coQ
ubiquinone
50
what does rotenone, MPP+, and barbituates inhibit
complex I
51
what does nitropropionic acid and malonate inhibit
complex II
52
what does CN-, N3-, H2S, and CO inhibit
complex IV
53
what does antimycin A inhibit
complex III
54
what moves electrons from complex III to complex IV
cytochrome C
55
what moves electrons from complex I to III
CoQ
56
What explains the high fever experienced from an OD of asprin
acts as an uncoupler
57
are any radicals formed from complex IV
no
58
what is the pathway of oxygen radicals
O2r, H2O2, OHr
59
what is the the most reactive free radical
OHr
60
can H2O2 pass through membranes
yes
61
what expresses NOX 2
neutrophils, macrophages
62
what are the three major cellular reducing agents
NAD, NADPH, GSH
63
what enzyme turns H2O2 to HoCl and OH-
MPO
64
what is the difference of where NOX1 and NOX 2 are expressd
NOX 1 on cell surface, NOX 2 inside cell
65
what does viagra inhibit
phosphodiesterase for cGMP
66
which vitamins are radical scavengers
vitamin E
67
what cofactors are critical for GSH
B6 and B12
68
what is the transulfuration pathway
homocystein->cystathionine->cysteine
69
what are the antioxidant enzymes in order
SOD, CAT, GPx (GR reverse)
70
what enzyme turns H202 and H2O2 to H2O
Cat
71
what enzyme converts GSSG to GSH
GR
72
what enzyme converts GSH to GSSG
GPx
73
what does one glucose yield
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
74
what result does myelination have on capitance
decreases
75
what are the major anapleurotic rxns in TCA
1. pyruvate to OAA 2. Aspartate to OAA 3. Glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate 4. odd chain FA beta oxidation to succinyl CoA 5. adenylosuccinate to fumarate
76
what is vitamin B3
niacin NAD
77
what is vitamin B2
riboflavin FAD
78
what is vitamin B6
pyridoxal phosphate
79
beri-beri and wernicke korsakoff is associated with what vitamin deficiency
B1
80
pelagra is associated with what vitamin deficincy
B3
81
hexokinase has a _____ Km. pyruvate kinase has a _____ Km
low; high
82
what are the four fates of pyruvate
1. alanine 2. lactate 3. acetyl coA 4. OAA
83
what does one mole of glucose yield under aerobic conditions
``` 2 atp 2 nadh (5 atp) 2 pyruvate (25 atp) ```
84
what cofactors are used in PDC
TPP, lipoate, FAD, NAD+, CoA
85
What happens to PDC activity when oxygen is lacking
it is turned off
86
which AA are ketogenic
leucine and lysine
87
How do you convert pyruvate to PEP
PC (B7) (addition of CO2)(ATP) and then PEPCK (uses 2 GTP)
88
can OAA cross mito membrane?
no, it must be converted to malate
89
in pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, what builds up in the blood
lactate
90
what is the effect of alcohol DH
produces ample NADH, leaving few NAD and the body starts converting pyruvate to lactate (shifts away from gluconeogenesis)
91
How quickly are glycogen stores depleted
12-24 hours

BECOM FINAL (13 decks)

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