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BECOM FINAL > Test Block 1 > Flashcards

Test Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the addition of oxygen or removal of electrons

A

oxidation

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2
Q

the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen

A

reduction

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3
Q

what is the most oxidized: alkane, alkene, alkyne

A

alkyne

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4
Q

what is the most oxidized molecule in the body

A

CO2

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5
Q

what does complete oxidation of an organic compound yield?

A

CO2 and H2O

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6
Q

whats another name for methanal

A

formaldehyde

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7
Q

whats another name for ethanal

A

acetaldehyde

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8
Q

does the OH go up or down on an alpha sugar

A

down

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9
Q

what is sucrose composed of

A

glucose-fructose

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10
Q

hexose pyranose has how many carbons? sides?

A

6; 6

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11
Q

what is mass percentage

A

grams solute/total grams of sample

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12
Q

what is volume percentage

A

grams solute/ total volume of sample

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13
Q

what is molality

A

moles solute/kg solvent

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14
Q

is CO2 acidic or basic

A

acidic

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15
Q

the gain of hydrogens (or loss of oxygens) is

A

reduction

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16
Q

what kind of bond connects phosphates of ATP

A

phosphoanhydride bond

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17
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

adequate calories, inadequate proteins

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18
Q

what is marasmus

A

inadequate calories

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19
Q

where does oxphos take place

A

inner mito membrane

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20
Q

thermogenin and DNP are examples of what

A

uncouplers

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21
Q

what does rotenone do

A

disrupts ETC

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22
Q

what is vitamin B1

A

thiamin

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23
Q

what is vitamin B3

A

niacin (NAD)

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24
Q

what is vitamin B5

A

pantothenic (CoA)

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25
Q

what are the carriers of one carbon units

A
  • biotin (CO2)
  • FH4
  • B12
  • SAM
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26
Q

what is B12

A

cobalmin (liver stores up to 6 year supply)

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27
Q

what does B12 do

A
  • breaks down AA to succinyl coA

- transfers methyl group to homocysteine

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28
Q

what inhibits DHFR

A

methotrexate

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29
Q

proteins are synthesized by ________ reactions

A

condensation

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30
Q

what forces stabilizes primary structure

A

covalent

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31
Q

what forces stabilize secondary strucutre

A

H-bonds, covalent

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32
Q

what forces stabilize tertiary structure

A

covalent, h bonds, disulfide, salt bridges, london dispersion

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33
Q

What AA can a phosphate be added

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine

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34
Q

an inorganic or oganic molecule required by a protein for activity

A

cofactor

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35
Q

an organic cofactor

A

coenzyme

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36
Q

forces that stabilize protiens

A

Noncovalent-h bonds, ionic (salt bridges) hydrophobic

Covalent-disulfide

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37
Q

where does a protein go after being ubiquitinated

A

to proteasome for degradation

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38
Q

HCO3- is a ______ _______

A

weak base

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39
Q

HbA is adult and consists of what subunits

A

a2B2

40
Q

the O2 binding and storage protein in muscle

A

myoglobin

41
Q

hemoglobin is in the tense state when _______ oxygen is bound

A

no

42
Q

what is the bohr effect

A

High CO2 decreases O2 affinity

43
Q

a decrease in pH shifts the curve

A

right

44
Q

BPG ________ Hb affinity for O2

A

decreases

45
Q

where does Hb bind Co2

A

terminal amine

46
Q

what is the haldane effect

A

deoxygenation of blood increases ability to carry CO2

47
Q

HbF has a ______ O2 affinity thatn HbA at physiological [2,3 BPG]

A

greater

48
Q

sickle cell is caused by what mutation

A

E6V

49
Q

binding of CO ______ affinity of Hb for O2

A

increases

50
Q

what is the tansition state

A

when the enzyme and substrate change shape to interact

51
Q

an enzyme without its cofactor

A

apoenzyme

52
Q

enzyme with its cofactor

A

holoenzyme

53
Q

what are the six classes of enzymes

A
  1. hydrolase
  2. oxidoreductase
  3. lyase
  4. transferase
  5. isomerase
  6. ligase
54
Q

what is the catalytic triad

A

serine, histidine, glutamate

55
Q

how do organophosphates work

A

inhibit AchE

56
Q

Km =

A

[S] at 1/2 Vmax

57
Q

In a lineweaver burk, what is y and x axis

A 
y= 1/ Vmax
x = -1/Km
58
Q

what is lactose composed of? reducing? Fehlings reaction generates ____ _______

A

glucose and galactose; yes; red ppt

59
Q

what is sucrose composed of? reducing? fehlings reaction

A

glucose and fructose; NR, no ppt

60
Q

what is maltose composed of

A

glucose-glucose

61
Q

what are the two types of plant starches

A

amylose and amylopectin

62
Q

where is SGLT expressed

A

small intestine, kidney

63
Q

where is GLUT 1 expressed

A

RBC

64
Q

where is GLUT 2 expressed

A

Liver, Pancreatic B cells
High Km
High Vmax

65
Q

where is GLUT 3 expressed

A

Brain

low Km

66
Q

where is GLUT 4 expressed

A

SKM and Adipose
Low Km
responsive to insulin

67
Q

where is GLUT 5 expressed

A

fructose transport

68
Q

what does allopurinol inhibit

A

xanthine oxidase; used to treat gout, salvages more bases

69
Q

cholesterol is a precursor for what three thing

A

bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D

70
Q

what buffers membrane fluidity

A

cholesterol

71
Q

what two FA are essential to humans

A

alpha-linoleic (3) and linoleic (6)

72
Q

humans cant introduce double bonds pase

A

9 carbons

73
Q

what is the precursor for arachidonic and eicosanoids

A

linoleic acid

74
Q

what are the proteins on the surface of chylomicrons

A

APO c-II and APO E

75
Q

what is the role of VLDL and LDL

A

Transport endogenous cholesterol and lipids

76
Q

What is the first step of FA synthesis

A

carboxylation of acetyl CoA (in mito)

77
Q

Does FA synthesis utilize NADPH

A

yes

78
Q

Does Brain use FA for energy

A

no

79
Q

2 PAs esterfied to an additonal glycerol through their phosphate head groups

A

cardiolipin (inner mito membrane, stabilizes ETC)

80
Q

FA with an unsaturated alkyl chain

A

plasmologen

81
Q

An important component of myelin sheath

A

sphingopospholipid

82
Q

microtubules are composed of what kind of subunits

A

alpha and beta

83
Q

microfilaments are composed of

A

actin

84
Q

main tracks for long distance transport

A

microtubules

85
Q

movement from - to + uses _______ motors, movemnet from + to - uses _____ motors

A

kinesins, dyneins

86
Q

what molecules diffuse readily across a phospholipid bilayer

A

O2, CO2, N2, NO

87
Q

can H2O easily move through a phospholipid bilaryer

A

NO

88
Q

Give an example of facilitated diffusion

A

GLUT transporters 1-4

89
Q

What is the movement in sodium potassium pump

A

3 Na out/ 2 K in

90
Q

pinocytosis is also known as cell

A

drinking

91
Q

Separation of charges requires _______

A

energy

92
Q

the resting membrane potential is the closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest _______

A

permeability

93
Q

What is the equation for current

A

current=conductance x driving force

94
Q

What does Vm stand for

A

membrane potential difference

95
Q

what effect does decreased blood flow have on Vm

A

Vm decreases

96
Q

what effect would hypokalemia have

A

decrease excitability

BECOM FINAL (13 decks)

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