Test Block 1 Flashcards
1
Q
the addition of oxygen or removal of electrons
A
oxidation
2
Q
the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen
A
reduction
3
Q
what is the most oxidized: alkane, alkene, alkyne
A
alkyne
4
Q
what is the most oxidized molecule in the body
A
CO2
5
Q
what does complete oxidation of an organic compound yield?
A
CO2 and H2O
6
Q
whats another name for methanal
A
formaldehyde
7
Q
whats another name for ethanal
A
acetaldehyde
8
Q
does the OH go up or down on an alpha sugar
A
down
9
Q
what is sucrose composed of
A
glucose-fructose
10
Q
hexose pyranose has how many carbons? sides?
A
6; 6
11
Q
what is mass percentage
A
grams solute/total grams of sample
12
Q
what is volume percentage
A
grams solute/ total volume of sample
13
Q
what is molality
A
moles solute/kg solvent
14
Q
is CO2 acidic or basic
A
acidic
15
Q
the gain of hydrogens (or loss of oxygens) is
A
reduction
16
Q
what kind of bond connects phosphates of ATP
A
phosphoanhydride bond
17
Q
what is kwashiorkor
A
adequate calories, inadequate proteins
18
Q
what is marasmus
A
inadequate calories
19
Q
where does oxphos take place
A
inner mito membrane
20
Q
thermogenin and DNP are examples of what
A
uncouplers
21
Q
what does rotenone do
A
disrupts ETC
22
Q
what is vitamin B1
A
thiamin
23
Q
what is vitamin B3
A
niacin (NAD)
24
Q
what is vitamin B5
A
pantothenic (CoA)
25
what are the carriers of one carbon units
- biotin (CO2)
- FH4
- B12
- SAM
26
what is B12
cobalmin (liver stores up to 6 year supply)
27
what does B12 do
- breaks down AA to succinyl coA
| - transfers methyl group to homocysteine
28
what inhibits DHFR
methotrexate
29
proteins are synthesized by ________ reactions
condensation
30
what forces stabilizes primary structure
covalent
31
what forces stabilize secondary strucutre
H-bonds, covalent
32
what forces stabilize tertiary structure
covalent, h bonds, disulfide, salt bridges, london dispersion
33
What AA can a phosphate be added
serine, threonine, tyrosine
34
an inorganic or oganic molecule required by a protein for activity
cofactor
35
an organic cofactor
coenzyme
36
forces that stabilize protiens
Noncovalent-h bonds, ionic (salt bridges) hydrophobic
| Covalent-disulfide
37
where does a protein go after being ubiquitinated
to proteasome for degradation
38
HCO3- is a ______ _______
weak base
39
HbA is adult and consists of what subunits
a2B2
40
the O2 binding and storage protein in muscle
myoglobin
41
hemoglobin is in the tense state when _______ oxygen is bound
no
42
what is the bohr effect
High CO2 decreases O2 affinity
43
a decrease in pH shifts the curve
right
44
BPG ________ Hb affinity for O2
decreases
45
where does Hb bind Co2
terminal amine
46
what is the haldane effect
deoxygenation of blood increases ability to carry CO2
47
HbF has a ______ O2 affinity thatn HbA at physiological [2,3 BPG]
greater
48
sickle cell is caused by what mutation
E6V
49
binding of CO ______ affinity of Hb for O2
increases
50
what is the tansition state
when the enzyme and substrate change shape to interact
51
an enzyme without its cofactor
apoenzyme
52
enzyme with its cofactor
holoenzyme
53
what are the six classes of enzymes
1. hydrolase
2. oxidoreductase
3. lyase
4. transferase
5. isomerase
6. ligase
54
what is the catalytic triad
serine, histidine, glutamate
55
how do organophosphates work
inhibit AchE
56
Km =
[S] at 1/2 Vmax
57
In a lineweaver burk, what is y and x axis
```
y= 1/ Vmax
x = -1/Km
```
58
what is lactose composed of? reducing? Fehlings reaction generates ____ _______
glucose and galactose; yes; red ppt
59
what is sucrose composed of? reducing? fehlings reaction
glucose and fructose; NR, no ppt
60
what is maltose composed of
glucose-glucose
61
what are the two types of plant starches
amylose and amylopectin
62
where is SGLT expressed
small intestine, kidney
63
where is GLUT 1 expressed
RBC
64
where is GLUT 2 expressed
Liver, Pancreatic B cells
High Km
High Vmax
65
where is GLUT 3 expressed
Brain
| low Km
66
where is GLUT 4 expressed
SKM and Adipose
Low Km
responsive to insulin
67
where is GLUT 5 expressed
fructose transport
68
what does allopurinol inhibit
xanthine oxidase; used to treat gout, salvages more bases
69
cholesterol is a precursor for what three thing
bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D
70
what buffers membrane fluidity
cholesterol
71
what two FA are essential to humans
alpha-linoleic (3) and linoleic (6)
72
humans cant introduce double bonds pase
9 carbons
73
what is the precursor for arachidonic and eicosanoids
linoleic acid
74
what are the proteins on the surface of chylomicrons
APO c-II and APO E
75
what is the role of VLDL and LDL
Transport endogenous cholesterol and lipids
76
What is the first step of FA synthesis
carboxylation of acetyl CoA (in mito)
77
Does FA synthesis utilize NADPH
yes
78
Does Brain use FA for energy
no
79
2 PAs esterfied to an additonal glycerol through their phosphate head groups
cardiolipin (inner mito membrane, stabilizes ETC)
80
FA with an unsaturated alkyl chain
plasmologen
81
An important component of myelin sheath
sphingopospholipid
82
microtubules are composed of what kind of subunits
alpha and beta
83
microfilaments are composed of
actin
84
main tracks for long distance transport
microtubules
85
movement from - to + uses _______ motors, movemnet from + to - uses _____ motors
kinesins, dyneins
86
what molecules diffuse readily across a phospholipid bilayer
O2, CO2, N2, NO
87
can H2O easily move through a phospholipid bilaryer
NO
88
Give an example of facilitated diffusion
GLUT transporters 1-4
89
What is the movement in sodium potassium pump
3 Na out/ 2 K in
90
pinocytosis is also known as cell
drinking
91
Separation of charges requires _______
energy
92
the resting membrane potential is the closest to the equilibrium potential for the ion with the highest _______
permeability
93
What is the equation for current
current=conductance x driving force
94
What does Vm stand for
membrane potential difference
95
what effect does decreased blood flow have on Vm
Vm decreases
96
what effect would hypokalemia have
decrease excitability
