Test Bank - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

1) Which of the following are signs of aging at the cellular level? (Check all that apply)

A) Graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles.
B) Unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.
C) Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.
D) A fatty liver and clogged blood vessels.

Answer 1

B) Unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.

C) Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.

Question 2

2) Agriculture began in some countries as recently as __________ years ago.

Answer 2

6, 000

Question 3

3) Dissection of human bodies became part of formal medical school coursework in the __________ century.

Answer 3

twentieth

Question 4

4) The branch of science that deals with the structure of human body parts is called _________.

Answer 4

anatomy

Question 5

5) The branch of science that deals with the functions of human body parts is called __________.

Answer 5

physiology

Question 6

6) A group of cells with common properties that are organized into a layer or mass is called a(n) __________.

Answer 6

tissue

Question 7

7) A subcellular structure built of assemblies of macromolecules that carries out a particular function is a(n) __________.

Answer 7

organelle

Question 8

8) The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called __________.

Answer 8

digestion

Question 9

9) The term __________ refers to an increase in body size without overall change in shape.

Answer 9

growth

Question 10

10) The most abundant molecule in the human body is __________.

Answer 10

water

Question 11

11) Self-regulating control mechanisms usually operate by a process called __________ feedback.

Answer 11

negative

Question 12

12) The potential space between the __________ membranes is called the pleural cavity.

Answer 12

pleural

Question 13

13) The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands are called __________.

Answer 13

hormones

Question 14

14) Deep vein thrombosis, heart attack, and high blood pressure are all diseases of the __________ system.

Answer 14

cardiovascular

Question 15

15) Individuals who live more than 100 years are called __________.

Answer 15

centenarians

Question 16

16) Standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs at the sides describes the __________ position.

Answer 16

anatomical

Question 17

17) A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions is termed a(n) __________ section.

Answer 17

sagittal

Question 18

18) An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) __________.

A) anatomist
B) physiologist
C) chemist
D) biochemist

Answer 18

B) physiologist

Question 19

19) Why are the topics of anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?

A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures.
B) Physiological functions in an organism are ongoing.
C) The body parts take up space.
D) Our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.

Answer 19

A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures.

Question 20

20) The activities of an anatomist consist of __________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __________.

A) observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
B) conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations
C) studyingmolecules; observing forms of the body parts
D) sketching; dissecting

Answer 20

A) observing body parts; studying functions of body parts

Question 21

21) What is the origin of the term “anatomy”?

A) From the Greek word for “function”;
B) Named after the first anatomist.
C) From the Greek word for “cutting up”;.
D) For the function of internal organs.

Answer 21

C) From the Greek word for “cutting up”;.

Question 22

22) What is the term “physiology”is related to?

A) The Latin word for “physical shape”;.
B) The structure of internal organs.
C) The Greek word for “cutting up”;.
D) The Greek word for “relationship to nature”;

Answer 22

D) The Greek word for “relationship to nature”;

Question 23

23) What is illustrated by the recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness?

A) Chemical responses occur in only one part of the body.
B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
C) Everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
D) The molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology.

Answer 23

B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.

Question 24

24) Which of the following is not true of organelles?

A) They carry on specific activities.
B) They are only in cells of humans.
C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules.
D) They are found in many types of cells.

Answer 24

B) They are only in cells of humans.

Question 25

25) Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity? A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems. B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems. C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues. D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.

Answer 25

B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems.

Question 26

26) In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function? A) The atom B) The organelle C) The macromolecule D) The cell

Answer 26

D) The cell

Question 27

27) Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form __________. A) tissues B) organs C) organ systems D) organelles

Answer 27

A) tissues

Question 28

28) Simple squamous epithelium is an example of which organizational level? A) Organ system B) Organ C) Tissue D) Molecule

Answer 28

C) Tissue

Question 29

29) What is assimilation? A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms. B) The breaking down of foods into nutrients that the body can absorb. C) The elimination of waste from the body. D) The increase in body size without a change in overall shape.

Answer 29

A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.

Question 30

30) The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body is an example of __________. A) circulation B) respiration C) responsiveness D) absorption

Answer 30

C) responsiveness

Question 31

31) What process is defined as the removal of wastes? A) Metabolism B) Absorption C) Assimilation D) Excretion

Answer 31

D) Excretion

Question 32

32) Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct? A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food. B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them. C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different from those that entered the body fluids. D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.

Answer 32

D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.

Question 33

33) What is the definition of metabolism? A) The removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions. B) The breakdown of substances into simpler forms. C) The taking in of nutrients. D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.

Answer 33

D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.

Question 34

34) Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration

Answer 34

C) Reproduction

Question 35

35) Which of the following processes is most important to the continuation of the human species? A) Responsiveness B) Movement C) Reproduction D) Respiration

Answer 35

C) Reproduction

Question 36

36) What is the definition of homeostasis? A) The changing external conditions. B) The maintenance of stable external conditions. C) The changing internal conditions. D) The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Answer 36

D) The maintenance of stable internal conditions.

Question 37

37) Which of the following is an example of a positive homeostatic mechanism in the human body? A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal. B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls. C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid. D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal.

Answer 37

C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.

Question 38

38) Which of the following are typically required to maintain a stable internal environment? A) Positive feedback mechanisms. B) An unstable outside environment. C) Decreased atmospheric pressure. D) Negative feedback mechanisms.

Answer 38

D) Negative feedback mechanisms.

Question 39

39) You accidentally cut your hand. Blood platelets in the area begin to attach to the broken blood vessel walls in the wound. What needs to happen next to create a positive feedback mechanism? A) The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels. B) The platelets sticking to the broken blood vessels signals the blood to stop flowing to that area, which stops the bleeding. C) The sensation of pain in your hand causes your muscles to jerk your hand away from the danger. D) The platelets send signals to the brain to slow heart rate and slow the bleeding.

Answer 39

A) The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels.

Question 40

40) Which of the following must the human body obtain from the environment in order to survive? A) Nitrogen B) Wastes C) Water D) Carbondioxide

Answer 40

C) Water

Question 41

41) Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure __________. A) decrease steadily B) remain within certain limited ranges C) increase when thebody is stressed D) fluctuate greatly between very high and low values

Answer 41

B) remain within certain limited ranges

Question 42

42) In negative feedback mechanisms, what occurs due to changes that move a variable away from the normal state? A) Stimulation to change the variable in the same direction. B) Inhibition of all body reactions. C) Stimulation to change the variable in the opposite direction. D) Stimulation to reduce all requirements of the body.

Answer 42

C) Stimulation to change the variable in the opposite direction.

Question 43

43) What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism? A) It causes long-term changes. B) It moves conditions away from the normal state. C) It brings conditions back to the normal state. D) It produces stable conditions.

Answer 43

B) It moves conditions away from the normal state.

Question 44

44) Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism? A) Maintenance of blood pressure. B) Uterine contractions during childbirth. C) Body temperature control. D) Control of blood sugar.

Answer 44

B) Uterine contractions during childbirth.

Question 45

45) Which of the following is true regarding the effect of a positive feedback mechanisms? A) They are the primary means of maintaining homeostasis. B) They stabilize conditions. C) They cause unstable conditions, at least temporarily. D) They maintain theinternal environment. E) They moveconditions toward a setpoint.

Answer 45

C) They cause unstable conditions, at least temporarily.

Question 46

46) Which of the following diseases would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity? A) Asthma B) Laryngitis C) Myopia (near-sightedness) D) Pancreatitis

Answer 46

D) Pancreatitis

Question 47

47) Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when an air-filled space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between the __________. A) parietal pleura and visceral pleura B) parietal pleura and visceral pericardium C) visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium D) parietal pericardium and parietal pleura

Answer 47

A) parietal pleura and visceral pleura

Question 48

48) What is a main function of the digestive system? A) Formation of cells B) Movement of bodyparts C) Absorption of nutrients D) Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients.

Answer 48

C) Absorption of nutrients

Question 49

49) Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system? A) The uterus B) The uterine tube C) The vulva D) The scrotum

Answer 49

D) The scrotum

Question 50

50) The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity. A) dorsal (posterior) B) ventral (anterior) C) superior D) inferior

Answer 50

C) superior

Question 51

51) Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __________ system. A) endocrine B) skeletal C) respiratory D) muscular

Answer 51

B) skeletal

Question 52

52) A parietal layer of a serous membrane __________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane __________. A) covers organs; lines cavities B) lines cavities; covers organs C) secretes serousfluid; secretes mucus D) secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid

Answer 52

B) lines cavities; covers organs

Question 53

53) When does cell death first occur? A) Around age 60 B) Around age 50 C) At puberty D) During fetal development

Answer 53

D) During fetal development

Question 54

54) What causes wrinkling and sagging of the skin? A) Drinking too much water B) Genetics C) Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen. D) Excess subcutaneous fat

Answer 54

C) Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.

Question 55

55) What is a characteristic that many centenarians share? A) They had high level of exercise throughout life. B) They have long-lived relatives. C) They follow the Mediterranean diet. D) They never smoked.

Answer 55

D) They never smoked.

Question 56

56) A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used? A) Frontal B) Transverse C) Coronal D) Sagittal

Answer 56

A) Frontal

Question 57

57) The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __________region. A) hypochondriac B) iliac C) hypogastric D) epigastric

Answer 57

D) epigastric

Question 58

58) When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? A) The head is facing to the front. B) The palms are facing backwards. C) The body iserect. D) The upper limbs are at the sides.

Answer 58

B) The palms are facing backwards.

Question 59

59) What is the anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface? A) Anterior B) Proximal C) Superficial D) Superior

Answer 59

C) Superficial

Question 60

60) What type of structures can be visualized using ultrasonography? A) Dense organs, such as bones. B) Air-filled organs, such as lungs. C) Soft internal structures, such as fetuses. D) Microscopic structures, such as mitochondria.

Answer 60

C) Soft internal structures, such as fetuses.

Question 61

61) Magnetic resonance imaging uses __________. A) X-rays B) radio waves C) radioisotopes D) high-frequency sound waves

Answer 61

B) radio waves

Question 62

62) What is/are the origin(s) of many of the terms in anatomy and physiology? A) Greek and Latin B) Spanish and Portuguese C) French and German D) Chinese and Japanese

Answer 62

A) Greek and Latin

Question 63

63) At what level of organization is skin? ``` A) Tissue level B) Cellular level C) Organ level D) System level E) Chemical level ```

Answer 63

C) Organ level

Question 64

64) What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid? ``` A) Water B) Oxygen C) Cell D) Heat E) Food ```

Answer 64

A) Water

Question 65

65) Name two types of cavities found in the head. A) Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity B) Oral cavity and mediastinum C) Cranial cavity and vertebral canal D) Middle ear cavities and pleural cavities

Answer 65

A) Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity

Question 66

66) What organ system includes the kidneys? A) Respiratory system B) Digestive system C) Endocrine system D) Urinary system

Answer 66

D) Urinary system

Question 67

67) The pancreas releases hormones. It also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems? ``` A) Nervous and digestive systems B) Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems C) Endocrine and digestive systems D) Urinary and endocrine systems E) Lymphatic and integumentary systems ```

Answer 67

C) Endocrine and digestive systems

Question 68

68) Bell's palsy results in the lack of stimulation to facial muscles, so they do not contact. Bell's palsy is associated with what organ system? A) Nervous system B) Endocrine system C) Skeletal system D) Integumentary system

Answer 68

A) Nervous system

Question 69

69) Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? A) The heart muscle is involuntarily and fatigue-resistant. B) The skin is composed of an epithelial layer over a connective tissue layer. C) The quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles are located in the thigh. D) The aorta is a large vessel connected to the heart.

Answer 69

A) The heart muscle is involuntarily and fatigue-resistant.

Question 70

70) The femoral region is ________ to the popliteal region. A) distal B) medial C) proximal D) lateral

Answer 70

C) proximal

Question 71

71) Paired organs that are bilateral, on the left and right side of the body, would be separated by a midsagittal section. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 71

71) TRUE

Question 72

72) The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 72

72) TRUE

Question 73

73) Patterns of growth in preserved bones and tooth decay reflect the health of the people of which they were a part. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 73

73) TRUE

Question 74

74) The field of medicine arose as early healers abandoned superstitions and ideas about magic and started using natural chemicals and wondering why they were effective at treating illness. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 74

74) TRUE

Question 75

75) Cadaver dissection is against the law in the United States. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 75

75) FALSE

Question 76

76) The anatomy of a body part is closely related to its physiology. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 76

76) TRUE

Question 77

77) We know all there is to know about the structure and function of the human body. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 77

77) FALSE

Question 78

78) Cells with similar functions aggregate into organelles. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 78

78) FALSE

Question 79

79) Macromolecules are built of atoms. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 79

79) TRUE

Question 80

80) Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 80

80) TRUE

Question 81

81) A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 81

81) TRUE

Question 82

82) The chemical reaction of blood oxygenation is an example of a metabolic process. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 82

82) TRUE

Question 83

83) Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 83

83) FALSE

Question 84

84) Reproduction is the change in body characteristics over time. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 84

84) FALSE

Question 85

85) Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 85

85) FALSE

Question 86

86) Temperature is a form of energy, whereas heat is a measurement of the intensity of the temperature. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 86

86) FALSE

Question 87

87) Homeostasis is the maintenance of an unstable internal environment. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 87

87) FALSE

Question 88

88) The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 88

88) TRUE

Question 89

89) The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 89

89) TRUE

Question 90

90) The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 90

90) FALSE

Question 91

91) The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 91

91) TRUE

Question 92

92) Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 92

92) FALSE

Question 93

93) The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 93

93) TRUE

Question 94

94) The digestive system filters wastes from the blood. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 94

94) FALSE

Question 95

95) The parietal pleura is a visceral membrane. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 95

95) FALSE

Question 96

96) Aging begins in the fetus. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 96

96) TRUE

Question 97

97) Chromosomes get longeras a cell ages. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 97

97) FALSE

Question 98

98) Ceroid pigments and lipofuscin accumulate with aging, impairing the ability of a cell to withstand the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 98

98) TRUE

Question 99

99) The ears are lateral to the eyes. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 99

99) TRUE

Question 100

100) The elbow is distal to the wrist. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 100

100) FALSE

Question 101

101) A body in the anatomical position is lying down, as a cadaver would be positioned. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 101

101) FALSE

Question 102

102) The following list accurately represents levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest: nucleus → chromosome → liver cell→ liver epithelial tissue → liver→ digestive system ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 102

102) FALSE

Question 103

103) The head is superior to the neck. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 103

103) TRUE

Question 104

104) An older adult would be less vulnerable to emerging influenzas and other seasonal viruses due to increased cell efficiency and heightened cell division. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 104

104) FALSE

Question 105

105) A researcher has questions about the functions of the greater omentum, a structure found in the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its various functions. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 105

105) TRUE

Question 106

106) A researcher has questions about the structure of the mesentery, a tissue connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its location, components, and its specific structures. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 106

106) FALSE

Question 107

107) The integumentary system is superficial to the skeletal system. ⊚ true ⊚ false

Answer 107

107) TRUE