Test Bank - Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1) Which of the following are signs of aging at the cellular level? (Check all that apply)
A) Graying hair, waning strength, and wrinkles.
B) Unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.
C) Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.
D) A fatty liver and clogged blood vessels.
B) Unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins.
C) Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts.
2) Agriculture began in some countries as recently as __________ years ago.
6, 000
3) Dissection of human bodies became part of formal medical school coursework in the __________ century.
twentieth
4) The branch of science that deals with the structure of human body parts is called _________.
anatomy
5) The branch of science that deals with the functions of human body parts is called __________.
physiology
6) A group of cells with common properties that are organized into a layer or mass is called a(n) __________.
tissue
7) A subcellular structure built of assemblies of macromolecules that carries out a particular function is a(n) __________.
organelle
8) The process by which food substances are chemically changed into simpler forms that can be absorbed is called __________.
digestion
9) The term __________ refers to an increase in body size without overall change in shape.
growth
10) The most abundant molecule in the human body is __________.
water
11) Self-regulating control mechanisms usually operate by a process called __________ feedback.
negative
12) The potential space between the __________ membranes is called the pleural cavity.
pleural
13) The chemicals secreted by endocrine glands are called __________.
hormones
14) Deep vein thrombosis, heart attack, and high blood pressure are all diseases of the __________ system.
cardiovascular
15) Individuals who live more than 100 years are called __________.
centenarians
16) Standing erect with face and palms forward and upper limbs at the sides describes the __________ position.
anatomical
17) A lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions is termed a(n) __________ section.
sagittal
18) An investigator who conducts an experiment to determine how temperature changes affect the rate at which the heart beats is most likely a(n) __________.
A) anatomist
B) physiologist
C) chemist
D) biochemist
B) physiologist
19) Why are the topics of anatomy and physiology difficult to separate?
A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures.
B) Physiological functions in an organism are ongoing.
C) The body parts take up space.
D) Our understanding of physiology is changing more than our understanding of anatomy.
A) Physiological functions depend on anatomy of structures.
20) The activities of an anatomist consist of __________, whereas those of a physiologist consist of __________.
A) observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
B) conducting experiments; making microscopic examinations
C) studyingmolecules; observing forms of the body parts
D) sketching; dissecting
A) observing body parts; studying functions of body parts
21) What is the origin of the term “anatomy”?
A) From the Greek word for “function”;
B) Named after the first anatomist.
C) From the Greek word for “cutting up”;.
D) For the function of internal organs.
C) From the Greek word for “cutting up”;.
22) What is the term “physiology”is related to?
A) The Latin word for “physical shape”;.
B) The structure of internal organs.
C) The Greek word for “cutting up”;.
D) The Greek word for “relationship to nature”;
D) The Greek word for “relationship to nature”;
23) What is illustrated by the recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness?
A) Chemical responses occur in only one part of the body.
B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
C) Everything there is to know about anatomy and physiology has been discovered.
D) The molecular and cellular levels are of little interest in anatomy and physiology.
B) New discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.
24) Which of the following is not true of organelles?
A) They carry on specific activities.
B) They are only in cells of humans.
C) They are composed of aggregates of large molecules.
D) They are found in many types of cells.
B) They are only in cells of humans.
25) Which of the following lists best illustrates increasing levels of complexity?
A) Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems.
B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems.
C) Organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues.
D) Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
B) Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, organ systems.
26) In all organisms, what is the basic unit of structure and function?
A) The atom
B) The organelle
C) The macromolecule
D) The cell
D) The cell
27) Specialized cell types organized in a way that provides a specific function form __________.
A) tissues
B) organs
C) organ systems
D) organelles
A) tissues
28) Simple squamous epithelium is an example of which organizational level?
A) Organ system
B) Organ
C) Tissue
D) Molecule
C) Tissue
29) What is assimilation?
A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.
B) The breaking down of foods into nutrients that the body can absorb.
C) The elimination of waste from the body.
D) The increase in body size without a change in overall shape.
A) The changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms.
30) The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body is an example of __________.
A) circulation
B) respiration
C) responsiveness
D) absorption
C) responsiveness
31) What process is defined as the removal of wastes?
A) Metabolism
B) Absorption
C) Assimilation
D) Excretion
D) Excretion
32) Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions is correct?
A) Responsiveness: obtaining and using oxygen to release energy from food.
B) Assimilation: sensing changes inside or outside the body and reacting to them.
C) Respiration: changing absorbed substances into forms that are chemically different
from those that entered the body fluids.
D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.
D) Circulation: the movement of substances in body fluids.
33) What is the definition of metabolism?
A) The removal of wastes produced by chemical reactions.
B) The breakdown of substances into simpler forms.
C) The taking in of nutrients.
D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.
D) The chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life.
34) Which of the following processes does not help to maintain the life of an individual organism?
A) Responsiveness
B) Movement
C) Reproduction
D) Respiration
C) Reproduction
35) Which of the following processes is most important to the continuation of the human species?
A) Responsiveness
B) Movement
C) Reproduction
D) Respiration
C) Reproduction
36) What is the definition of homeostasis?
A) The changing external conditions.
B) The maintenance of stable external conditions.
C) The changing internal conditions.
D) The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
D) The maintenance of stable internal conditions.
37) Which of the following is an example of a positive homeostatic mechanism in the human body?
A) Shivering when body temperature falls below normal.
B) Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls.
C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.
D) Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal.
C) Retention of fluid leading to retention of more fluid.
38) Which of the following are typically required to maintain a stable internal environment?
A) Positive feedback mechanisms.
B) An unstable outside environment.
C) Decreased atmospheric pressure.
D) Negative feedback mechanisms.
D) Negative feedback mechanisms.
39) You accidentally cut your hand. Blood platelets in the area begin to attach to the broken blood vessel walls in the wound. What needs to happen next to create a positive feedback mechanism?
A) The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels.
B) The platelets sticking to the broken blood vessels signals the blood to stop flowing to that area, which stops the bleeding.
C) The sensation of pain in your hand causes your muscles to jerk your hand away from the danger.
D) The platelets send signals to the brain to slow heart rate and slow the bleeding.
A) The platelets change shape and encourage more platelets to rush in and stick to each other to form plugs that seal the broken vessels.
40) Which of the following must the human body obtain from the environment in order to survive?
A) Nitrogen
B) Wastes
C) Water
D) Carbondioxide
C) Water
41) Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, and oxygen in the body are balanced and heat and pressure __________.
A) decrease steadily
B) remain within certain limited ranges
C) increase when thebody is stressed
D) fluctuate greatly between very high and low values
B) remain within certain limited ranges
42) In negative feedback mechanisms, what occurs due to changes that move a variable away from the normal state?
A) Stimulation to change the variable in the same direction.
B) Inhibition of all body reactions.
C) Stimulation to change the variable in the opposite direction.
D) Stimulation to reduce all requirements of the body.
C) Stimulation to change the variable in the opposite direction.
43) What is the effect of a positive feedback mechanism?
A) It causes long-term changes.
B) It moves conditions away from the normal state.
C) It brings conditions back to the normal state.
D) It produces stable conditions.
B) It moves conditions away from the normal state.
44) Which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism?
A) Maintenance of blood pressure.
B) Uterine contractions during childbirth.
C) Body temperature control.
D) Control of blood sugar.
B) Uterine contractions during childbirth.
45) Which of the following is true regarding the effect of a positive feedback mechanisms?
A) They are the primary means of maintaining homeostasis.
B) They stabilize conditions.
C) They cause unstable conditions, at least temporarily.
D) They maintain theinternal environment.
E) They moveconditions toward a setpoint.
C) They cause unstable conditions, at least temporarily.
46) Which of the following diseases would originate in the abdominopelvic cavity?
A) Asthma
B) Laryngitis
C) Myopia (near-sightedness)
D) Pancreatitis
D) Pancreatitis
47) Pneumothorax (collapsed lung) is a condition that occurs when an air-filled space forms between the lung and the wall of the pleural cavity. This space would be between the __________.
A) parietal pleura and visceral pleura
B) parietal pleura and visceral pericardium
C) visceral pericardium and parietal pericardium
D) parietal pericardium and parietal pleura
A) parietal pleura and visceral pleura
48) What is a main function of the digestive system?
A) Formation of cells
B) Movement of bodyparts
C) Absorption of nutrients
D) Providing oxygen for the extraction of energy from nutrients.
C) Absorption of nutrients
49) Which of the following is not part of the female reproductive system?
A) The uterus
B) The uterine tube
C) The vulva
D) The scrotum
D) The scrotum
50) The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.
A) dorsal (posterior)
B) ventral (anterior)
C) superior
D) inferior
C) superior
51) Blood cells are produced in the organs of the __________ system.
A) endocrine
B) skeletal
C) respiratory
D) muscular
B) skeletal
52) A parietal layer of a serous membrane __________, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane __________.
A) covers organs; lines cavities
B) lines cavities; covers organs
C) secretes serousfluid; secretes mucus
D) secretes mucus; secretes a serous fluid
B) lines cavities; covers organs
53) When does cell death first occur?
A) Around age 60
B) Around age 50
C) At puberty
D) During fetal development
D) During fetal development
54) What causes wrinkling and sagging of the skin?
A) Drinking too much water
B) Genetics
C) Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.
D) Excess subcutaneous fat
C) Loss of subcutaneous fat, elastin, and collagen.
55) What is a characteristic that many centenarians share?
A) They had high level of exercise throughout life.
B) They have long-lived relatives.
C) They follow the Mediterranean diet.
D) They never smoked.
D) They never smoked.
56) A body has been sectioned in such a way that both lungs and the urinary bladder are visible. What type of section was used?
A) Frontal
B) Transverse
C) Coronal
D) Sagittal
A) Frontal
57) The upper midportion of the abdomen is called the __________region.
A) hypochondriac
B) iliac
C) hypogastric
D) epigastric
D) epigastric
58) When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true?
A) The head is facing to the front.
B) The palms are facing backwards.
C) The body iserect.
D) The upper limbs are at the sides.
B) The palms are facing backwards.
59) What is the anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface?
A) Anterior
B) Proximal
C) Superficial
D) Superior
C) Superficial
60) What type of structures can be visualized using ultrasonography?
A) Dense organs, such as bones.
B) Air-filled organs, such as lungs.
C) Soft internal structures, such as fetuses.
D) Microscopic structures, such as mitochondria.
C) Soft internal structures, such as fetuses.
61) Magnetic resonance imaging uses __________.
A) X-rays
B) radio waves
C) radioisotopes
D) high-frequency sound waves
B) radio waves
62) What is/are the origin(s) of many of the terms in anatomy and physiology?
A) Greek and Latin
B) Spanish and Portuguese
C) French and German
D) Chinese and Japanese
A) Greek and Latin
63) At what level of organization is skin?
A) Tissue level B) Cellular level C) Organ level D) System level E) Chemical level
C) Organ level
64) What requirement of life is the most abundant chemical in the body and is the major component of extracellular fluid?
A) Water B) Oxygen C) Cell D) Heat E) Food
A) Water
65) Name two types of cavities found in the head.
A) Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
B) Oral cavity and mediastinum
C) Cranial cavity and vertebral canal
D) Middle ear cavities and pleural cavities
A) Paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity
66) What organ system includes the kidneys?
A) Respiratory system
B) Digestive system
C) Endocrine system
D) Urinary system
D) Urinary system
67) The pancreas releases hormones. It also releases enzymes needed to break down food. Because of this dual role, the pancreas could be considered part of what two organ systems?
A) Nervous and digestive systems B) Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems C) Endocrine and digestive systems D) Urinary and endocrine systems E) Lymphatic and integumentary systems
C) Endocrine and digestive systems
68) Bell’s palsy results in the lack of stimulation to facial muscles, so they do not contact. Bell’s palsy is associated with what organ system?
A) Nervous system
B) Endocrine system
C) Skeletal system
D) Integumentary system
A) Nervous system
69) Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
A) The heart muscle is involuntarily and fatigue-resistant.
B) The skin is composed of an epithelial layer over a connective tissue layer.
C) The quadriceps femoris and hamstring muscles are located in the thigh.
D) The aorta is a large vessel connected to the heart.
A) The heart muscle is involuntarily and fatigue-resistant.
70) The femoral region is ________ to the popliteal region.
A) distal
B) medial
C) proximal
D) lateral
C) proximal
71) Paired organs that are bilateral, on the left and right side of the body, would be separated by a midsagittal section.
⊚ true
⊚ false
71) TRUE
72) The transition from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural lifestyle greatly changed the types of diseases and injuries that early peoples suffered.
⊚ true
⊚ false
72) TRUE
73) Patterns of growth in preserved bones and tooth decay reflect the health of the people of which they were a part.
⊚ true
⊚ false
73) TRUE
74) The field of medicine arose as early healers abandoned superstitions and ideas about magic and started using natural chemicals and wondering why they were effective at treating illness.
⊚ true
⊚ false
74) TRUE
75) Cadaver dissection is against the law in the United States.
⊚ true
⊚ false
75) FALSE
76) The anatomy of a body part is closely related to its physiology.
⊚ true
⊚ false
76) TRUE
77) We know all there is to know about the structure and function of the human body.
⊚ true
⊚ false
77) FALSE
78) Cells with similar functions aggregate into organelles.
⊚ true
⊚ false
78) FALSE
79) Macromolecules are built of atoms.
⊚ true
⊚ false
79) TRUE
80) Organ systems consist of organs, which consist of tissues.
⊚ true
⊚ false
80) TRUE
81) A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism.
⊚ true
⊚ false
81) TRUE
82) The chemical reaction of blood oxygenation is an example of a metabolic process.
⊚ true
⊚ false
82) TRUE
83) Absorption is the ability to exhale carbon dioxide.
⊚ true
⊚ false
83) FALSE
84) Reproduction is the change in body characteristics over time.
⊚ true
⊚ false
84) FALSE
85) Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material.
⊚ true
⊚ false
85) FALSE
86) Temperature is a form of energy, whereas heat is a measurement of the intensity of the temperature.
⊚ true
⊚ false
86) FALSE
87) Homeostasis is the maintenance of an unstable internal environment.
⊚ true
⊚ false
87) FALSE
88) The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis.
⊚ true
⊚ false
88) TRUE
89) The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities.
⊚ true
⊚ false
89) TRUE
90) The parietal pericardium is attached to the surface of the heart.
⊚ true
⊚ false
90) FALSE
91) The organ systems responsible for integration and coordination are the nervous and endocrine systems.
⊚ true
⊚ false
91) TRUE
92) Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system.
⊚ true
⊚ false
92) FALSE
93) The muscular system is responsible for body movements, maintenance of posture, and production of body heat.
⊚ true
⊚ false
93) TRUE
94) The digestive system filters wastes from the blood.
⊚ true
⊚ false
94) FALSE
95) The parietal pleura is a visceral membrane.
⊚ true
⊚ false
95) FALSE
96) Aging begins in the fetus.
⊚ true
⊚ false
96) TRUE
97) Chromosomes get longeras a cell ages.
⊚ true
⊚ false
97) FALSE
98) Ceroid pigments and lipofuscin accumulate with aging, impairing the ability of a cell to withstand the damaging effects of oxygen free radicals.
⊚ true
⊚ false
98) TRUE
99) The ears are lateral to the eyes.
⊚ true
⊚ false
99) TRUE
100) The elbow is distal to the wrist.
⊚ true
⊚ false
100) FALSE
101) A body in the anatomical position is lying down, as a cadaver would be positioned.
⊚ true
⊚ false
101) FALSE
102) The following list accurately represents levels of organization in the body from smallest to largest: nucleus → chromosome → liver cell→ liver epithelial tissue → liver→ digestive system
⊚ true
⊚ false
102) FALSE
103) The head is superior to the neck.
⊚ true
⊚ false
103) TRUE
104) An older adult would be less vulnerable to emerging influenzas and other seasonal viruses due to increased cell efficiency and heightened cell division.
⊚ true
⊚ false
104) FALSE
105) A researcher has questions about the functions of the greater omentum, a structure found in the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its various functions. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ.
⊚ true
⊚ false
105) TRUE
106) A researcher has questions about the structure of the mesentery, a tissue connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdominal cavity. They begin researching its location, components, and its specific structures. This researcher is studying the physiology of the organ.
⊚ true
⊚ false
106) FALSE
107) The integumentary system is superficial to the skeletal system.
⊚ true
⊚ false
107) TRUE
