Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
append-
to hang something (appendicular)
cere-
brain (cerebrum)
cran-
helmet (cranial)
dors-
back (dorsal)
homeo-
same (homeostasis)
-logy
the study of (physiology)
meta-
change (metabolism)
nas-
nose (nasal)
orb-
circle (orbital)
pariet-
wall (parietal membrane)
pelv-
basin (pelvic cavity)
peri-
around; (pericardial membrane)
pleur-
rib (pleural membrane)
-stasis
standing still (homeostasis)
super-
above (superior)
-tomy
cutting (anatomy)
scientific method
- framework in which to consider ideas and evidence
- a key part of scientific inquiry
anatomy
- branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
- the study of structures, or morphology, of body parts
physiology
the study of the functions of body parts
It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because …
anatomical structures make possible their functions
levels of organization in the human body
subatomic particles
⬇︎
atoms
⬇︎
molecules
⬇︎
macromolecules
⬇︎
organelles
⬇︎
cells
⬇︎
tissues
⬇︎
organs
⬇︎
organ systems
⬇︎
organism
subatomic particles
parts of an atom
atom
smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element
molecule
particle composed of two or more joined atoms
What is a macromolecule? Give examples.
- very large molecule
- protein, DNA, RNA, triglycerides
organelle
a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function
cell
basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
tissue
assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function
organ
structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function
organ system
group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function
organism
an individual living thing
metabolism
all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
requirements of organisms
- water
- food
- oxygen
- heat
- pressure
(The quantities and qualities of these factors are also important to survival.)
What is the most abundant substance in the body? What is it used for?
- water
- required for a variety of metabolic processes and provides the environment for most of them
- transports substances
- important in regulating body temperature
What is food? What does it supply?
- substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water
- supplies energy and raw materials (via nutrients) for building new living matter
What gas makes up about 1/5 of the air? What is it used for in the body?
- a gas that makes up about 1/5 of the air
- used to release energy from nutrients that are then used to drive metabolic processes
What is heat and what does it have to do with metabolic reactions?
- form of energy present in external environment and a product of metabolic reactions
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions; generally, more heat = faster reactions
What is pressure? Give examples.
- an application of force on an object or substance
- e.g. atmospheric pressure, the force on land organisms from the weight of the air above them, or hydrostatic pressure, the pressure a liquid exerts
temperature
a measure of the amount of heat
homeostasis
the body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
internal environment
conditions inside the body, but surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid)
What is a homeostatic mechanism? What three components do all such mechanisms share?
- any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body
- receptors, a control center with a set point and effectors
receptor
- specialized cell or structure that provides information about the environment
- also, cell surface structures that bind particular molecules (ligands), transmitting a signal to inside the cell
effector
muscles or glands that cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
What is negative feedback? Give examples.
- a process that returns conditions to a set value and turns off the response once the correction is made
- e.g. shivering, sweating
What is positive feedback? Give an example.
- process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
- e.g. labor contractions
normal range
range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of the healthy population
axial portion
the head, neck, and trunk
appendicular portion
upper and lower limbs
cranial cavity
cavity in the axial portion that holds the brain
oral cavity
contains the teeth and tongue
nasal cavity
- inside the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum
- several air-filled sinuses are connected, including the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses
orbital cavities
contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
middle ear cavities
contain the middle ear bones
vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
cavity in the axial portion that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of backbone (vertebrae)
serous membrane
membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; secretes serous fluid
serous fluid
secretion of a serous membrane
Where is the thoracic cavity? What are its walls made of and what lines it?
- separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm and by the mediastinum into right and left compartments that contain the lungs
- wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
- lined with pleural membranes
pleural membranes
- serous membranes lining the walls of the right and left compartments of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and the lungs (visceral pleura)
- membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage
pleural cavity
potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
mediastinum
- contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
- region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
pericardial membranes
serous membranes that surround the heart
heart
⬇︎
visceral pericardium
⬇︎
serous fluid
⬇︎
parietal pericardium
⬇︎
fibrous pericardium
pericardial cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (filled with serous fluid)
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity, what are its walls made of, and what is it lined with?
- extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor
- walls are made of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
- lined with peritoneal membranes: parietal and visceral peritoneum
Where is the abdominal cavity and what viscera does it contain?
- separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
- contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys and small and large intestines
Where is the pelvic cavity and what viscera does it contain?
- basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones; hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and coxae
- contains the terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
peritoneal cavity
potential space between visceral and parietal peritonea
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- endocrine
- nervous
- cardiovascular
- digestive
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- urinary
- reproductive
What does the integumentary system do, and what does it include?
- protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, and supports sensory receptors
- includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
What does the skeletal system do, and what does it include?
- provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts
- bones, ligaments, cartilages
What does the muscular system do, and what does it include?
- causes movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
- muscles
What does the nervous system do, and what does it include?
- detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information, and stimulates muscles and glands
- brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sense organs
What does the endocrine system do, and what does it include?
- controls metabolic activities of body structures
- glands that secret hormones: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
What does the cardiovascular system do, and what does it include?
- moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body
- heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
What does the lymphatic system do, and what does it include?
- returns tissue fluid to the blood, carries certain absorbed food molecules, and defends the body against infection
- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
What does the digestive system do, and what does it include?
- receives, breaks down, and absorbs food and eliminates unabsorbed material
- mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines
What does the respiratory system do, and what does it include?
- intake and output of air and exchange of gases between air and blood
- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
What does the urinary system do, and what does it include?
- removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and stores and transports urine
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What does the male reproductive system do, and what does it include?
- produces and maintains sperm cells and transfers sperm cells into female reproductive tract
- scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glad, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
What does the female reproductive system do, and what does it include?
- produces and maintains egg cells, receives sperm cells, supports development of an embryo, and functions in birth process
- ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
aging
changes in the body with the passage of time
anatomical position
standing erect, facing forward, with upper limbs at sides and palms forward
superior
a part above another part
inferior
a part below another part
anterior (ventral)
toward the front
posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
medial
closer to the midline than another part
lateral
toward the side, farther from the midline than another part
bilateral
paired structures, one on each side
ipsilateral
on the same side
contralateral
on opposite sides
proximal
closer to a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)
distal
farther from a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)
superficial
near the surface
deep
more internal
sagittal
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions
midsagittal
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions, along the midline
transverse (horizontal)
refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
cross section
a cut across a cylindrical organ
oblique section
an angular cut across a cylindrical organ
longitudinal section
a lengthwise cut in a cylindrical organ
body regions
- epigastric region: upper middle
- left and right hypochondriac regions: upper sides
- umbilical region: middle
- left and right lumbar regions: middle sides
- hypogastric region: lower middle
- left and right iliac regions: lower sides
abdominal quadrants
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
abdominal region
between the thorax and pelvis
acromial
point of the shoulder
antebrachial
forearm
antecubital
space in front of the elbow
axillary
armpit
brachial
arm
buccal
cheek
carpal
wrist
celiac
abdomen
cephalic
head
cervical
neck
costal
ribs
coxal
hip
crural
leg
cubital
elbow
digital
finger or toe
dorsum
back
femoral
thigh
frontal
forehead
genital
reproductive organs
gluteal
buttocks
inguinal
groin: depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
lumbar
region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis (loin)
mammary
breast
mental
chin
nasal
nose
occipital
lower posterior region of the head
oral
mouth
orbital
eye cavity: the portion of the skull that encircles the eye
otic
ear
palmar
palm of the hand
patellar
front of the knee
pectoral
chest
pedal
foot
pelvic
pelvis
perineal
region between the anus and external reproductive organs (perineum)
plantar
sole of the foot
popliteal
area behind the knee
sacral
posterior region between the hipbones
sternal
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
sural
calf of the leg
tarsal
ankle: instep of the foot
umbilical
navel (umbilicus)
vertebral
spinal column
dermatology
study of skin and its diseases
endocrinology
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases
epidemiology
study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases
geriatrics
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
gerontology
study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals
hematology
study of blood and blood diseases
histology
study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)
immunology
study of the body’s resistance to disease
neonatology
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
nephrology
study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys
neurology
study of the nervous system in health and disease
obstetrics
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
oncology
study of cancers
ophthalmology
study of the eye and eye diseases
orthopedics
branch of medicine dealing with muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
otolaryngology
study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases
pathology
study of structural and functional changes in the body associated with disease
pediatrics
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
pharmacology
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases
podiatry
study of the care and treatment of the feet
psychiatry
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
radiology
study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases
toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology
urology
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases
appendicular
pertaining to the upper and lower limbs
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
cranial
pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain
parietal membrane
membrane that lines the wall of a cavity
Anatomy
the study of structure.
Physiology
the study of function.
Pathophysiology
the study of disorders of functioning.
Levels of Organization
- Chemical—inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living. 2. Cells—the smallest living units of the body. 3. Tissues—groups of cells with similar structure and function. 4. Organs—groups of tissues that contribute to spe- cific functions. 5. Organ systems—groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions (see Table 1–1 and Fig. 1–2). 6. Person—all the organ systems functioning prop- erly.
Chemical
inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living.
Cells
the smallest living units of the body.
Tissues
groups of cells with similar structure and function.
Organs
groups of tissues that contribute to specific functions.
Organ systems
groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions
Person
all the organ systems functioning properly.
Metabolism is
the sum of all of the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body.
Metabolic rate is
the amount of energy and heat production per unit of time.
Homeostasis is
a state of good health maintained by the normal metabolism (functioning) of the organ systems.
The body constantly responds to internal and external changes, yet remains
stable; bc its many aspects of metabolism are kept within normal limits (usually a range of values, not a single value).
Negative feedback mechanism
a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again and there is a need for the response
Positive feedback mechanism
a control system that requires an external interruption or brake. Has the potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore is rare in the body
Body cavities and their membranes
1) Dorsal cavity—lined with membranes called meninges; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities. 2) Cranial cavity contains the brain. 3) Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord. Ventral cavity—the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; the pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity. 4) Thoracic cavity—contains the lungs and heart. 5) Pleural membranes line the chest wall and cover the lungs. 6) Pericardial membranes surround the heart. 7) Abdominal cavity—contains many organs including the stomach, liver, and intestines. 8) The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity; the mesentery covers the abdominal organs. 9) Pelvic cavity—contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
The study of anatomy and physiology provides…
- The foundation for understanding all other basic life sciences 2. An understanding of how your body works under normal and abnormal circumstances 3. A basis for making common sense decisions about your own life.
The study of internal and external body structures is…
Anatomy
Reading the textbook and memorizing important facts will assure you of success in the A&P course…
False
Physiology is the study of…
How living organisms perform functions
The four basic building blocks of medical terms are…
Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
The worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary is…
Terminologia anatomica
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because…
- Anatomical information provides clues about functions 2. All specific functions are performed by specific structures 3. Physiological mechanisms can be explained only in terms of underlying anatomy
The study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called…
Surface anatomy
The anatomical specialty that provides a bridge between the realms of macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy is…
Developmental anatomy
The specialized study that analyzes the structure of individual cells is…
Cytology
The scientist who studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions would be classified as a…
Pathological physiologist
The smallest living units in the body are…
Cells
The level of organization that reflects the interactions between organ systems is the…
Organism
The two regulatory systems in the human body are the…
Nervous and endocrine
Homeostasis refers to…
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
When a variation outside of normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation, the mechanism is called…
Negative feedback
When an initial disturbance produces a response that exaggerates the disturbance, the mechanism is called…
Positive feedback
An erect body, with the feet together, eyes directed forward, and the arms at the side of the body with the palms of the hands turned forward, represents the…
Anatomical position
Moving from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a…
Proximal direction
RLQ is an abbreviation used as a reference to designate a specific…
Abdominopelvic quadrant
Making a Sagittal section results in the separation of…
Right and left portions of the body
The two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the…
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
The heart and lungs are located in the…
Thoracic
The ventral body cavity is divided by a flat muscular sheet called the…
Diaphragm
The study of anatomy and physiology provides and explanation of how the body responds to normal and abnormal conditions and maintains…
Homeostasis
Anatomy is the study of internal and external…
Body structures
A comparative name for a structure that was originally named for a real or mythical person is an…
Eponym
A person who specializes in the study of tissue is called a…
Histologist
The study of early developmental processes is called…
Embryology
The study of the functions of the living cells is called…
Cell physiology
In complex organisms such as the human being, cells unite to form…
Tissues
At the chemical level of organization, chemicals interact to form complex…
Molecules
An organ system is made up of structural units called…
Organs
The kidneys, bladder, and ureters are organs that belong to the…
Urinary system
The esophagus, large intestine, and stomach are organs that belong to the…
Digestive system
The organ system to which the skin belongs is the…
Integumentary system
The term that refers to the adjustments in physiological systems is…
Regulation
When opposing processes or forces are in balance, it can be said that they have reached a state of…
Equilibrium
When the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, or system change automatically due to environmental variation, the homeostatic mechanism that operates is called…
Auto regulation
A response that is important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion rapidly is called…
Positive feedback
The two systems often controlled by negative feedback mechanisms are the nervous and…
Endocrine systems
Tenderness in the RUQ might indicate problems with the…
Liver
A term that means “close to the long axis of the body” is…
Medial
A term that means “away from an attached base” is…
Distal
A horizontal or cross-section view of the human body at a right angle to the long axis of the body is a…
Transverse
The subdivision of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart is the…
Pericardial cavity
The region that lies between and separates the two pleural cavities is the…
Mediastinum
The abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the…
Peritoneal
Proceeding through increasing levels of complexity in humans, the correct sequence is…
Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
The field of developmental anatomy includes the study of…
Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
The homeostatic mechanism of extrinsic regulation results from…
The activities of the nervous or endocrine system that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously
Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, feet facing forward, and…
Arms hanging to sides and palms of hands facing forward with the thumbs located laterally
Correct sequence that applies to the areas of the human body…
Anterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal
In the negative feedback system, the process that triggers a response that corrects the situation is…
A variation outside of normal limits
Suppose an individual’s body temperature is 37.3 C. This variation from the “normal” value may represent…
Individual variation rather than a homeostatic malfunction
If the temperature of the body climbs above 99 F negative feedback regulation could trigger…
An increased heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating
The term medial surface refers to an area…
Close to the long axis of the body
The sectional plane that divides the body so the face remains intact is the…
Coronal plane
Negative feedback systems…
Counteract the effects of a stimulus
The specialist who investigates structures at the tissue level of organization is the…
Histologist
The system responsible for internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes,and gases, is the…
Cardiovascular system
The system responsible for defense against infection and disease is the…
Lymphatic
Activities of the nervous and endocrine systems to control or adjust the activities of many different systems simultaneously are…
Extrinsic regulation
The system that performs crisis management by directing rapid, short-term, and very specific responses is the…
Nervous
The popliteal artery can be found near the…
Knee
Tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen may indicate…
Appendicitis
Moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the…
Elbow
To oppose any departure from the norm, physiological systems are typically regulated by…
Negative feedback
If a surgeon makes a midsagittal incision in the inferior region of the thorax, the incision would be made through the…
Sternum
