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Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology 16th Edition Welsh > Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

append-

A

to hang something (appendicular)

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2
Q

cere-

A

brain (cerebrum)

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3
Q

cran-

A

helmet (cranial)

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4
Q

dors-

A

back (dorsal)

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5
Q

homeo-

A

same (homeostasis)

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6
Q

-logy

A

the study of (physiology)

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7
Q

meta-

A

change (metabolism)

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8
Q

nas-

A

nose (nasal)

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9
Q

orb-

A

circle (orbital)

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10
Q

pariet-

A

wall (parietal membrane)

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11
Q

pelv-

A

basin (pelvic cavity)

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12
Q

peri-

A

around; (pericardial membrane)

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13
Q

pleur-

A

rib (pleural membrane)

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14
Q

-stasis

A

standing still (homeostasis)

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15
Q

super-

A

above (superior)

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16
Q

-tomy

A

cutting (anatomy)

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17
Q

scientific method

A
  • framework in which to consider ideas and evidence
  • a key part of scientific inquiry
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18
Q

anatomy

A
  • branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
  • the study of structures, or morphology, of body parts
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19
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of body parts

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20
Q

It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because …

A

anatomical structures make possible their functions

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21
Q

levels of organization in the human body

A

subatomic particles

⬇︎

atoms

⬇︎

molecules

⬇︎

macromolecules

⬇︎

organelles

⬇︎

cells

⬇︎

tissues

⬇︎

organs

⬇︎

organ systems

⬇︎

organism

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22
Q

subatomic particles

A

parts of an atom

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23
Q

atom

A

smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

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24
Q

molecule

A

particle composed of two or more joined atoms

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25
Q

What is a macromolecule? Give examples.

A
  • very large molecule
  • protein, DNA, RNA, triglycerides
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26
Q

organelle

A

a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function

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27
Q

cell

A

basic unit of structure and function in all organisms

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28
Q

tissue

A

assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function

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29
Q

organ

A

structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function

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30
Q

organ system

A

group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function

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31
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

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32
Q

metabolism

A

all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life

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33
Q

requirements of organisms

A
  • water
  • food
  • oxygen
  • heat
  • pressure

(The quantities and qualities of these factors are also important to survival.)

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34
Q

What is the most abundant substance in the body? What is it used for?

A
  • water
  • required for a variety of metabolic processes and provides the environment for most of them
  • transports substances
  • important in regulating body temperature
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35
Q

What is food? What does it supply?

A
  • substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water
  • supplies energy and raw materials (via nutrients) for building new living matter
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36
Q

What gas makes up about 1/5 of the air? What is it used for in the body?

A
  • a gas that makes up about 1/5 of the air
  • used to release energy from nutrients that are then used to drive metabolic processes
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37
Q

What is heat and what does it have to do with metabolic reactions?

A
  • form of energy present in external environment and a product of metabolic reactions
  • partly controls rate of metabolic reactions; generally, more heat = faster reactions
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38
Q

What is pressure? Give examples.

A
  • an application of force on an object or substance
  • e.g. atmospheric pressure, the force on land organisms from the weight of the air above them, or hydrostatic pressure, the pressure a liquid exerts
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39
Q

temperature

A

a measure of the amount of heat

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40
Q

homeostasis

A

the body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment

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41
Q

internal environment

A

conditions inside the body, but surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid)

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42
Q

What is a homeostatic mechanism? What three components do all such mechanisms share?

A
  • any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body
  • receptors, a control center with a set point and effectors
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43
Q

receptor

A
  • specialized cell or structure that provides information about the environment
  • also, cell surface structures that bind particular molecules (ligands), transmitting a signal to inside the cell
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44
Q

effector

A

muscles or glands that cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment

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45
Q

What is negative feedback? Give examples.

A
  • a process that returns conditions to a set value and turns off the response once the correction is made
  • e.g. shivering, sweating
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46
Q

What is positive feedback? Give an example.

A
  • process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
  • e.g. labor contractions
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47
Q

normal range

A

range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of the healthy population

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48
Q

axial portion

A

the head, neck, and trunk

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49
Q

appendicular portion

A

upper and lower limbs

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50
Q

cranial cavity

A

cavity in the axial portion that holds the brain

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51
Q

oral cavity

A

contains the teeth and tongue

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52
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • inside the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum
  • several air-filled sinuses are connected, including the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses
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53
Q

orbital cavities

A

contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

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54
Q

middle ear cavities

A

contain the middle ear bones

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55
Q

vertebral canal (spinal cavity)

A

cavity in the axial portion that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of backbone (vertebrae)

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56
Q

serous membrane

A

membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; secretes serous fluid

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57
Q

serous fluid

A

secretion of a serous membrane

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58
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity? What are its walls made of and what lines it?

A
  • separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm and by the mediastinum into right and left compartments that contain the lungs
  • wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
  • lined with pleural membranes
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59
Q

pleural membranes

A
  • serous membranes lining the walls of the right and left compartments of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and the lungs (visceral pleura)
  • membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage
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60
Q

pleural cavity

A

potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

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61
Q

mediastinum

A
  • contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
  • region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
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62
Q

pericardial membranes

A

serous membranes that surround the heart

heart

⬇︎

visceral pericardium

⬇︎

serous fluid

⬇︎

parietal pericardium

⬇︎

fibrous pericardium

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63
Q

pericardial cavity

A

potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (filled with serous fluid)

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64
Q

Where is the abdominopelvic cavity, what are its walls made of, and what is it lined with?

A
  • extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor
  • walls are made of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
  • lined with peritoneal membranes: parietal and visceral peritoneum
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65
Q

Where is the abdominal cavity and what viscera does it contain?

A
  • separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
  • contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys and small and large intestines
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66
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity and what viscera does it contain?

A
  • basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones; hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and coxae
  • contains the terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
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67
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

potential space between visceral and parietal peritonea

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68
Q

What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?

A
  1. integumentary
  2. skeletal
  3. muscular
  4. endocrine
  5. nervous
  6. cardiovascular
  7. digestive
  8. lymphatic
  9. respiratory
  10. urinary
  11. reproductive
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69
Q

What does the integumentary system do, and what does it include?

A
  • protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, and supports sensory receptors
  • includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
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70
Q

What does the skeletal system do, and what does it include?

A
  • provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts
  • bones, ligaments, cartilages
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71
Q

What does the muscular system do, and what does it include?

A
  • causes movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
  • muscles
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72
Q

What does the nervous system do, and what does it include?

A
  • detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information, and stimulates muscles and glands
  • brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sense organs
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73
Q

What does the endocrine system do, and what does it include?

A
  • controls metabolic activities of body structures
  • glands that secret hormones: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
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74
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do, and what does it include?

A
  • moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body
  • heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
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75
Q

What does the lymphatic system do, and what does it include?

A
  • returns tissue fluid to the blood, carries certain absorbed food molecules, and defends the body against infection
  • lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
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76
Q

What does the digestive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • receives, breaks down, and absorbs food and eliminates unabsorbed material
  • mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines
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77
Q

What does the respiratory system do, and what does it include?

A
  • intake and output of air and exchange of gases between air and blood
  • nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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78
Q

What does the urinary system do, and what does it include?

A
  • removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and stores and transports urine
  • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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79
Q

What does the male reproductive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • produces and maintains sperm cells and transfers sperm cells into female reproductive tract
  • scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glad, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
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80
Q

What does the female reproductive system do, and what does it include?

A
  • produces and maintains egg cells, receives sperm cells, supports development of an embryo, and functions in birth process
  • ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
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81
Q

aging

A

changes in the body with the passage of time

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82
Q

anatomical position

A

standing erect, facing forward, with upper limbs at sides and palms forward

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83
Q

superior

A

a part above another part

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84
Q

inferior

A

a part below another part

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85
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward the front

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86
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward the back

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87
Q

medial

A

closer to the midline than another part

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88
Q

lateral

A

toward the side, farther from the midline than another part

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89
Q

bilateral

A

paired structures, one on each side

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90
Q

ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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91
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite sides

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92
Q

proximal

A

closer to a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)

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93
Q

distal

A

farther from a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)

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94
Q

superficial

A

near the surface

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95
Q

deep

A

more internal

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96
Q

sagittal

A

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions

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97
Q

midsagittal

A

a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions, along the midline

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98
Q

transverse (horizontal)

A

refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

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99
Q

cross section

A

a cut across a cylindrical organ

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100
Q

oblique section

A

an angular cut across a cylindrical organ

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101
Q

longitudinal section

A

a lengthwise cut in a cylindrical organ

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102
Q

body regions

A
  • epigastric region: upper middle
  • left and right hypochondriac regions: upper sides
  • umbilical region: middle
  • left and right lumbar regions: middle sides
  • hypogastric region: lower middle
  • left and right iliac regions: lower sides
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103
Q

abdominal quadrants

A

right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower

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104
Q

abdominal region

A

between the thorax and pelvis

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105
Q

acromial

A

point of the shoulder

106
Q

antebrachial

107
Q

antecubital

A

space in front of the elbow

108
Q

axillary

109
Q

brachial

110
Q

buccal

111
Q

carpal

112
Q

celiac

113
Q

cephalic

114
Q

cervical

115
Q

costal

116
Q

coxal

117
Q

crural

118
Q

cubital

119
Q

digital

A

finger or toe

120
Q

dorsum

121
Q

femoral

122
Q

frontal

123
Q

genital

A

reproductive organs

124
Q

gluteal

125
Q

inguinal

A

groin: depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh

126
Q

lumbar

A

region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis (loin)

127
Q

mammary

128
Q

mental

129
Q

nasal

130
Q

occipital

A

lower posterior region of the head

131
Q

oral

132
Q

orbital

A

eye cavity: the portion of the skull that encircles the eye

133
Q

otic

134
Q

palmar

A

palm of the hand

135
Q

patellar

A

front of the knee

136
Q

pectoral

137
Q

pedal

138
Q

pelvic

139
Q

perineal

A

region between the anus and external reproductive organs (perineum)

140
Q

plantar

A

sole of the foot

141
Q

popliteal

A

area behind the knee

142
Q

sacral

A

posterior region between the hipbones

143
Q

sternal

A

middle of the thorax, anteriorly

144
Q

sural

A

calf of the leg

145
Q

tarsal

A

ankle: instep of the foot

146
Q

umbilical

A

navel (umbilicus)

147
Q

vertebral

A

spinal column

148
Q

dermatology

A

study of skin and its diseases

149
Q

endocrinology

A

study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases

150
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population

151
Q

gastroenterology

A

study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases

152
Q

geriatrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems

153
Q

gerontology

A

study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals

154
Q

hematology

A

study of blood and blood diseases

155
Q

histology

A

study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)

156
Q

immunology

A

study of the body’s resistance to disease

157
Q

neonatology

A

study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders

158
Q

nephrology

A

study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys

159
Q

neurology

A

study of the nervous system in health and disease

160
Q

obstetrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth

161
Q

oncology

A

study of cancers

162
Q

ophthalmology

A

study of the eye and eye diseases

163
Q

orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with muscular and skeletal systems and their problems

164
Q

otolaryngology

A

study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases

165
Q

pathology

A

study of structural and functional changes in the body associated with disease

166
Q

pediatrics

A

branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases

167
Q

pharmacology

A

study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases

168
Q

podiatry

A

study of the care and treatment of the feet

169
Q

psychiatry

A

branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders

170
Q

radiology

A

study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases

171
Q

toxicology

A

study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology

172
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases

173
Q

appendicular

A

pertaining to the upper and lower limbs

174
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain

175
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain

176
Q

parietal membrane

A

membrane that lines the wall of a cavity

177
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of structure.

178
Q

Physiology

A

the study of function.

179
Q

Pathophysiology

A

the study of disorders of functioning.

180
Q

Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemical—inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living. 2. Cells—the smallest living units of the body. 3. Tissues—groups of cells with similar structure and function. 4. Organs—groups of tissues that contribute to spe- cific functions. 5. Organ systems—groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions (see Table 1–1 and Fig. 1–2). 6. Person—all the organ systems functioning prop- erly.
181
Q

Chemical

A

inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living.

182
Q

Cells

A

the smallest living units of the body.

183
Q

Tissues

A

groups of cells with similar structure and function.

184
Q

Organs

A

groups of tissues that contribute to specific functions.

185
Q

Organ systems

A

groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions

186
Q

Person

A

all the organ systems functioning properly.

187
Q

Metabolism is

A

the sum of all of the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body.

188
Q

Metabolic rate is

A

the amount of energy and heat production per unit of time.

189
Q

Homeostasis is

A

a state of good health maintained by the normal metabolism (functioning) of the organ systems.

190
Q

The body constantly responds to internal and external changes, yet remains

A

stable; bc its many aspects of metabolism are kept within normal limits (usually a range of values, not a single value).

191
Q

Negative feedback mechanism

A

a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again and there is a need for the response

192
Q

Positive feedback mechanism

A

a control system that requires an external interruption or brake. Has the potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore is rare in the body

193
Q

Body cavities and their membranes

A

1) Dorsal cavity—lined with membranes called meninges; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities. 2) Cranial cavity contains the brain. 3) Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord. Ventral cavity—the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; the pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity. 4) Thoracic cavity—contains the lungs and heart. 5) Pleural membranes line the chest wall and cover the lungs. 6) Pericardial membranes surround the heart. 7) Abdominal cavity—contains many organs including the stomach, liver, and intestines. 8) The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity; the mesentery covers the abdominal organs. 9) Pelvic cavity—contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

194
Q

The study of anatomy and physiology provides…

A
  1. The foundation for understanding all other basic life sciences 2. An understanding of how your body works under normal and abnormal circumstances 3. A basis for making common sense decisions about your own life.
195
Q

The study of internal and external body structures is…

196
Q

Reading the textbook and memorizing important facts will assure you of success in the A&P course…

197
Q

Physiology is the study of…

A

How living organisms perform functions

198
Q

The four basic building blocks of medical terms are…

A

Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms

199
Q

The worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary is…

A

Terminologia anatomica

200
Q

Anatomy and physiology are closely related because…

A
  1. Anatomical information provides clues about functions 2. All specific functions are performed by specific structures 3. Physiological mechanisms can be explained only in terms of underlying anatomy
201
Q

The study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called…

A

Surface anatomy

202
Q

The anatomical specialty that provides a bridge between the realms of macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy is…

A

Developmental anatomy

203
Q

The specialized study that analyzes the structure of individual cells is…

204
Q

The scientist who studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions would be classified as a…

A

Pathological physiologist

205
Q

The smallest living units in the body are…

206
Q

The level of organization that reflects the interactions between organ systems is the…

207
Q

The two regulatory systems in the human body are the…

A

Nervous and endocrine

208
Q

Homeostasis refers to…

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

209
Q

When a variation outside of normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation, the mechanism is called…

A

Negative feedback

210
Q

When an initial disturbance produces a response that exaggerates the disturbance, the mechanism is called…

A

Positive feedback

211
Q

An erect body, with the feet together, eyes directed forward, and the arms at the side of the body with the palms of the hands turned forward, represents the…

A

Anatomical position

212
Q

Moving from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a…

A

Proximal direction

213
Q

RLQ is an abbreviation used as a reference to designate a specific…

A

Abdominopelvic quadrant

214
Q

Making a Sagittal section results in the separation of…

A

Right and left portions of the body

215
Q

The two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the…

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

216
Q

The heart and lungs are located in the…

217
Q

The ventral body cavity is divided by a flat muscular sheet called the…

218
Q

The study of anatomy and physiology provides and explanation of how the body responds to normal and abnormal conditions and maintains…

A

Homeostasis

219
Q

Anatomy is the study of internal and external…

A

Body structures

220
Q

A comparative name for a structure that was originally named for a real or mythical person is an…

221
Q

A person who specializes in the study of tissue is called a…

A

Histologist

222
Q

The study of early developmental processes is called…

A

Embryology

223
Q

The study of the functions of the living cells is called…

A

Cell physiology

224
Q

In complex organisms such as the human being, cells unite to form…

225
Q

At the chemical level of organization, chemicals interact to form complex…

226
Q

An organ system is made up of structural units called…

227
Q

The kidneys, bladder, and ureters are organs that belong to the…

A

Urinary system

228
Q

The esophagus, large intestine, and stomach are organs that belong to the…

A

Digestive system

229
Q

The organ system to which the skin belongs is the…

A

Integumentary system

230
Q

The term that refers to the adjustments in physiological systems is…

A

Regulation

231
Q

When opposing processes or forces are in balance, it can be said that they have reached a state of…

A

Equilibrium

232
Q

When the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, or system change automatically due to environmental variation, the homeostatic mechanism that operates is called…

A

Auto regulation

233
Q

A response that is important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion rapidly is called…

A

Positive feedback

234
Q

The two systems often controlled by negative feedback mechanisms are the nervous and…

A

Endocrine systems

235
Q

Tenderness in the RUQ might indicate problems with the…

236
Q

A term that means “close to the long axis of the body” is…

237
Q

A term that means “away from an attached base” is…

238
Q

A horizontal or cross-section view of the human body at a right angle to the long axis of the body is a…

A

Transverse

239
Q

The subdivision of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart is the…

A

Pericardial cavity

240
Q

The region that lies between and separates the two pleural cavities is the…

A

Mediastinum

241
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the…

A

Peritoneal

242
Q

Proceeding through increasing levels of complexity in humans, the correct sequence is…

A

Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

243
Q

The field of developmental anatomy includes the study of…

A

Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

244
Q

The homeostatic mechanism of extrinsic regulation results from…

A

The activities of the nervous or endocrine system that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously

245
Q

Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, feet facing forward, and…

A

Arms hanging to sides and palms of hands facing forward with the thumbs located laterally

246
Q

Correct sequence that applies to the areas of the human body…

A

Anterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal

247
Q

In the negative feedback system, the process that triggers a response that corrects the situation is…

A

A variation outside of normal limits

248
Q

Suppose an individual’s body temperature is 37.3 C. This variation from the “normal” value may represent…

A

Individual variation rather than a homeostatic malfunction

249
Q

If the temperature of the body climbs above 99 F negative feedback regulation could trigger…

A

An increased heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating

250
Q

The term medial surface refers to an area…

A

Close to the long axis of the body

251
Q

The sectional plane that divides the body so the face remains intact is the…

A

Coronal plane

252
Q

Negative feedback systems…

A

Counteract the effects of a stimulus

253
Q

The specialist who investigates structures at the tissue level of organization is the…

A

Histologist

254
Q

The system responsible for internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes,and gases, is the…

A

Cardiovascular system

255
Q

The system responsible for defense against infection and disease is the…

256
Q

Activities of the nervous and endocrine systems to control or adjust the activities of many different systems simultaneously are…

A

Extrinsic regulation

257
Q

The system that performs crisis management by directing rapid, short-term, and very specific responses is the…

258
Q

The popliteal artery can be found near the…

259
Q

Tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen may indicate…

A

Appendicitis

260
Q

Moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the…

261
Q

To oppose any departure from the norm, physiological systems are typically regulated by…

A

Negative feedback

262
Q

If a surgeon makes a midsagittal incision in the inferior region of the thorax, the incision would be made through the…

Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology 16th Edition Welsh (33 decks)

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