Chapter 1 - Intro to Human Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
1
Q
append-
A
to hang something (appendicular)
2
Q
cere-
A
brain (cerebrum)
3
Q
cran-
A
helmet (cranial)
4
Q
dors-
A
back (dorsal)
5
Q
homeo-
A
same (homeostasis)
6
Q
-logy
A
the study of (physiology)
7
Q
meta-
A
change (metabolism)
8
Q
nas-
A
nose (nasal)
9
Q
orb-
A
circle (orbital)
10
Q
pariet-
A
wall (parietal membrane)
11
Q
pelv-
A
basin (pelvic cavity)
12
Q
peri-
A
around; (pericardial membrane)
13
Q
pleur-
A
rib (pleural membrane)
14
Q
-stasis
A
standing still (homeostasis)
15
Q
super-
A
above (superior)
16
Q
-tomy
A
cutting (anatomy)
17
Q
scientific method
A
- framework in which to consider ideas and evidence
- a key part of scientific inquiry
18
Q
anatomy
A
- branch of science dealing with the form and organization of body parts
- the study of structures, or morphology, of body parts
19
Q
physiology
A
the study of the functions of body parts
20
Q
It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because …
A
anatomical structures make possible their functions
21
Q
levels of organization in the human body
A
subatomic particles
⬇︎
atoms
⬇︎
molecules
⬇︎
macromolecules
⬇︎
organelles
⬇︎
cells
⬇︎
tissues
⬇︎
organs
⬇︎
organ systems
⬇︎
organism
22
Q
subatomic particles
A
parts of an atom
23
Q
atom
A
smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element
24
Q
molecule
A
particle composed of two or more joined atoms
25
What is a macromolecule? Give examples.
* very large molecule
* protein, DNA, RNA, triglycerides
26
organelle
a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function
27
cell
basic unit of structure and function in all organisms
28
tissue
assembled group of similar cells that performs a specialized function
29
organ
structure consisting of two or more tissues with a specialized function
30
organ system
group of organs coordinated to carry on a specialized function
31
organism
an individual living thing
32
metabolism
all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life
33
requirements of organisms
* water
* food
* oxygen
* heat
* pressure
(The quantities and qualities of these factors are also important to survival.)
34
What is the most abundant substance in the body? What is it used for?
* water
* required for a variety of metabolic processes and provides the environment for most of them
* transports substances
* important in regulating body temperature
35
What is food? What does it supply?
* substances that provide organisms with necessary chemicals (nutrients) and water
* supplies energy and raw materials (via nutrients) for building new living matter
36
What gas makes up about 1/5 of the air? What is it used for in the body?
* a gas that makes up about 1/5 of the air
* used to release energy from nutrients that are then used to drive metabolic processes
37
What is heat and what does it have to do with metabolic reactions?
* form of energy present in external environment and a product of metabolic reactions
* partly controls rate of metabolic reactions; generally, more heat = faster reactions
38
What is pressure? Give examples.
* an application of force on an object or substance
* e.g. atmospheric pressure, the force on land organisms from the weight of the air above them, or hydrostatic pressure, the pressure a liquid exerts
39
temperature
a measure of the amount of heat
40
homeostasis
the body's maintenance of a stable internal environment
41
internal environment
conditions inside the body, but surrounding the cells (extracellular fluid)
42
What is a homeostatic mechanism? What three components do all such mechanisms share?
* any of the control systems that help maintain a normal internal environment in the body
* receptors, a control center with a set point and effectors
43
receptor
* specialized cell or structure that provides information about the environment
* also, cell surface structures that bind particular molecules (ligands), transmitting a signal to inside the cell
44
effector
muscles or glands that cause responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
45
What is negative feedback? Give examples.
* a process that returns conditions to a set value and turns off the response once the correction is made
* e.g. shivering, sweating
46
What is positive feedback? Give an example.
* process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions
* e.g. labor contractions
47
normal range
range of values for a particular measurement obtained from a sample of the healthy population
48
axial portion
the head, neck, and trunk
49
appendicular portion
upper and lower limbs
50
cranial cavity
cavity in the axial portion that holds the brain
51
oral cavity
contains the teeth and tongue
52
nasal cavity
* inside the nose and divided into right and left portions by a nasal septum
* several air-filled sinuses are connected, including the sphenoidal and frontal sinuses
53
orbital cavities
contain the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves
54
middle ear cavities
contain the middle ear bones
55
vertebral canal (spinal cavity)
cavity in the axial portion that contains the spinal cord and is surrounded by sections of backbone (vertebrae)
56
serous membrane
membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body; secretes serous fluid
57
serous fluid
secretion of a serous membrane
58
Where is the thoracic cavity? What are its walls made of and what lines it?
* separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm and by the mediastinum into right and left compartments that contain the lungs
* wall is composed of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
* lined with pleural membranes
59
pleural membranes
* serous membranes lining the walls of the right and left compartments of the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and the lungs (visceral pleura)
* membrane that encloses the lungs within the rib cage
60
pleural cavity
potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
61
mediastinum
* contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus
* region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs
62
pericardial membranes
serous membranes that surround the heart
heart
⬇︎
visceral pericardium
⬇︎
serous fluid
⬇︎
parietal pericardium
⬇︎
fibrous pericardium
63
pericardial cavity
potential space between the visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (filled with serous fluid)
64
Where is the abdominopelvic cavity, what are its walls made of, and what is it lined with?
* extends from the diaphragm to the pelvic floor
* walls are made of skin, skeletal muscles, and bones
* lined with peritoneal membranes: parietal and visceral peritoneum
65
Where is the abdominal cavity and what viscera does it contain?
* separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
* contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, kidneys and small and large intestines
66
Where is the pelvic cavity and what viscera does it contain?
* basin-shaped cavity enclosed by the pelvic bones; hollow place within the ring formed by the sacrum and coxae
* contains the terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs
67
peritoneal cavity
potential space between visceral and parietal peritonea
68
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
1. integumentary
2. skeletal
3. muscular
4. endocrine
5. nervous
6. cardiovascular
7. digestive
8. lymphatic
9. respiratory
10. urinary
11. reproductive
69
What does the integumentary system do, and what does it include?
* protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, and supports sensory receptors
* includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
70
What does the skeletal system do, and what does it include?
* provides framework, protects soft tissues, provides attachments for muscles, produces blood cells, and stores inorganic salts
* bones, ligaments, cartilages
71
What does the muscular system do, and what does it include?
* causes movement, maintains posture, and produces body heat
* muscles
72
What does the nervous system do, and what does it include?
* detects changes, receives and interprets sensory information, and stimulates muscles and glands
* brain, nerves, spinal cord, and sense organs
73
What does the endocrine system do, and what does it include?
* controls metabolic activities of body structures
* glands that secret hormones: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus
74
What does the cardiovascular system do, and what does it include?
* moves blood through blood vessels and transports substances throughout the body
* heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
75
What does the lymphatic system do, and what does it include?
* returns tissue fluid to the blood, carries certain absorbed food molecules, and defends the body against infection
* lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
76
What does the digestive system do, and what does it include?
* receives, breaks down, and absorbs food and eliminates unabsorbed material
* mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and small and large intestines
77
What does the respiratory system do, and what does it include?
* intake and output of air and exchange of gases between air and blood
* nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
78
What does the urinary system do, and what does it include?
* removes wastes from blood, maintains water and electrolyte balance, and stores and transports urine
* kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
79
What does the male reproductive system do, and what does it include?
* produces and maintains sperm cells and transfers sperm cells into female reproductive tract
* scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glad, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
80
What does the female reproductive system do, and what does it include?
* produces and maintains egg cells, receives sperm cells, supports development of an embryo, and functions in birth process
* ovaries, uterine (Fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
81
aging
changes in the body with the passage of time
82
anatomical position
standing erect, facing forward, with upper limbs at sides and palms forward
83
superior
a part above another part
84
inferior
a part below another part
85
anterior (ventral)
toward the front
86
posterior (dorsal)
toward the back
87
medial
closer to the midline than another part
88
lateral
toward the side, farther from the midline than another part
89
bilateral
paired structures, one on each side
90
ipsilateral
on the same side
91
contralateral
on opposite sides
92
proximal
closer to a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)
93
distal
farther from a point of attachment to the trunk (or another part)
94
superficial
near the surface
95
deep
more internal
96
sagittal
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into right and left portions
97
midsagittal
a lengthwise cut that divides the body into equal left and right portions, along the midline
98
transverse (horizontal)
refers to a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
99
cross section
a cut across a cylindrical organ
100
oblique section
an angular cut across a cylindrical organ
101
longitudinal section
a lengthwise cut in a cylindrical organ
102
body regions
* epigastric region: upper middle
* left and right hypochondriac regions: upper sides
* umbilical region: middle
* left and right lumbar regions: middle sides
* hypogastric region: lower middle
* left and right iliac regions: lower sides
103
abdominal quadrants
right upper, right lower, left upper, left lower
104
abdominal region
between the thorax and pelvis
105
acromial
point of the shoulder
106
antebrachial
forearm
107
antecubital
space in front of the elbow
108
axillary
armpit
109
brachial
arm
110
buccal
cheek
111
carpal
wrist
112
celiac
abdomen
113
cephalic
head
114
cervical
neck
115
costal
ribs
116
coxal
hip
117
crural
leg
118
cubital
elbow
119
digital
finger or toe
120
dorsum
back
121
femoral
thigh
122
frontal
forehead
123
genital
reproductive organs
124
gluteal
buttocks
125
inguinal
groin: depressed area of the abdominal wall near the thigh
126
lumbar
region of the lower back between the ribs and pelvis (loin)
127
mammary
breast
128
mental
chin
129
nasal
nose
130
occipital
lower posterior region of the head
131
oral
mouth
132
orbital
eye cavity: the portion of the skull that encircles the eye
133
otic
ear
134
palmar
palm of the hand
135
patellar
front of the knee
136
pectoral
chest
137
pedal
foot
138
pelvic
pelvis
139
perineal
region between the anus and external reproductive organs (perineum)
140
plantar
sole of the foot
141
popliteal
area behind the knee
142
sacral
posterior region between the hipbones
143
sternal
middle of the thorax, anteriorly
144
sural
calf of the leg
145
tarsal
ankle: instep of the foot
146
umbilical
navel (umbilicus)
147
vertebral
spinal column
148
dermatology
study of skin and its diseases
149
endocrinology
study of hormones, hormone-secreting glands, and associated diseases
150
epidemiology
study of the factors that contribute to determining the distribution and frequency of health-related conditions within a defined human population
151
gastroenterology
study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases
152
geriatrics
branch of medicine dealing with older individuals and their medical problems
153
gerontology
study of the process of aging and the various problems of older individuals
154
hematology
study of blood and blood diseases
155
histology
study of the structure and function of tissues (microscopic anatomy)
156
immunology
study of the body's resistance to disease
157
neonatology
study of newborns and the treatment of their disorders
158
nephrology
study of the structure, function and diseases of the kidneys
159
neurology
study of the nervous system in health and disease
160
obstetrics
branch of medicine dealing with pregnancy and childbirth
161
oncology
study of cancers
162
ophthalmology
study of the eye and eye diseases
163
orthopedics
branch of medicine dealing with muscular and skeletal systems and their problems
164
otolaryngology
study of the ear, throat, larynx, and their diseases
165
pathology
study of structural and functional changes in the body associated with disease
166
pediatrics
branch of medicine dealing with children and their diseases
167
pharmacology
study of drugs and their uses in the treatment of diseases
168
podiatry
study of the care and treatment of the feet
169
psychiatry
branch of medicine dealing with the mind and its disorders
170
radiology
study of X-rays and radioactive substances and their uses in diagnosing and treating diseases
171
toxicology
study of poisonous substances and their effects on physiology
172
urology
branch of medicine dealing with the urinary and male reproductive systems and their diseases
173
appendicular
pertaining to the upper and lower limbs
174
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
175
cranial
pertaining to the part of the skull that surrounds the brain
176
parietal membrane
membrane that lines the wall of a cavity
177
Anatomy
the study of structure.
178
Physiology
the study of function.
179
Pathophysiology
the study of disorders of functioning.
180
Levels of Organization
1. Chemical—inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living. 2. Cells—the smallest living units of the body. 3. Tissues—groups of cells with similar structure and function. 4. Organs—groups of tissues that contribute to spe- cific functions. 5. Organ systems—groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions (see Table 1–1 and Fig. 1–2). 6. Person—all the organ systems functioning prop- erly.
181
Chemical
inorganic and organic chemicals make up all matter, both living and non-living.
182
Cells
the smallest living units of the body.
183
Tissues
groups of cells with similar structure and function.
184
Organs
groups of tissues that contribute to specific functions.
185
Organ systems
groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions
186
Person
all the organ systems functioning properly.
187
Metabolism is
the sum of all of the chemical and physical changes that take place in the body.
188
Metabolic rate is
the amount of energy and heat production per unit of time.
189
Homeostasis is
a state of good health maintained by the normal metabolism (functioning) of the organ systems.
190
The body constantly responds to internal and external changes, yet remains
stable; bc its many aspects of metabolism are kept within normal limits (usually a range of values, not a single value).
191
Negative feedback mechanism
a control system in which a stimulus initiates a response that reverses or reduces the stimulus, thereby stopping the response until the stimulus occurs again and there is a need for the response
192
Positive feedback mechanism
a control system that requires an external interruption or brake. Has the potential to become a self-perpetuating and harmful cycle, therefore is rare in the body
193
Body cavities and their membranes
1) Dorsal cavity—lined with membranes called meninges; consists of the cranial and vertebral cavities. 2) Cranial cavity contains the brain. 3) Vertebral cavity contains the spinal cord. Ventral cavity—the diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; the pelvic cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity. 4) Thoracic cavity—contains the lungs and heart. 5) Pleural membranes line the chest wall and cover the lungs. 6) Pericardial membranes surround the heart. 7) Abdominal cavity—contains many organs including the stomach, liver, and intestines. 8) The peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity; the mesentery covers the abdominal organs. 9) Pelvic cavity—contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
194
The study of anatomy and physiology provides...
1. The foundation for understanding all other basic life sciences 2. An understanding of how your body works under normal and abnormal circumstances 3. A basis for making common sense decisions about your own life.
195
The study of internal and external body structures is...
Anatomy
196
Reading the textbook and memorizing important facts will assure you of success in the A&P course...
False
197
Physiology is the study of...
How living organisms perform functions
198
The four basic building blocks of medical terms are...
Word roots, prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
199
The worldwide official standard of anatomical vocabulary is...
Terminologia anatomica
200
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because...
1. Anatomical information provides clues about functions 2. All specific functions are performed by specific structures 3. Physiological mechanisms can be explained only in terms of underlying anatomy
201
The study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called...
Surface anatomy
202
The anatomical specialty that provides a bridge between the realms of macroscopic anatomy and microscopic anatomy is...
Developmental anatomy
203
The specialized study that analyzes the structure of individual cells is...
Cytology
204
The scientist who studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions would be classified as a...
Pathological physiologist
205
The smallest living units in the body are...
Cells
206
The level of organization that reflects the interactions between organ systems is the...
Organism
207
The two regulatory systems in the human body are the...
Nervous and endocrine
208
Homeostasis refers to...
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
209
When a variation outside of normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation, the mechanism is called...
Negative feedback
210
When an initial disturbance produces a response that exaggerates the disturbance, the mechanism is called...
Positive feedback
211
An erect body, with the feet together, eyes directed forward, and the arms at the side of the body with the palms of the hands turned forward, represents the...
Anatomical position
212
Moving from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a...
Proximal direction
213
RLQ is an abbreviation used as a reference to designate a specific...
Abdominopelvic quadrant
214
Making a Sagittal section results in the separation of...
Right and left portions of the body
215
The two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the...
Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
216
The heart and lungs are located in the...
Thoracic
217
The ventral body cavity is divided by a flat muscular sheet called the...
Diaphragm
218
The study of anatomy and physiology provides and explanation of how the body responds to normal and abnormal conditions and maintains...
Homeostasis
219
Anatomy is the study of internal and external...
Body structures
220
A comparative name for a structure that was originally named for a real or mythical person is an...
Eponym
221
A person who specializes in the study of tissue is called a...
Histologist
222
The study of early developmental processes is called...
Embryology
223
The study of the functions of the living cells is called...
Cell physiology
224
In complex organisms such as the human being, cells unite to form...
Tissues
225
At the chemical level of organization, chemicals interact to form complex...
Molecules
226
An organ system is made up of structural units called...
Organs
227
The kidneys, bladder, and ureters are organs that belong to the...
Urinary system
228
The esophagus, large intestine, and stomach are organs that belong to the...
Digestive system
229
The organ system to which the skin belongs is the...
Integumentary system
230
The term that refers to the adjustments in physiological systems is...
Regulation
231
When opposing processes or forces are in balance, it can be said that they have reached a state of...
Equilibrium
232
When the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, or system change automatically due to environmental variation, the homeostatic mechanism that operates is called...
Auto regulation
233
A response that is important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion rapidly is called...
Positive feedback
234
The two systems often controlled by negative feedback mechanisms are the nervous and...
Endocrine systems
235
Tenderness in the RUQ might indicate problems with the...
Liver
236
A term that means "close to the long axis of the body" is...
Medial
237
A term that means "away from an attached base" is...
Distal
238
A horizontal or cross-section view of the human body at a right angle to the long axis of the body is a...
Transverse
239
The subdivision of the thoracic cavity that houses the heart is the...
Pericardial cavity
240
The region that lies between and separates the two pleural cavities is the...
Mediastinum
241
The abdominopelvic cavity is also known as the...
Peritoneal
242
Proceeding through increasing levels of complexity in humans, the correct sequence is...
Molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
243
The field of developmental anatomy includes the study of...
Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
244
The homeostatic mechanism of extrinsic regulation results from...
The activities of the nervous or endocrine system that control or adjust the activities of many other systems simultaneously
245
Anatomical position refers to a person standing erect, feet facing forward, and...
Arms hanging to sides and palms of hands facing forward with the thumbs located laterally
246
Correct sequence that applies to the areas of the human body...
Anterior, dorsal, cephalic, caudal
247
In the negative feedback system, the process that triggers a response that corrects the situation is...
A variation outside of normal limits
248
Suppose an individual's body temperature is 37.3 C. This variation from the "normal" value may represent...
Individual variation rather than a homeostatic malfunction
249
If the temperature of the body climbs above 99 F negative feedback regulation could trigger...
An increased heat loss through enhanced blood flow to the skin and sweating
250
The term medial surface refers to an area...
Close to the long axis of the body
251
The sectional plane that divides the body so the face remains intact is the...
Coronal plane
252
Negative feedback systems...
Counteract the effects of a stimulus
253
The specialist who investigates structures at the tissue level of organization is the...
Histologist
254
The system responsible for internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes,and gases, is the...
Cardiovascular system
255
The system responsible for defense against infection and disease is the...
Lymphatic
256
Activities of the nervous and endocrine systems to control or adjust the activities of many different systems simultaneously are...
Extrinsic regulation
257
The system that performs crisis management by directing rapid, short-term, and very specific responses is the...
Nervous
258
The popliteal artery can be found near the...
Knee
259
Tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen may indicate...
Appendicitis
260
Moving proximally from the wrist brings you to the...
Elbow
261
To oppose any departure from the norm, physiological systems are typically regulated by...
Negative feedback
262
If a surgeon makes a midsagittal incision in the inferior region of the thorax, the incision would be made through the...
Sternum
