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Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology 16th Edition Welsh > Chapter 3 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

apo-

A

away, off, apart

(apoptosis)

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2
Q

cyt-

A

cell

(cytoplasm)

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3
Q

endo-

A

within

(endoplasmic reticulum)

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4
Q

hyper-

A

above

(hypertonic)

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5
Q

hypo-

A

below

(hypotonic)

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6
Q

inter-

A

between

(interphase)

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7
Q

iso-

A

equal

(isotonic)

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8
Q

lys-

A

to break up

(lysosome)

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9
Q

mit-

A

thread

(mitosis)

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10
Q

phag-

A

to eat

(phagocytosis)

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11
Q

pino-

A

to drink

(pinocytosis)

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12
Q

pro-

A

before

(prophase)

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13
Q

-som

A

body

(ribosome)

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14
Q

vesic-

A

bladder

(vesicle)

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15
Q

micrometer

A

one thousandth of a millimeter

(μm)

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16
Q

How many cells does an adult human body have?

A

50 trillion to 100 trillion, or about 75 trillion

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17
Q

differentiation

A

cell specialization

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18
Q

3 major parts of a human cell

A
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
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19
Q

nucleus

A

cellular organelle enclosed by a double bilayer nuclear envelope and containing DNA

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20
Q

cytoplasm

A

the contents of a cell including cytosol and organelles, excluding the nucleus, enclosed by the cell membrane

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21
Q

cell membrane

(plasma membrane)

A
  • the selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
  • maintains integrity of cell
  • provides for signal transduction
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22
Q

organelle

A

a structure or compartment in cells that houses the biochemical reactions that carry out a specific function

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23
Q

cytosol

A

gel-like fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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24
Q

hydrophilic

A

water-soluble

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25
Q

cellular adhesion molecule (CAM)

A
  • enable cells to stick to each other
  • e.g. white blood cells at injury site or cells forming a placenta
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26
Q

integral proteins

A
  • span the cell membrane
  • form pores, channels, and carriers in cell membrane
  • transduce signals
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27
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze chemical reactions

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28
Q

cell surface proteins

A

establish “self”

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29
Q

peripheral protein

A

projects from the membrane’s outer surface (includes CAMs)

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30
Q

transmembrane protein

A
  • extends outside the cell membrane at one end and dips into the cytoplasm on the inside
  • many act as receptors, binding to specific incoming molecules such as hormones, triggering responses from within the cell
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31
Q

ribosomes

A
  • tiny, spherical, nonmembranous structures composed of protein and RNA
  • synthesize proteins
  • scattered in cytoplasm (free) or bound to endoplasmic reticulum (membrane-bound)
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32
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • complex of interconnected membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
  • transports materials within the cell
  • provides attachment for ribosomes (rough ER)
  • synthesizes lipids (smooth ER)
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33
Q

rough ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A
  • closer to nuclear envelope and studded with ribosomes
  • proteins are bound to sugar molecules (glycoproteins) in ER and move to Golgi apparatus for processing
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34
Q

smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum)

A
  • closer to cell membrane
  • no ribosomes
  • synthesizes lipids
  • contains enzymes important in fat absorption and drug breakdown
  • abundant in liver
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35
Q

vesicles

A
  • membranous sacs
  • hold and transport substances that are newly synthesized or recently entered the cell
  • vesicle trafficking: movement of substances into and out of cells by fleets of vesicles
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36
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stack of flattened, membranous sacs (cisternae)
  • refines and packages proteins synthesized on rough ER for transport or secretion
37
Q

exocytosis

A

a vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell

38
Q

mitochondria

A
  • “powerhouse” of the cell
  • membranous sacs with double membrane
  • inner partitions created by folds in the inner membrane (cristae)
  • moves slowly and can divide
  • releases energy from nutrients and converts it to a usable form (adenosine triphosphate, or ATP)
39
Q

matrix

A

fluid inside mitochondria

40
Q

lysosomes

A
  • “garbage disposals” of the cell
  • tiny, membranous sacs that bud off Golgi membranes
  • contain enzymes capable of digesting worn cell parts or substances that enter cells
41
Q

autophagy

A
  • “eating self”
  • process of the cell’s disposing of its own trash
42
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • membranous sacs
  • contain enzymes that catalyze metabolic reactions
43
Q

centrosome

(central body)

A

nonmembranous structure near nucleus composed of two rodlike centrioles

44
Q

cilia

A
  • microscopic hairlike extensions (motile projections) attached to a basal body beneath the cell membrane
  • propel fluids over the cell’s surface
  • some receive biochemical signals and guide cell movements
45
Q

flagellum

A
  • relatively long, motile projection attached to a basal body beneath the cell membrane of a sperm cell
  • enables the cell to move
46
Q

microfilaments

A
  • tiny rods of the protein actin
  • form meshworks or bundles and provide cellular movements (e.g. myofibrils)
47
Q

microtubules

A
  • hollow rod made of the protein tubulin
  • usually rigid
  • provide the framework of the cell, movement of cilia and flagella, and transportation of organelles
48
Q

nuclear envelope

A
  • selectively permeable double lipid bilayer membrane that separates nuclear contents from cytoplasm
  • membranes are joined at openings (nuclear pores)
49
Q

nuclear pore

A

channels that allow certain dissolved substances (e.g. RNA molecules, ribosomes) to move between nucleus and cytoplasm

50
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid inside nucleus

51
Q

nucleolus

A
  • “little nucleus”
  • dense, nonmembranous body made of RNA and protein
  • site of ribosome formation
52
Q

chromatin

A
  • fibers composed of DNA and protein
  • carries information for synthesizing proteins
53
Q

centrioles

A
  • cylinders made of nine groups of three microtubules
  • lie at right angles to each other
  • distribute chromosomes during cell division
  • form parts of cilia and flagella (basal bodies)
54
Q

cytoskeleton

A
  • system of microtubules and microfilaments
  • reinforces a cell’s form and provides scaffolding and transport pathways for organelles
55
Q

myofibrils

A

threadlike bundles of filaments in muscle cells

56
Q

diffusion (simple diffusion)

A

passive (physical) process in which molecules move through the phospholipid bilayer from regions of higher concentration toward regions of lower concentration

57
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

passive (physical) process in which ions move through channels or molecules move by carrier molecules across the membrane from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

58
Q

osmosis

A

passive (physical) process in which water molecules move through a selectively permeable membrane toward the solution with more impermeant solute (greater osmotic pressure)

59
Q

filtration

A

passive (physical) process in which smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes from regions of higher hydrostatic pressure to regions of lower hydrostatic pressure

60
Q

active transport

A

active (physiological) process in which carrier molecules transport molecules or ions through membranes from regions of lower concentration toward regions of higher concentration

61
Q

pinocytosis (endocytosis)

A

active (physiological) process in which a membrane engulfs droplets of liquid from surroundings

62
Q

phagocytosis (endocytosis)

A

active (physiological) process in which the membrane engulfs solid particles from surroundings (e.g. white blood cell membrane engulfing bacteria)

63
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

active (physiological) process in which in which the membrane engulfs selected molecules combined with receptor proteins

64
Q

exocytosis

A

active (physiological) process in which vesicles fuse with membrane and release contents outside the cell

65
Q

cell cycle (3 stages)

A

series of changes that a cell undergoes, from formation to division

  • interphase
  • mitosis
  • cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
66
Q

interphase (3 phases)

A

period between cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares for division

  • G₁ phase
  • Restriction checkpoint
  • S phase
  • G₂ phase

(G stands for gap or growth)

67
Q

mitosis (4 phases)

A

division of a somatic cell nucleus during cell division

  • prophase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telophase
68
Q

prophase (mitosis)

A

> chromatin condenses into chromosomes

> centrioles move to opposite sides of cytoplasm

> nuclear membrane and nucleolus disperse

> microtubules assemble and associate with centrioles and chromatids of chromosomes

69
Q

metaphase (mitosis)

A

> spindle fibers from the centrioles attach to the centromeres of each chromosome

> chromosomes align midway between centrioles

70
Q

anaphase (mitosis)

A

> centromeres separate

> chromatids separate

> spindle fibers shorten and pull individual chromosomes toward centrioles

71
Q

telophase (mitosis)

A

> chromosomes elongate and form chromatin threads

> nuclear membranes form around each chromosome set

> nucleoli form

> microtubules break down

72
Q

cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

A
  • begins during anaphase, continues through telophase
  • cell membrane constricts around the middle via microfilaments and, after telophase, pinches off into two cells
73
Q

How many times do most human cells divide when grown in a lab?

A

40-60

74
Q

What are telomeres? How do they affect cell division?

A
  • repeating sequence of six nucleotides at the tips of chromosomes that wears down during mitosis
  • when worn down too far, the cell stops dividing
75
Q

tumor

A

tissue mass formed when cells lose division control

76
Q

two major types of genes that cause cancer

A
  • oncogenes
  • tumor suppressor genes
77
Q

oncogenes

A

abnormal variants of genes that normally control the cell cycle, but are overexpressed, increasing cell division rate

78
Q

What do tumor suppressor genes do? How can they cause cancer?

A
  • normally control mitosis
  • when absent or inactivated, uncontrolled cell division leads to cancer
79
Q

G₁ and G₂ phases (interphase)

A
  • cell growth
  • specific molecules and structures duplicate
80
Q

Restriction checkpoint (interphase)

A
  • formed by actions of several types of proteins
  • determines if it will divide, stop dividing, or die
81
Q

What happens during S phase (interphase)?

A

genetic material replicates

82
Q

What makes stem cells unique?

A

they retain the ability to divide repeatedly, have the potential to become any type of cell, and self-renew

83
Q

When a stem cell divides, what kind of cells can be made?

A

two stem cells or one stem cell and a progenitor cell

84
Q

What is a progenitor cell, what type of cell divides to produce it, and what kind of potential does it have?

A
  • partly specialized cell
  • comes from a stem cell
  • is pluripotent
85
Q

pluripotent

A

a cell whose daughter cells can follow any of several differentiation pathways

86
Q

totipotent

A

stem cells that can divide to become any kind of cell in the body

87
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

88
Q

What functions does apoptosis serve? How is it initiated? How long does it take?

A
  • aids in development by carving away webbing between digits, pruning extra brain cells, and getting rid of any immune system cells that don’t recognize the body’s cell surface
  • peels away damaged skin after sunburn
  • a “death receptor” on the cell’s surface gets a signal
  • less than an hour

Hole’s Human Anatomy & Physiology 16th Edition Welsh (33 decks)

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