Chapter 5 - Tissues Flashcards
adip-
fat (adipose)
chondr-
cartilage (chondrocyte)
-cyt
cell (osteocyte)
epi-
upon, after, in addition (epithelial tissue)
-glia
glue (neuroglia)
hist-
tissue (histology)
hyal-
resemblance to glass (hyaline cartilage)
inter-
among, between (intercalated disc)
macr-
large (macrophage)
neur-
nerve (neuron)
os-
bone (osseous tissue)
phag-
to eat (phagocyte)
pseud-
false (pseudostratified epithelium)
squam-
scale (squamous epithelium)
strat-
layer (stratified epithelium)
stria-
groove (striations)
tissue
layers or groups of similar cells with a common function
What is an intercellular junction? Name four types, including the specialized junctions in cardiac muscle.
site of union between cells
- gap junction
- tight junction
- desmosome
- intercalated disc
proteomics
the study of the entire complement of proteins that is or can be expressed by a cell, tissue, or organism (proteomes) and their functions
Name the four major types of tissues in the human body.
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
histology
the study of tissues
How do tight junctions connect cells? Give an example.
- close space between cells by fusing cell membranes
- cells lining the small intestine
How do desmosomes bind cells? Give an example.
- by forming “spot welds” between cell membranes
- cells of the outer skin layer
How does a gap junction connect cells? Give an example.
- by forming tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of substances
- muscle cells of the heart (intercalated disc) and digestive tract
Name three distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.
- lack blood vessels
- cells readily divide
- cells are tightly packed
Where are epithelial tissues found in the body?
- covering body surface
- covering and lining internal organs
- composing glands
What functions do epithelial tissues serve?
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
- excretion
Name two distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue.
- mostly have good blood supply
- cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between
Where are connective tissues found in the body?
widely distributed throughout
What functions do connective tissues serve?
- bind
- support
- protect
- fill spaces
- store fat
- produce blood cells
What is a distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue?
able to contract in response to specific stimuli
Where are muscle tissues found in the body?
- attached to bones
- in walls of hollow internal organs
- heart
What function does muscle tissue serve?
movement
What distinguishes nervous tissue?
cells communicate with each other and other body parts
Where is nervous tissue found in the body?
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
What functions does nervous tissue serve?
conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception
Describe simple squamous epithelium. What are its functions, and where is it found?
- a single layer of flattened cells
- common at sites of diffusion and filtration
- lines the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, forms the walls of capillaries, lines the insides of blood and lymph vessels and is part of parietal and visceral membranes
Describe simple cuboidal epithelium. What are its functions, and where is it found?
- single layer of cube-shaped cells
- secretion and absorption
- surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubules, and linings of ducts of glands where the free surface faces the hollow channel (lumen)
Describe simple columnar epithelium. What are its functions, and where is it found?
- single layer of elongated cells
- protection, secretion, absorption
- linings of uterus, stomach and intestines
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium. What are its functions, and where is it found?
- single layer of elongated cells
- protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
- linings of respiratory passages
Describe stratified squamous epithelium. What is its function and where is it found?
- many layers with flattened apical (top) cells over cuboidal or polyhedral cells
- protection
- outer layer of skin; linings of oral cavity, vagina and anal canal; uterine cervix; distal female urethra; spongy urethra (male)
Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium. What is its function and where is it found?
- two to three layers of cube-shaped cells
- protection
- linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas
Describe stratified columnar epithelium. What are its functions and where is it found?
- top layer of elongated cells with lower layers of cube-shaped cells
- protection and secretion
- membranous and spongy parts of the male urethra, lining of larger excretory ducts (e.g. salivary gland ducts), conjunctiva of the eye, nasopharynx and nasal side of soft palate
Describe transitional epithelium. What are its functions and where is it found?
- many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells
- distensibility and protection
- inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
Describe glandular epithelium. What is its function and where is it found?
- unicellular or multicellular
- secretion
- salivary, sweat and endocrine glands
Name the six components of connective tissue.
- fibroblasts
- macrophages
- mast cells
- collagenous fibers (white)
- elastic fibers (yellow)
- reticular fibers
Describe fibroblasts. What do they do?
- widely distributed, large, star-shaped cells in connective tissue
- secrete proteins that become fibers
Describe macrophages. What do they do?
- motile cells sometimes attached to fibers in connective tissue
- clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis
Describe mast cells. What do they do?
- large cells, usually near blood vessels in connective tissue
- release substances that may help prevent blood clotting (heparin) and promote inflammation (histamine)
Describe collagenous fibers. What do they do?
- thick, threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength in connective tissue
- hold structures together
Describe elastic fibers. What do they do?
- bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin in connective tissue
- provide elastic quality to parts that stretch
Describe reticular fibers. What do they do?
- thin fibers of collagen in connective tissue
- form delicate supportive networks within tissues
Name the 11 connective tissues.
- areolar connective tissue
- adipose connective tissue
- reticular connective tissue
- dense regular connective tissue
- dense irregular connective tissue
- elastic connective tissue
- hyaline cartilage
- elastic cartilage
- fibrocartilage
- bone
- blood
Describe areolar connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid gel matrix
- binds organs
- beneath the skin, surrounds organs
Describe adipose connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid-gel matrix
- protects, insulates, and stores fat
- beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart
Describe reticular connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid-gel matrix
- supports
- walls of liver and spleen
Describe dense regular connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid-gel matrix
- binds body parts
- tendons, ligaments
Describe dense irregular connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid-gel matrix
- sustains tissue tension
- dermis
Describe elastic connective tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in fluid-gel matrix
- provides elastic quality
- connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries and airways
Describe hyaline cartilage. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in solid-gel matrix
- supports, protects, provides framework
- ends of bones, nose, and rings in walls of respiratory passages
Describe elastic cartilage. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in solid-gel matrix
- supports, protects, absorbs shock
- between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle, knee
Describe fibrocartilage. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in solid-gel matrix
- supports, protects, absorbs shock
- between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvic girdle, knee
Describe bone. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells in solid matrix
- supports, protects, provides framework
- bones of skeleton, middle ear
Describe blood. What does it do and where is it found?
- cells and platelets in fluid matrix (plasma)
- transports gases, defends against disease, clotting
- throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
Name the three major types of epithelial membranes.
- serous
- mucous
- cutaneous
What does a serous membrane consist of?
a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
Do all mucous membranes have the same epithelial tissue?
no
What do mucous membranes consist of?
epithelium overlying a layer of areolar connective tissue
What type of cells in mucous membranes secrete mucus?
goblet cells
What is the cutaneous membrane?
skin
What membrane is made entirely of connective tissue?
synovial membrane
Name the three types of muscle tissue and how they’re stimulated.
- cardiac: involuntary, doesn’t need nervous stimulation
- skeletal: voluntary; requires nervous stimulation
- smooth: involuntary; requires nervous stimulation
Describe cardiac muscle tissue. What does it do and where is it found? What makes it different?
- branched cells, striated, single nucleus
- heart movements
- heart muscle
- voluntary; doesn’t require nervous stimulation; specialized intercellular junctions called intercalated discs
Describe skeletal muscle tissue. What does it do and where is it found? How is it different?
- long, threadlike cells, striated, many nuclei
- voluntary movements of skeletal parts
- muscles usually attached to bones
- voluntary (controlled by conscious effort); requires nervous stimulation
Describe smooth muscle tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- shorter, spindle-shaped cells; single, central nucleus
- involuntary movements of internal organs
- walls of hollow internal organs
- involuntary;
Describe nervous tissue. What does it do and where is it found?
- cell with cytoplasmic extensions (axons and dendrites)
- sensory reception and conduction of electrical impulses
- brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
dendrite
cytoplasmic process of neurons that receives incoming signals and transmits those signals along axons
axon
cellular process along which dendrites send electrical impulses to other neurons, muscles, or glands
neuron
basic cells of nervous tissue that sense changes in their surroundings and send and receive signals
What are neuroglia (glial cells) and what do they do?
- cells in nervous tissue surrounding neurons
- they divide, support and bind components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply growth factors and nutrients to neurons
intercalated disc
specialized intercellular junction found only in cardiac muscle tissue
What are general characteristics of muscle tissues?
contractile: can shorten and thicken
elongated cells are called muscle fibers
What do white blood cells do and where do they do it?
- fight infection
- major activities in connective tissues; typically migrate from the blood through capillary walls
What do red blood cells do and where do they do it?
- transport gases
- in blood vessels and heart chambers only
What are platelets and what do they do?
- cellular fragments in the blood
- involved in blood clotting
gap junction
intercalated disc
tight junction
