Test 8 - Theory of Design Flashcards
4 Principles of RCL?
- If two equal weights can be fired in the opposite directions at equal velocity the weapon will be recoilless
- possible to use a counter shot of half the weight if it can be fired at twice the velocity
- counter shot replaced by stream of very light gas
- obturated breech is replaced by the venturi
3 Advantages of RCL Systems?
- No Recoil
- Low Weight
- Man Portable (84mm)
3 Disadvantages of RCL Systems?
- Low Velocity
- Flash / Dust Signature
- Large propelling charge
What replaces the breech obturator in RCL systems?
- Venturi
2 + 1 Sections of FFRs?
- Motor (including combustion chamber, fins and nozzle)
- Warhead (including fuze)
- Launcher
6 Components of an FFR rocket motor?
C - Casing P - Propellant C - Combustion Chamber F - Fins (if not spin stabilised) I - Igniter N - Nozzle (s)
6 Types of Warheads for FFRs?
- Nuclear
- HE
- Chem (incl smoke)
- Sub Munitions
- Terminally Guided Munitions
- Prac
4 Characteristics of FFRs?
C - Casing strong to withstand the pressure/temp of combustion
O - Only use boost motors
M - Made of various steels
D - De Laval nozzles normally used (convergent - Divergent)
What 3 factors affect the accuracy of FFRs?
- Surface Cross Winds
- Burning Rate of Propellant
- Launcher induced Errors
What is the main type of propellant used in FFRs?
Solid Propellant
4 Ways to overcome thrust misalignment in FFRs?
- Manufacturing to closer tolerances
- Impart a slower rate of spin
- Reduced rocket motor burning time
- Addition of fins
What is the type of Nozzle used in FFRs and how does it work?
- De Laval Nozzle
- High pressure sub sonic gas is transferred into low pressure super sonic gas.
Define Grenade?
- Small explosive store designed for projection by hand or from a personal weapon.
3 Design Categories for Grenades?
- Hand Thrown
- Projected - Rifle launched/gun fired
- Discharger - weapon/vehicle launched
8 Types of Payload/filling for Grenades?
- HE Anti Pers
- HEAT
- Smk
- Chem
- Flash
- Incendiary
- Prac
- Illum
5 Components of a Grenade?
- Body
- Filling
- Frag
- Fuze Cavity
- Fuze
6 Components of a Grenade Fuze?
S - Safety Pin S - Striker / Percussion Cap S - Spring F - Fly off lever D - Detonator D - Delay Pellet
2 Types of HE Grenades?
- Offensive (Blast)
- Defensive (Blast and Frag)
2 Types of Smk Grenades?
- Signalling
- Screening
Define SAA?
Ammunition for weapons such as pistols, rifles and machine guns below 20mm in calibre.
** 4 Components / Main Parts of SAA
- CC
- Ignition System
- Propellant Charge
- Projectile
** 4 Influences/ contour factors for SAA CC?
- Role of the ammo
- Type of weapon
- Projectile design
- Ignition system
A SAA CC must HAVE THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS? (4)
R - Resist corrosion
C - Contract to allow extraction
B - Be sufficiently expandable to provide obturation
S - Strong enough to withstand transportation and handling
How are large propellant charges accommodated in SAA CC’s?
- Made larger than the diameter of the proj
- Necked down at the forward end
What ideal combination of attributes does Brass provide? (4)
- Strength
- Hardness
- Elasticity
- Resistance
How is Brass CC manufactured?
- Drawn from a disc, stamped from a sheet
- Deep drawing done in several stages
Why is a soft mouth necessary for SAA CC? (3)
- Expand as soon as pressure rises in chamber?
- Establishes an early seal
- Prevents gas leakage
Why is a hard base necessary for SAA CC? (2)
- Withstand internal pressure and rearward thrust from propellant gases
- Stresses applied by extractors
The projectile must be secured to the mouth of the CC to provide what? (3)
- Seal against moisture
- Prevent accidental removal
- Retention by the CC to allow gas pressure build up.
6 Methods of attaching SAA Projectiles to CCs?
P - Press fit I - Indenting S - Stabbing C - Coning C - Crimping C - Canneluring
** 4 Types of Bases to be used in SAA?
- Rimmed
- Rimless
- Semi-Rimmed
- Belted
** Method of ignition for SAA?
- Relies on a striker impinging on a cap containing sensitive composition
- Flame passes through flash holes to ignite propellant.
** 3 Types of ignition used for SAA?
I - Integral Anvil / Berdan
S - Separate Anvil / Boxer
R - Rimfire
Design Considerations/requirements for SAA projectiles? (5)
- Target Characteristics
- Effect required on the target
- Maximum effective range
- Ballistics
- Type of weapon
4 Design Considerations/requirements for Short Range SAA projectiles?
- Fired at LV
- Not required to maintain stability over long ranges
- Ballistic shape is relatively unimportant
- 9mm Parabellum, short and snub nosed
3 Design Considerations/requirements for long Range SAA projectiles?
- Long and narrow with pointed tips and long ogives to reduce nose drag
- streamlined or boattailed bases, CoG affects flight.
- improved stability and reduced drag retain velocity and accuracy
What is SAA accuracy/consistency influenced by? (4)
L - Loading exact quantities of propellant
S - Separation of the proj from the CC at correct pressure
A - Achieving efficient obturation
C - Consistent burning of the propellant
** What are the 4 base markings found on SAA?
- Manufactures symbol
- Year of manufacture
- Calibre
- Model Number
Colour coding of SAA projectile tips? Black - Silver - Blue - Yellow - Red - Uncoloured -
Black - AP Silver - API Blue - I Yellow - Observing Red - Tracer Uncoloured - Ball
What are the 3 materials SAA CC are made from and their make up percentage?
- Brass = 70/30 Copper/Zinc
- Cupro Nickel = 80/20 copper/nickel alloy
- Gilding Metal = 90/10 copper/zinc alloy
Why are working stresses in SAA CC required to be removed? (2)
To Prevent:
- Season cracking
- Stress corrosion
When do spin stabilised SAA projectiles become unstable in flight?
When their length exceeds the width by 6 calibres
What are solid SAA projectiles made up of? (2)
- Solid core
- envelope
Different types/categories of SAA projectiles?
- Solid (ball/AP) (with or without envelope)
- Filled (tracer/incdy)
4 Methods to influence break-up of SAA?
- longtudinal scoring of envelope
- cutting off the envelope tip
- leaving hollow section at envelope tip
- leaving unjacketed hollow at nose of proj
What does SRTA consist of? (4)
- used in places where large safety traces not avail
- accurate plastic projectiles at short range
- plastic CC may be used
- metal rims for extraction.
** 4 methods of securing percussion primers to SAA CC?
P - Punch Stabbing
P - Push fit
B - Burring
R - Ringing
Methods of countermeausre/Breaching Mines? (3)
- Hand Breaching
- Mechanical Breaching
- Explosive Breaching
Methods of Laying Mines: (3)
- Laid by hand
- Mechanical means
- Scattering - vehicle, artillery, aircraft
Groups of AT Mines? (4)
P - Pattern
S - Scatterable
S - Side Attack
A - Area Defence
Categories of Anti Pers Mines? (3)
- Pressure Activated/Direct Contact (blast, lower limb)
- Omni-Directional Frag (stake mounted/bounding)
- Directional Frag (tgt or cmd detonated (claymore))
** Components of Mines? (5)
- Warhead: He blast, Shrapnel, Shaped Charges/EFPs
- Sensor and Fuze: Mech (press/contact, Elec (disrim)
- Safety and Arming Unit
- Power Source
- Case
What are the Operational Characteristics of Mines? (8)
R - Resistance to Countermeasures R - Remote Control (RC) R - Recording and Marking E - Ease of Laying D - Delay arming S - Self-Sterilsation S - Self Destruct S - Sensitivity
Actuation weights for Mines? A/pers and AT.
- A/pers - 8-50kg
- AT - 200-250kg
Effects/Type of obstacles presented to enemy of Mines?
- Disrupt
- Turn
- Fix
- Block
Characteristics of Mines? (5)
- All weather, 24hr capability
- Psychological effect
- Contribution to the destruction of the enemy
- CBRN resistant
- Cost effective
Define Mine:
- An explosive or other material, normally encased.
- designed to destroy or damage vehicles, boats or aircraft
- designed to wound, kill or incapacitate personnel.
- detonated by victim, time or controlled means.
How may WP wedges are in the 155mm
WP M825A1?
116.
Types of Propellant + Primer for Artillery?
- M232A1 Modular Artillery Charge System (MACS): Tan / Double based
- M231 MACS - Green / Single based
- Reducer Flash M2
- M3A1 Green
- M4A2 White
- Primer Percussion M82
Types of Projectiles for Artillery? (6)
- HE M107: PD, MT, Prox
- HE M795: PD, MT, ET, MOFA
- SMART DM702A1: ET
- HE XM982 Excalibur: PD, Prox
- Illuminating M485A2:MTSQ, ET
- WP M825A1
What is the inservice Artillery and what is the Ordnance of it?
Howitzer M777A2
M776 Cannon
** 4 Types of 81mm and 60mm Ammunition?
- HE
- Smoke WP and RP
- Illumination VL and IR
- Training
4 Characteristics of a Mortar?
- Smooth Bore
- No Recoil Mechanism
- Restricted to use at elevations above 800 mils
- Muzzle loaded
Types of Mortar Fire? (7)
- preparation fire
- covering fire
- defensive fire
- counter battery fire
- harrassing fire
- smoke
- illuminating
.50cal/12.7mm Natures? (4)
- .50cal 4B1T
- .50cal Blank F3
- .50cal M962 SLAP-T
- 12.7mm 1MN140/1NM173/1MN160 Lnk
25mm Natures? (5)
- 25mm APDS-T M791
- 25mm TPDS-T M910
- 25mm MPT-SD mk2
- 25mm TP-T M793
- 25mm Dummy M794
120mm Natures? (6)
- 120mm APFSDS-T KE-W A2
- 120mm TPCSDS-T M865
- 120mm Cannister M1028
- 120mm HEAT-MP-T M830A1
- 120mm TP-T M831A1
- 120mm TPMP-T M1002
- .50cal SLAP-T
4 Principles of armour employment?
- Mission Command
- Combined Arms
- Sustainment
- Manoeuvre Space
3 General characteristics of armour?
- Shock action
- versatility
- adapatability
Characteristics of AShM? (4)
- Sea-skimming
- Inertial guidance & active homing - rader/IR (heat)
- Turbojet & Rockets
- Long ranges: 300-550 km
Role os SSGW / SSM? (4)
- Supersede or Augment Strategic Bomber Aircraft
- Augment Tac Bomber Aircraft
- Augment Conventional Artillery
- To Attack Pin Point Targets
- To Conduct Recon
SAGW / SAM must be? (3)
M - More manoeuvrable than target
F - Faster than target
C - Capable of quick reaction and launch
6 Disadvantages of GW?
R - Reliability R - Response Time C - Cost M - Minimum Range F - Flight Time S - Support Requirements
4 Advantages of GW?
W - Weight of Fire
I/A - Increased hit probability / Accuracy
R - Range
C - Ceiling
Define GW?
WEAPON SYSTEM IN WHICH THE WARHEAD IS DELIVERED BY AN UNMANNED GUIDED VEHICLE.
4 Common Components of 120mm?
- CCC
- Case Base and Seal Assembly (CBSA)
- Electric Primer M129 or M125
- Main Charge Propellant JA-2 or M14
When using/handling Tank Ammo what must you use?
Dry Cotton gloves.
How is Excalibur guided?
GPS
What does CCC mean?
Combustible Cart Case
PD is one type of fuze for arty what is one other?
- MT
- Prox
- ET
- MOFA
