Test 3 - Target Analysis Flashcards
Define Explosion:
A violent and rapid decomposition of energetic material to produce energy (heat) and gas which will lead to violent pressure rupturing of any confining structure. May be Nuclear, Chemical or Physical.
Define Chemical Explosion
Extremely rapid reaction of a chemical system to produce heat and gas.
Define Physical Explosion:
May be natural such as a volcano or lightning strike or structural such as failure of a pressurised gas container.
Define Nuclear Explosion:
Sudden release of enormous quantities of heat by fission or fusion proccesses
Define Blast:
Violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there is an evolution of heat, gases and a shock front which emanates from the centre of the explosion.
Explain/ what is the basic principle of FAE?
Consists of creating an aerosol cloud of a fuel air mixture, which is then initiated to create an explosive effect, the blast wave formed inside generates high overpressure inside the cloud.
not a fire such as napalm.
4 Factors affecting VoD
- Diameter of the Charge
- Density of the Charge
- Degree of confinment
- Detonator’s Strength
Explain Burning to detonation:
-Occurs when there is an abrupt acceleration of the flame front until it becomes a shockwave.
4 shock Wave behaviours?
- Reflection (bounces back once hit boundary)
- Diffraction (breaking up/scattering by an obstacle)
- Overpressure vs Distance (peak pressure fall over dist)
- Over pressure vs Time
Explain Reflection:
- The blast wave is thrown back at an angle to the original path
- The bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a boundary.
- Equal angle of reflection to the incident wave
Explain Diffraction:
- Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle.
Explain Probabilty Product Rule:
Probabilty of getting a Kill, culmative with multiple rounds. PK = PH x PR x PL PK = Kill Probability PH = Hit Probability PR = Reliability of weapon system PH = Lethality of ammo
Three damage levels used for ammo design:
- Disablement (prevent from doing job)
- Destruction (kill/destory target)
- neutralisation (causalty causing, people not material)
2 Energy Sources employed in Ammo Design
- Kinetic Energy (KE)
- In the form of a solid missile, which dissipates its
energy on impact & requires no triggering device
to control the release of energy.
- In the form of a solid missile, which dissipates its
- Chemical Energy (CE)
- In the form of a substance, with a considerable
potential energy, relative to its mass, which can
liberate that energy when suitably initiated.
- In the form of a substance, with a considerable
Explain Standard Criteria for Attack on Aircraft:
KK-Kill = immediate and catastrophic disintegration K-Kill = destroyed in less than 10 secs A-Kill = destroyed in less than 5mins B-Kill = destroyed in less than 5 hours C-Kill = Tgt's Mission is not achieved/aborted. E-Kill = May complete mission, needs repairs before next flight
3 Types of Aircraft Targets:
- Slow Moving
- Fast Moving
- Helicopters
7 Types of warheads to attack aircraft?
S - Special KE S - Shaped Charges S - Sub-projectiles F - Blast+Frag F - Frag B - Blast C - Cluster
7 Types of Armour?
- Reactive (ERA)
- Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA)
- Composite (chobham)
- Slat (bar)
- Spaced Homogeneous
- Ply
- Face Hardened
5 Armour Damage Assessment Criteria:
Tanks: M - Mobility Kill F - Fire Power Kill K - Completely Destroyed APC/AFV/IFV/MICV F - Firepower Kill P - Payload Kill
3 Types of Fragment Producers?
- Generic HE Projectiles
- Pre notched containers
- Pre formed fragmentation
How can someone designing something control Frag Velocity:
- Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
- Density of charge and VoD
- Density of wall material
How does HESH work?
When the rebounding tension wave meets further primary shock waves this exceeds the strength of the plate and a large scab is detached from the rear surface.
What is Reverse Impact Detonation (RID)?
- Detonation occurs before the fuze can produce detonation of the filling, the shock wave will be travelling in the wrong direction.
Explain/describe Kinetic Energy Attack:
- Hitting the target armour with a projectile of sufficiently high velocity to achieve penetration.
2 Types of DS?
Petal and Pot (PP)
2 Ways of stablisation and diameter ratios for each?
Spin: 7:1 - Length:Diameter
Fin: 15:1 - L:dia
Define Shaped Charge:
A Charge shaped so as to concentrate its explosive force in a particular direction.
How is a shaped charge achieved?
- Achieved by hollowing out the front face of a slab of HE to give a conical shape.
- the energy from the detonation of the explosive is directed inwards and forwards as gaseous jet
- If a metal liner is placed on the front of the HE charge it will collapse and be carried forward.
6 Types of fuel for FAE?
P - Propylene oxide A - Acetylene E - Ethylene oxide B - Butane A - Aluminium K - Kerosene
3 Types of Shot Failure?
- Barreling
- Shattering
- Lateral Bending
Problems with attacks of combination KE&CE
- Initiating the CE source behind armour
- Due to intense shocks which any initiating mechanism is subjected to on initial impact and during penetration
3 High Energy forms of Attack on Armour?
- KE
- CE
- Combination
Ways to increase/enhance penetration for KE
- lengthening of Barrel
- lengthening projectile
- improve shot steadiness
- rocket assist
How much frag is wasted on aircraft attacks?
80%
EFP’s have a 1CD to …. what stand off distance?
1:1000 CD:stand off
4 Behind Armour Effects (BAE)
H - Heat / Fires
O - Overpressure
L - Luminescence
S - Spalling
Define Deflagration:
Technnical term to describe subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity.
Define Rarefaction:
The negative pressure phase following the positive phase. suction, pushing back towards the explosion site.
Define Shattering:
- Raising the hardness of a steel shot, whilst increasing its compressive str, makes it brittle
- on impact severe tensile hoops stresses are set up in the nose of the shot
- at high striking velocities, the shot nose can fail under these stresses and longitudinal cracks are formed
