Test 7 Flashcards
What makes it extremely difficult to make accurate recommendations when feeding dogs?
Variations in size
When are cats strictly carnivores?
When in the wild
Which are more omnivorous, dogs or cats?
Dogs
When should clean water not be provided? (2)
Profuse vomiting is occurring
Waking up from general anesthesia
While eating, when may pets not drink as much water?
When consuming canned food
How much water does a resting dog or cat require?
1 milliliter of water per kcal of ME in the diet per day
How much of the water intake is voluntary?
2-3 times the amount of dry matter consumed
How much of the water requirements do dogs meet from drinking? Cats?
25%
10%
What can cause an increase in water requirements? (5)
Exercise Fever Diarrhea Increased salt intake Diabetes
When will water intake reach 5 times the dry matter intake? (3)
Lactation
Hot weather
Severe excretion
What can cause a decrease in water intake?
Water being too hot or cold
Poor availability
Poor quality
What are the 2 major considerations when looking at protein?
Completeness
Biological value
What things have all the required amino acids? (4)
Milk
Meat
Eggs
Soybeans
What things do not have all the required amino acids? (3)
Gelatin
Flour
Wheat
What proteins have the highest biological value?
Animal proteins
In older pets, what can feeding excessive amounts of protein affect?
Kidneys
What happens when you heat protein?
I binds together causing it to be indigestible
How much protein is digestible in dry food? Soft-moist food? Canned meat diets?
80%
84%
90%
In 8 week old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?
18%
In 16 week old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?
17.2%
In 9 months to 15 months old puppies, how much digestible protein do they need?
16%
In growing kittens, how much digestible protein is needed?
35%
In adult cats, how much digestible protein is needed?
At least 20%
Why do cats have greater protein requirements?
Greater activity of amino acid catabolic enzymes in the liver
What are cats more sensitive to?
Arginine deficiency
Why do cats have a greater requirement for sulfur containing amino acids? (2)
Thick hair coat
Specific requirement for taurine
What can dogs synthesize taurine from?
Cystine and methionine
What does a deficiency of taurine in cats cause?
Visual impairment
What increase the need of taurine? Why?
High fiber diets
Bile loss
Where is taurine found?
Animal tissues
What is fat important for?
Palatability
What does fat supply?
Essential fatty acids (linoleic)
What additional fatty acid do cats require?
Arachidonic acid
What can dogs and cats synthesize linolenic acid from?
Linoleic acid
What are sources of fat? (7)
Lard Suet Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil
What does excess fat cause?
Obesity and/or fatty stools
How much of dietary CHOs can dogs utilize? Cats?
65-70%
35-40%
What can high dietary raw starch cause? What else can cause this problem?
Diarrhea
Milk
Why do we incorporate CHOs?
Cheap
What does fiber absorb? Produce?
Water
More volume of stool than normal
What does fiber stimulate and maintain?
Intestinal action
How much fiber do most pet food have?
Between 1 and 8%
What may reducing diets contain more of?
Up to 32% fiber for the bulk
What are common sources of fiber? (7)
Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Cereal grain hulls Bran Beet pulp String beans
What are the units when figuring caloric requirements?
kcal/d
What is the equation to figure caloric requirements for 5-65 pound dog?
BW[33-.25(BW)]
What is the equation to figure caloric requirements for more than 65 pound dog?
18(BW)
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 1 year old?
10%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 6 months old?
30%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is 3 months old?
60%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that does moderate activity?
25%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that is does heavy activity?
60%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog that has a fever?
7% per degree above normal (102ºF)
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog from conception to parturition?
20%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog at parturition?
25%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 2nd week of lactation?
50%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 3rd week of lactation?
75%
What needs to be figured for caloric requirements for a dog during the 4th week of lactation?
100%
Look at page 167. Do the math.
Look at page 167. Do the math.
Look at page 168. Do the math.
Look at page 168. Do the math.
What is the proper ratio of calcium to phosphorus?
1.2:1
What animals require more calcium and phosphorus?
Young and old dogs and cats
What are sources of calcium? (3)
Bone meal
Skim milk
Alfalfa leaf meal
What are sources of phosphorus? (2)
Bone meal
Meat scraps
What are symptoms of a magnesium deficiency in dogs? (2)
Hyperirritability and convulsions
What can an increase in magnesium in cats cause?
Feline urologic syndrome
What is the magnesium salt called?
Struvite
When struvite precipitates in urine, what forms?
Urinary calculi
What type of urine do meat diets produce? Plant?
Acid urine
Alkaline urine
What pH is struvite insoluble in?
6.6
What predisposes cats to FUS?
Diets with minimal meat and added grain
When does iron not need to be supplemented?
When meat is in the diet
What can increased stress and exercise increase the need of?
Water soluble vitamins
Which animal requires more B vitamins, dogs or cats? How much more?
Cats
5 times
What can a deficiency of Vit. A cause in dogs?
Deafness
Can cats synthesize Vit. A from β-carotene?
No
Where do cats get Vit. A from?
Need it preformed from animal sources
Which is more effective, ergosterol or calciferol?
Calciferol
What are large dogs more predisposed to? (3)
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Irregular development of teeth
What can a deficiency of Vit. E cause in cats?
Steatites (yellow fat disease)
Can dogs synthesize niacin? Cats?
Yes
No
What can niacin be synthesized from?
Tryptophan
What is cyanocobalamin needed for?
Red blood cell formation
What animals may need additional cobalamine?
Dogs undergoing training
What are sources of cobalamine?
Liver Milk Cheese Eggs Lean meat
What are the 3 methods of feeding?
Free choice
Restricted by time
Restricted by amount
When being fed free choice, how many meals are given?
10-13 meals per day
How many times a day should orphans be fed?
3-4
What should the abdomen be like in orphans?
Slightly enlarged, but not over distended
How much feed should be mixed up for orphans?
Enough for 48 hours at a time
How warm should feed be before feeding an orphan?
100ºF
Is feeding with a bottle or stomach tube preferred?
Tube
How long should a stomach tube be?
From tip of nose to last rib
What is the advantage to a stomach tube?
You know how much is being given
What is the most common nutritional problem?
Obesity
What is consider obese?
10 to 15% above normal weight
Which gender is obesity more common in?
Females
What type of cat is generally more obese?
Domestic shorthair cats
Why are we concerned about when general health and longevity is impaired? Only pick a few, there are 13 options
Locomotion problems Respiratory difficulty Cardiovascular disease Hypertension Reduced hepatic function Reduced heat tolerance Increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial disease Irritability Dystocia Dermatoses Constipation and flatulence Bone and joint problems Diabetes mellitus
What are causes of obesity? (5)
Over-feeding Access to very palatable and high energy diets Inactivity Animals fed together Rewarding pets often
What are some methods to manage obesity? (5)
Surgery (no value) Pharmacological (no value) Psychological Exercise Diet
What can you do to the diet of obese animals? (3)
Decrease commercial diet to 50% of maintenance of obese weight
Feed 60% for dogs and 66% for cats of the recommended amount for the optimum weight
Feed a high fiber, low calorie diet
When optimum weight is achieved, what should be done? (3)
Continue on reducing diet or place on maintenance diet
Monitor weight monthly
Reduce amount of diet fed in 10% increments if weight gain is detected
What requirements do cats have? (6)
Higher protein requirement Need arginine Need taurine Need performed Vit. A Need niacin Need arachidonic acid
What is acute gastric dilatation?
Stomach enlargement
What is volvulus?
Twisting of intestinal tract
What is the etiology for acute gastric dilatation?
Gastric dilation cause by swallowed air or fermentation
What can acute gastric dilation lead to?
Volvulus causing obstruction
What are some factors that cause acute gastric dilatation? (6)
Dry, cereal based dog food Stress Over eating and/or drinking Intragastric fermentation Previous gastric trauma Postprandial exercise and excitement
What does a distended stomach block?
Venous return from the rear of animals
What results from a distended stomach?
Hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, which causes death
How can you treat acute gastric dilatation? (4)
Gastric intubation
Vigorous fluid therapy
IV cimetidine and lidocaine
Gastrostomy
What are the symptoms of feline urologic syndrome? (3)
Urolithiasis (calculi in urinary tract)
Frequent urination
Urogenital pain
What is the etiology of FUS?
Increase urinary pH which causes struvite to precipitate out of solution
What is struvite?
Major mineral component in most calculi found in FUS
How long does calculi formation continue?
Until excessive crystals form that partially or totally block the urogenital tract
What is the treatment for FUS in obstructed cases? (4)
Relieve the obstruction under anesthesia
Flushing the urethra with catheter and syringe
Ultrasonography
Cauterization of urethra
What is the treatment for FUS in mild cases? (2)
Fluids to flush calculi
Acidifiers to redice urine pH with ammonia chloride or methionine
What is the prevention for FUS? (3)
Feed low ash diets
Feed low Mg diets
Feed urine acidifiers or diets containing acidifiers
