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Animal Nutrition > Test 2 Part 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of CHOs in monogastric animals?

A

Plant starch and and glycogen which break down into glucose

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2
Q

Where does digestion and absorption of monogastric animals occur?

A

Small intestine

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3
Q

How does glucose get to the liver in monogastric animals?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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4
Q

What is the source of CHO is ruminant animals?

A

Starch and cellulose

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5
Q

Is fermentation of CHO in the rumen aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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6
Q

What do starch and cellulose break down to? What does that product give off?

A

Glucose

VFA

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7
Q

In a high cellulose diet for ruminant animals, what happens?

A

Increase rumen acetate to make milk fat

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8
Q

In a high starch diet for ruminant animals, what happens?

A

Increase rumen propionate. The process is gluconeogenic

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9
Q

What is the goal of the anaerobic rumen? How does it do this?

A

To regenerate NAD

Transfer electrons from NADH from glycolysis (Page 42)

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10
Q

What do the NADs transfer to in the rumen? What do they form?

A

Pyruvate

Lactate

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11
Q

How many ATP is produced in rumen glycolysis?

A

2

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12
Q

What serves as the terminal electron acceptor in the rumen?

A

CO2

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13
Q

What does glucose become in the rumen? (3)

A

Lactate –> propionate
Butyrate
Acetate

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14
Q

What is lactate build up in the rumen known as?

A

Lactic acidosis or acidosis

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15
Q

What can lactate build up lead to?

A

Grain overload

Laminitis (founder)

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16
Q

What is the cause of lactate build up?

A

Abrupt increase in starch intake which increases lactate production and decreases rumen pH

17
Q

When does lactate build up occur?

A

When taken from pasture and immediately placed on high CHO diet

18
Q

Why would you look at the ration between propionate and acetic acid?

A

Acetic acid is lost as CH4 and is wasteful, but propionate is less CH4 and more digestible energy trapped as metabolizable energy

19
Q

What does propionate make?

A

Glucose

20
Q

What factors alter rumen fermentation?

A

Type of CHO
Feed additives
Total VFA produced

21
Q

What are feed additives?

A

A type of antibiotic that selectively inhibits acetate producing microbes

22
Q

What are 3 types of feed additives?

A

Ionophores
Monensin (rumensin)
Lasalocid (bovatec)

23
Q

What does ionophore specifically do?

A

Alter propionate, acetate ratio to have better utilization of feed

24
Q

What factors of VFAs alter rumen fermentation?

A 
Physical form (surface area)
Type of CHO
25
Q

What does acetate break down into?

A

Acetyl CoA

26
Q

Does acetate go through gluconeogenesis?

A

No

27
Q

What does butyrate break down into?

A

2 Acetyl CoA

28
Q

Does butyrate go through gluconeogenesis?

A

No

29
Q

What does propionate break down into?

A

Succinyl CoA

30
Q

Does propionate go through gluconeogenesis?

A

Yes

31
Q

What VFA’s are used for energy?

A

Acetate
Propionate
Butyrate

32
Q

What VFA’s are used for fatty acid synthesis (ketogenic)?

A

Acetate

Butyrate

33
Q

What VFA’s are used for glucose synthesis (Gluconeogenic)?

A

Propionate

34
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration of monogastric animals?

A

~90-100 mg/dL

35
Q

What is the blood glucose concentration of ruminant animals?

A

~40-60 mg/dL

36
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Glucose synthesis from non-CHO sources

37
Q

What are the non-CHO sources involved in gluconeogenesis?

A

Propionate
Lactate
Glycerol
Some amino acids

38
Q

What are the 3 irreversible reactions of glycolysis? Make sure they are in the correct order

A

1) Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate. Pyruvate to oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate
2) Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose-1,6-bisphophate
3) Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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