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Animal Nutrition > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vitamin? (5)

A

Discovered in 1960’s as an organic compound which:

  1. is a component of natural food (different than CHOs, fat proteins, minerals, and water)
  2. is present in food in minute amounts and has specific functions
  3. is essential for development of normal tissues, health, growth, and maintenance
  4. when absent from a diet or not properly absorbed or utilized, results in a specific deficiency syndrome
  5. can not be synthesized by animal tissue and must be obtained exclusively from the diet
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2
Q

What happened to the definition of vitamins in 1969?

A

Flokers added that it can be a component of enzymes and there is some intrinsic biosynthesis (tryptophan niacin)

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3
Q

How are vitamins classified? (2)

A

Originally assigned letters, but now they have chemical names as well.
Based on chemical properties and solubility in water (fat soluble or water soluble)

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4
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? Include letters and chemical name

A

A (retinols), D (calciferols), E (tocopherols), K (quinones)

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5
Q

Can quinones be synthesized? By what?

A

Yes, rumen microbes in rumen

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6
Q

What are the 9 water soluble vitamins?

A 
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
Pyrodoxine (B6)
Folic Acid
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Cobalamine (B12)
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
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7
Q

What is the chemical composition of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Contain only C, H, O (non polar–> water insoluble)

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8
Q

What is the chemical composition of water soluble vitamins?

A

Contain C, H, O, Also contain N, S, Co

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9
Q

What is the occurrence of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Can be in the form of a provitamin in animal tissues

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10
Q

What is the occurrence of water soluble vitamins?

A

No provitamins are known

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11
Q

What is the physiological action of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Required for regulation of metabolism

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12
Q

What is the physiological action of water soluble vitamins?

A

Concerned with the transfer of energy (niacin, riboflavin)

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13
Q

What is absorption like for fat soluble vitamins?

A

Absorbed in presence of fat

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14
Q

What is absorption like for water soluble vitamins?

A

Simpler process, absorbed constantly with water in intestine

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15
Q

What is the storage of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Stored where fat is deposited

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16
Q

What is the storage of water soluble vitamins?

A

Little storage. They are all different

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17
Q

What is excretion for fat soluble vitamins?

A

Wholly excreted in feces

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18
Q

What is excretion for water soluble vitamins?

A

Can be in feces, but mainly follow metabolic pathways and are in urine

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19
Q

What is the synthesis of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes

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20
Q

What is the synthesis of water soluble vitamins?

A

All can be synthesized by rumen microbes

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21
Q

What is the provitamin of vitamin A?

A

β carotene (found only in plants)

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22
Q

What is the conversion of active form of Vitamin A?

A

Carotene is converted to 2 retinols in GI tract

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23
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A in the body? (4)

A

Retinol (reproduction, growth promotion, epithelial tissues)
Retinal (vision)
Retinoic Acid (growth promotion, epithelial tissue)
Retinyl palmitate (storage form of vitamin A in liver)

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24
Q

What are the 5 deficiency symptoms of vitamin A?

A 
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia (unusually dry eye)
Reproductive failure
Susceptibility to infections (decrease tissue integrity)
Poor growth
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25
What are the provitamins of vitamin D?
Plants: ergosterol (D2) Animals: 7-dehydrocholestrol (D3; in skin)
26
Look at conversion to active form on page 92
Look at conversion to active form on page 92
27
What is the function of vitamin D?
Decrease calcium in blood which triggers thyroid gland to secrete PTH which activates hydroxylation in kidney.
28
How much of body calcium is stored in the bone? Body phosphorus?
99% | 70-80%
29
What is PTH involved with?
Mobilization of calcium from bone
30
What are the functions of vitamin D in soft tissues? (2)
Calcium is important for blood clotting and neuromuscular activities. Phosphorus is important for high energy phosphate bonds and cell membranes.
31
What are vitamin D deficiency symptoms? (3)
Rickets Osteomalacia Milk fever
32
What is rickets?
In young animals, when bones do not calcify
33
What is osteomalacia?
In adults, the demineralization of bones
34
What is milk fever?
In older/high producing dairy cows, onset of lactation and decrease of calcium in serum
35
When does milk fever occur?
24-48 hours after birth
36
What helps milk fever? Why?
Calcium reduced diet. Also, give high calcium diet on day of birth giving Makes animals think they are calcium deficient
37
What are the provitamins for vitamin E?
None
38
What are the functions of vitamin E?
Antioxidant | Prevents pre oxidation by donating Hydrogens to free radicals
39
What does an antioxidant do?
Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals
40
What is a free radical?
Compound containing an unpaired electron that attacks the –CH2 between the unsaturated pi bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids
41
What is the current research for vitamin E?
Anti-carcinogenic compound | Slowing the aging process
42
What is the anti-carcinogenic compound research?
Initiation and promotion of cancer done by free radicals (environmental pollutants)
43
What is the aging process research?
Protect cells from damage caused by free radicals that form during aging process
44
What are deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E? (3)
Muscle cells break down Rupture of blood vessels which leads to accumulation of fluid Permanent sterility in males due to decreased integrity of reproductive tissues
45
What are examples of muscle cell break down for a deficiency of vit. E?
Muscular dystrophy Stiff lamb disease White muscle disease
46
What can happen in the brain when there is a rupture of blood vessels? Breast?
Encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease) | In chickens, exudative diathesis (Dolly Parton Disease)
47
What are the provitamins for vit. K?
None
48
What are the 3 active forms of vit. K?
Phylloquinone Menaquinone Menadione
49
Which form of vit. K is synthesized by the rumen?
Menaquinone
50
What is the function of vit. K?
Blood clotting (required in synthesis of prothrombin)
51
What is the primary vit. K deficiency symptom?
Increased blood clotting time
52
What is dicoumarol?
Produced by molds | Vit. K antagonist that prevents prothrombin formation
53
What is warfarin?
Rat poison, similar to dicoumarol, the causes rodents to die of internal bleeding
54
What is scurvy?
The result of inadequate vit. C intake
55
What are 6 symptoms of scurvy?
``` Anemia Swollen, bleeding gums with loss of teeth Hemorrhages Delayed healing of wounds Fatigue and lethargy Degeneration of muscles and skin lesions ```
56
What species don't synthesize vit. C? (6)
Primates, guinea pigs, fish, fruit eating bats, insects, and some birds
57
What are 7 benefits from megadoses of vit. C?
Prevention and decreased severity of common cold Prevention of cancer and prolonging life of patients Lowering serum cholesterol and severity of atherosclerosis Wound repair and normal healing process Immune response for prevention and treatment of infection Control schizophrenia Inactivation of disease viruses
58
What does thiamine function as?
A coenzyme in several enzyme systems
59
What does deficiency of thiamine cause? (3)
Anorexia, cardiac involvement, neurological involvement
60
What is polyneuritis?
Thiamine deficiency in animals that is an inflammation of the nervous system in several areas
61
What cause deficiency of thiamine in ruminants? (3)
Decline in rumen pH, consuming sulfates, polioencephalomalacia
62
What is polioencephalomalacia?
Inflammation of brain gray matter in young ruminants
63
What happens when there is a deficiency of thiamine in humans?
Beriberi
64
What are symptoms of beriberi? (4)
Anorexia, cardiac enlargement, ataxia, dyspnea
65
What is dry beriberi?
Atrophy of the legs in adults and peripheral neuritis
66
What is wet beriberi?
Cardiac hypertrophy | Associated with lactic acid increase in the blood
67
What is infantile beriberi?
Breast fed infants of thiamine deficient mother
68
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Associated with alcohol consumption. | Signs range from mild concussion to coma and associated with severely impaired retentive memory and cognitive function
69
What are the functions of riboflavin? (2)
Coenzyme | Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids
70
What are signs of a riboflavin deficiency? (5)
``` Loss of appetite Impaired growth Reduced efficiency of feed Epithelial lesions Nervous disorders ```
71
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in chicks?
Curled toe paralysis
72
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in hens?
Decreased egg production and hatchability of eggs
73
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in turkeys?
Severe dermatitis
74
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in ducks?
Rapidly fatal
75
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in swine?
Grow slowly and dermatitis
76
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in a newborn calf? (3)
Diarrhea, excessive salvation, alopecia
77
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in humans? (4)
Cheilosis (lesions of lips) Angel stomatitis (lesions in corner of mouth) Glossitis (inflammation of tongue) Hyperemia (increased blood amount)
78
What has a sub-clinical deficiency of riboflavin been shown to do?
Enhance cellular resistance to malaria
79
What are the functions of Niacin? (2)
Coenzyme | Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids
80
What can niacin be synthesized from?
Tryptophan
81
What can a deficiency in niacin cause?
Metabolic disorders in skin and digestive systems
82
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency? (3)
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 Ds)
83
What animals are more sensitive to niacin deficiency?
Pigs and ducks
84
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in pigs? (3)
Diarrhea, anemia, degeneration of intestinal and nervous tissues
85
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in ducks? (3)
Severe bloating, weakened legs, and diarrhea
86
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in dogs? (2)
Necrotic degeneration of tongue | Severe diarrhea
87
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in chickens? (4)
Inflammation of upper intestinal tract Dermatitis of legs Reduced feather growth Perosis
88
What is the result of a niacin deficiency in humans?
Pellagra
89
What are 2 hereditary disorders that can be treated with an increase of niacin?
Schizophrenia and Hartnup disease
90
What are the functions of pyridoxine? (2)
Coenzyme | Essential for nearly all reactions involved in animo acid metabolism
91
What are the general symptoms of a pyridoxine deficiency? (5)
``` Retarded growth Dermatitis Epileptic-like convulsions Anemia Partial alopecia ```
92
What does pyridoxine deficiency cause in babies? (2)
Seizures from infant formula | Chronic alcoholism
93
What are the functions of folate (folic acid)?
Coenzyme | Essential for purine and pyrimidine synthesis
94
What is most affected by a folate deficiency?
Tissues that have a rapid rate of cell growth or regeneration
95
What are the symptoms of folate deficiency in animals?
``` Anemia Listlessness Decrease feed intake and growth rate Diarrhea Poor reproduction ```
96
What is the most common deficiency in humans?
Folate (folic acid)
97
What are the signs of late deficiency in humans? (7)
``` Macrocytic anemia Gastrointestinal lesions Diarrhea Weakness Forgetfulness Sleeplessness Sterility ```
98
What are the functions of biotin? (3)
Coenzyme Functions as a carboxyl carrier for enzymes involved in CHOs, fat, and protein metabolism Maintaining normal blood glucose
99
What is the most severe cynical sign of biotin deficiency?
Dermatitis
100
What is the most expensive vitamin to supplement and has the greeted economic importance?
Biotin
101
What happens when poultry has a biotin deficiency? (3)
Leg and beak deformities Broken feathers Dermatitis
102
What happens when swine has a biotin deficiency? (4)
Alopecia Dermatitis Ulceration of skin Transverse cracking of soles and tops of hooves
103
What are the majority of symptoms for humans with a biotin deficiency?
Infantile problems
104
What does the consumption of raw eggs cause?
Egg-white injury
105
What vitamin is egg-white injury involved with?
Biotin
106
What is egg-white injury?
A disorder cause by the agonist avidin
107
What are the other symptoms of a biotin deficiency in humans? (4)
Mild depression Hallucination Anxiety Anorexia
108
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
Constituent of 2 coenzymes: Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein
109
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5)
``` Decreased growth and feed efficiency Lesions of the skin Nervous and gastrointestinal system disorders Impaired adrenal function Reduced formation of antibodies ```
110
What do the primary the signs of pantothenic acid deficiency for poultry involve? (3)
Nervous system Adrenal cortex Skin
111
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for swine? (4)
Anorexia Poor growth Diarrhea Goose stepping (Sciatic nerve damage)
112
How long does it take humans to develop symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?
12 weeks
113
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for humans? (5)
``` Fatigue Headaches Muscle weakness Depression Impaired motor coordination ```
114
What is the last known vitamin to be discovered?
Cobalamine
115
What was cobalamine formerly known as?
Chick growth factor or animal protein factor
116
What are the functions of cobalamine? (3)
Involved in transfer in one carbon unit (methyl group) Conversion of propionate to succinate Conversion of CHOs to lipids
117
What are symptoms of cobalamine deficiency? (3)
Megaloblast anemia Neurological lesions Decreased growth
118
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for ruminants (calves)? (2)
Poor appetite | Growth and muscle weakness
119
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for swine? *4)
Loss of appetite Reduced gain Vomiting Diarrhea
120
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for humans? (2)
Mesoblast anemia | Neurological lesions
121
Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103
Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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