Test 4 Flashcards
What is a vitamin? (5)
Discovered in 1960’s as an organic compound which:
- is a component of natural food (different than CHOs, fat proteins, minerals, and water)
- is present in food in minute amounts and has specific functions
- is essential for development of normal tissues, health, growth, and maintenance
- when absent from a diet or not properly absorbed or utilized, results in a specific deficiency syndrome
- can not be synthesized by animal tissue and must be obtained exclusively from the diet
What happened to the definition of vitamins in 1969?
Flokers added that it can be a component of enzymes and there is some intrinsic biosynthesis (tryptophan niacin)
How are vitamins classified? (2)
Originally assigned letters, but now they have chemical names as well.
Based on chemical properties and solubility in water (fat soluble or water soluble)
What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? Include letters and chemical name
A (retinols), D (calciferols), E (tocopherols), K (quinones)
Can quinones be synthesized? By what?
Yes, rumen microbes in rumen
What are the 9 water soluble vitamins?
Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) Pyrodoxine (B6) Folic Acid Biotin Pantothenic Acid Cobalamine (B12) Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
What is the chemical composition of fat soluble vitamins?
Contain only C, H, O (non polar–> water insoluble)
What is the chemical composition of water soluble vitamins?
Contain C, H, O, Also contain N, S, Co
What is the occurrence of fat soluble vitamins?
Can be in the form of a provitamin in animal tissues
What is the occurrence of water soluble vitamins?
No provitamins are known
What is the physiological action of fat soluble vitamins?
Required for regulation of metabolism
What is the physiological action of water soluble vitamins?
Concerned with the transfer of energy (niacin, riboflavin)
What is absorption like for fat soluble vitamins?
Absorbed in presence of fat
What is absorption like for water soluble vitamins?
Simpler process, absorbed constantly with water in intestine
What is the storage of fat soluble vitamins?
Stored where fat is deposited
What is the storage of water soluble vitamins?
Little storage. They are all different
What is excretion for fat soluble vitamins?
Wholly excreted in feces
What is excretion for water soluble vitamins?
Can be in feces, but mainly follow metabolic pathways and are in urine
What is the synthesis of fat soluble vitamins?
Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes
What is the synthesis of water soluble vitamins?
All can be synthesized by rumen microbes
What is the provitamin of vitamin A?
β carotene (found only in plants)
What is the conversion of active form of Vitamin A?
Carotene is converted to 2 retinols in GI tract
What are the functions of vitamin A in the body? (4)
Retinol (reproduction, growth promotion, epithelial tissues)
Retinal (vision)
Retinoic Acid (growth promotion, epithelial tissue)
Retinyl palmitate (storage form of vitamin A in liver)
What are the 5 deficiency symptoms of vitamin A?
Night blindness Xerophthalmia (unusually dry eye) Reproductive failure Susceptibility to infections (decrease tissue integrity) Poor growth
What are the provitamins of vitamin D?
Plants: ergosterol (D2)
Animals: 7-dehydrocholestrol (D3; in skin)
Look at conversion to active form on page 92
Look at conversion to active form on page 92
What is the function of vitamin D?
Decrease calcium in blood which triggers thyroid gland to secrete PTH which activates hydroxylation in kidney.
How much of body calcium is stored in the bone? Body phosphorus?
99%
70-80%
What is PTH involved with?
Mobilization of calcium from bone
What are the functions of vitamin D in soft tissues? (2)
Calcium is important for blood clotting and neuromuscular activities.
Phosphorus is important for high energy phosphate bonds and cell membranes.
What are vitamin D deficiency symptoms? (3)
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Milk fever
What is rickets?
In young animals, when bones do not calcify
What is osteomalacia?
In adults, the demineralization of bones
What is milk fever?
In older/high producing dairy cows, onset of lactation and decrease of calcium in serum
When does milk fever occur?
24-48 hours after birth
What helps milk fever? Why?
Calcium reduced diet. Also, give high calcium diet on day of birth giving
Makes animals think they are calcium deficient
What are the provitamins for vitamin E?
None
What are the functions of vitamin E?
Antioxidant
Prevents pre oxidation by donating Hydrogens to free radicals
What does an antioxidant do?
Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals
What is a free radical?
Compound containing an unpaired electron that attacks the –CH2 between the unsaturated pi bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids
What is the current research for vitamin E?
Anti-carcinogenic compound
Slowing the aging process
What is the anti-carcinogenic compound research?
Initiation and promotion of cancer done by free radicals (environmental pollutants)
What is the aging process research?
Protect cells from damage caused by free radicals that form during aging process
What are deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E? (3)
Muscle cells break down
Rupture of blood vessels which leads to accumulation of fluid
Permanent sterility in males due to decreased integrity of reproductive tissues
What are examples of muscle cell break down for a deficiency of vit. E?
Muscular dystrophy
Stiff lamb disease
White muscle disease
What can happen in the brain when there is a rupture of blood vessels? Breast?
Encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)
In chickens, exudative diathesis (Dolly Parton Disease)
What are the provitamins for vit. K?
None
What are the 3 active forms of vit. K?
Phylloquinone
Menaquinone
Menadione
Which form of vit. K is synthesized by the rumen?
Menaquinone
What is the function of vit. K?
Blood clotting (required in synthesis of prothrombin)
What is the primary vit. K deficiency symptom?
Increased blood clotting time
What is dicoumarol?
Produced by molds
Vit. K antagonist that prevents prothrombin formation
What is warfarin?
Rat poison, similar to dicoumarol, the causes rodents to die of internal bleeding
What is scurvy?
The result of inadequate vit. C intake
What are 6 symptoms of scurvy?
Anemia Swollen, bleeding gums with loss of teeth Hemorrhages Delayed healing of wounds Fatigue and lethargy Degeneration of muscles and skin lesions
What species don’t synthesize vit. C? (6)
Primates, guinea pigs, fish, fruit eating bats, insects, and some birds
What are 7 benefits from megadoses of vit. C?
Prevention and decreased severity of common cold
Prevention of cancer and prolonging life of patients
Lowering serum cholesterol and severity of atherosclerosis
Wound repair and normal healing process
Immune response for prevention and treatment of infection
Control schizophrenia
Inactivation of disease viruses
What does thiamine function as?
A coenzyme in several enzyme systems
What does deficiency of thiamine cause? (3)
Anorexia, cardiac involvement, neurological involvement
What is polyneuritis?
Thiamine deficiency in animals that is an inflammation of the nervous system in several areas
What cause deficiency of thiamine in ruminants? (3)
Decline in rumen pH, consuming sulfates, polioencephalomalacia
What is polioencephalomalacia?
Inflammation of brain gray matter in young ruminants
What happens when there is a deficiency of thiamine in humans?
Beriberi
What are symptoms of beriberi? (4)
Anorexia, cardiac enlargement, ataxia, dyspnea
What is dry beriberi?
Atrophy of the legs in adults and peripheral neuritis
What is wet beriberi?
Cardiac hypertrophy
Associated with lactic acid increase in the blood
What is infantile beriberi?
Breast fed infants of thiamine deficient mother
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Associated with alcohol consumption.
Signs range from mild concussion to coma and associated with severely impaired retentive memory and cognitive function
What are the functions of riboflavin? (2)
Coenzyme
Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids
What are signs of a riboflavin deficiency? (5)
Loss of appetite Impaired growth Reduced efficiency of feed Epithelial lesions Nervous disorders
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in chicks?
Curled toe paralysis
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in hens?
Decreased egg production and hatchability of eggs
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in turkeys?
Severe dermatitis
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in ducks?
Rapidly fatal
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in swine?
Grow slowly and dermatitis
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in a newborn calf? (3)
Diarrhea, excessive salvation, alopecia
What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in humans? (4)
Cheilosis (lesions of lips)
Angel stomatitis (lesions in corner of mouth)
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Hyperemia (increased blood amount)
What has a sub-clinical deficiency of riboflavin been shown to do?
Enhance cellular resistance to malaria
What are the functions of Niacin? (2)
Coenzyme
Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids
What can niacin be synthesized from?
Tryptophan
What can a deficiency in niacin cause?
Metabolic disorders in skin and digestive systems
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency? (3)
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 Ds)
What animals are more sensitive to niacin deficiency?
Pigs and ducks
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in pigs? (3)
Diarrhea, anemia, degeneration of intestinal and nervous tissues
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in ducks? (3)
Severe bloating, weakened legs, and diarrhea
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in dogs? (2)
Necrotic degeneration of tongue
Severe diarrhea
What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in chickens? (4)
Inflammation of upper intestinal tract
Dermatitis of legs
Reduced feather growth
Perosis
What is the result of a niacin deficiency in humans?
Pellagra
What are 2 hereditary disorders that can be treated with an increase of niacin?
Schizophrenia and Hartnup disease
What are the functions of pyridoxine? (2)
Coenzyme
Essential for nearly all reactions involved in animo acid metabolism
What are the general symptoms of a pyridoxine deficiency? (5)
Retarded growth Dermatitis Epileptic-like convulsions Anemia Partial alopecia
What does pyridoxine deficiency cause in babies? (2)
Seizures from infant formula
Chronic alcoholism
What are the functions of folate (folic acid)?
Coenzyme
Essential for purine and pyrimidine synthesis
What is most affected by a folate deficiency?
Tissues that have a rapid rate of cell growth or regeneration
What are the symptoms of folate deficiency in animals?
Anemia Listlessness Decrease feed intake and growth rate Diarrhea Poor reproduction
What is the most common deficiency in humans?
Folate (folic acid)
What are the signs of late deficiency in humans? (7)
Macrocytic anemia Gastrointestinal lesions Diarrhea Weakness Forgetfulness Sleeplessness Sterility
What are the functions of biotin? (3)
Coenzyme
Functions as a carboxyl carrier for enzymes involved in CHOs, fat, and protein metabolism
Maintaining normal blood glucose
What is the most severe cynical sign of biotin deficiency?
Dermatitis
What is the most expensive vitamin to supplement and has the greeted economic importance?
Biotin
What happens when poultry has a biotin deficiency? (3)
Leg and beak deformities
Broken feathers
Dermatitis
What happens when swine has a biotin deficiency? (4)
Alopecia
Dermatitis
Ulceration of skin
Transverse cracking of soles and tops of hooves
What are the majority of symptoms for humans with a biotin deficiency?
Infantile problems
What does the consumption of raw eggs cause?
Egg-white injury
What vitamin is egg-white injury involved with?
Biotin
What is egg-white injury?
A disorder cause by the agonist avidin
What are the other symptoms of a biotin deficiency in humans? (4)
Mild depression
Hallucination
Anxiety
Anorexia
What is the function of pantothenic acid?
Constituent of 2 coenzymes: Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5)
Decreased growth and feed efficiency Lesions of the skin Nervous and gastrointestinal system disorders Impaired adrenal function Reduced formation of antibodies
What do the primary the signs of pantothenic acid deficiency for poultry involve? (3)
Nervous system
Adrenal cortex
Skin
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for swine? (4)
Anorexia
Poor growth
Diarrhea
Goose stepping (Sciatic nerve damage)
How long does it take humans to develop symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?
12 weeks
What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for humans? (5)
Fatigue Headaches Muscle weakness Depression Impaired motor coordination
What is the last known vitamin to be discovered?
Cobalamine
What was cobalamine formerly known as?
Chick growth factor or animal protein factor
What are the functions of cobalamine? (3)
Involved in transfer in one carbon unit (methyl group)
Conversion of propionate to succinate
Conversion of CHOs to lipids
What are symptoms of cobalamine deficiency? (3)
Megaloblast anemia
Neurological lesions
Decreased growth
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for ruminants (calves)? (2)
Poor appetite
Growth and muscle weakness
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for swine? *4)
Loss of appetite
Reduced gain
Vomiting
Diarrhea
What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for humans? (2)
Mesoblast anemia
Neurological lesions
Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103
Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103
