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Animal Nutrition > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vitamin? (5)

A

Discovered in 1960’s as an organic compound which:

  1. is a component of natural food (different than CHOs, fat proteins, minerals, and water)
  2. is present in food in minute amounts and has specific functions
  3. is essential for development of normal tissues, health, growth, and maintenance
  4. when absent from a diet or not properly absorbed or utilized, results in a specific deficiency syndrome
  5. can not be synthesized by animal tissue and must be obtained exclusively from the diet
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2
Q

What happened to the definition of vitamins in 1969?

A

Flokers added that it can be a component of enzymes and there is some intrinsic biosynthesis (tryptophan niacin)

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3
Q

How are vitamins classified? (2)

A

Originally assigned letters, but now they have chemical names as well.
Based on chemical properties and solubility in water (fat soluble or water soluble)

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4
Q

What are the 4 fat soluble vitamins? Include letters and chemical name

A

A (retinols), D (calciferols), E (tocopherols), K (quinones)

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5
Q

Can quinones be synthesized? By what?

A

Yes, rumen microbes in rumen

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6
Q

What are the 9 water soluble vitamins?

A 
Thiamine (B1)
Riboflavin (B2)
Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
Pyrodoxine (B6)
Folic Acid
Biotin
Pantothenic Acid
Cobalamine (B12)
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
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7
Q

What is the chemical composition of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Contain only C, H, O (non polar–> water insoluble)

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8
Q

What is the chemical composition of water soluble vitamins?

A

Contain C, H, O, Also contain N, S, Co

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9
Q

What is the occurrence of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Can be in the form of a provitamin in animal tissues

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10
Q

What is the occurrence of water soluble vitamins?

A

No provitamins are known

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11
Q

What is the physiological action of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Required for regulation of metabolism

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12
Q

What is the physiological action of water soluble vitamins?

A

Concerned with the transfer of energy (niacin, riboflavin)

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13
Q

What is absorption like for fat soluble vitamins?

A

Absorbed in presence of fat

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14
Q

What is absorption like for water soluble vitamins?

A

Simpler process, absorbed constantly with water in intestine

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15
Q

What is the storage of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Stored where fat is deposited

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16
Q

What is the storage of water soluble vitamins?

A

Little storage. They are all different

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17
Q

What is excretion for fat soluble vitamins?

A

Wholly excreted in feces

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18
Q

What is excretion for water soluble vitamins?

A

Can be in feces, but mainly follow metabolic pathways and are in urine

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19
Q

What is the synthesis of fat soluble vitamins?

A

Only K can be synthesized by rumen microbes

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20
Q

What is the synthesis of water soluble vitamins?

A

All can be synthesized by rumen microbes

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21
Q

What is the provitamin of vitamin A?

A

β carotene (found only in plants)

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22
Q

What is the conversion of active form of Vitamin A?

A

Carotene is converted to 2 retinols in GI tract

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23
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A in the body? (4)

A

Retinol (reproduction, growth promotion, epithelial tissues)
Retinal (vision)
Retinoic Acid (growth promotion, epithelial tissue)
Retinyl palmitate (storage form of vitamin A in liver)

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24
Q

What are the 5 deficiency symptoms of vitamin A?

A 
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia (unusually dry eye)
Reproductive failure
Susceptibility to infections (decrease tissue integrity)
Poor growth
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25
Q

What are the provitamins of vitamin D?

A

Plants: ergosterol (D2)
Animals: 7-dehydrocholestrol (D3; in skin)

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26
Q

Look at conversion to active form on page 92

A

Look at conversion to active form on page 92

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27
Q

What is the function of vitamin D?

A

Decrease calcium in blood which triggers thyroid gland to secrete PTH which activates hydroxylation in kidney.

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28
Q

How much of body calcium is stored in the bone? Body phosphorus?

A

99%

70-80%

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29
Q

What is PTH involved with?

A

Mobilization of calcium from bone

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30
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D in soft tissues? (2)

A

Calcium is important for blood clotting and neuromuscular activities.
Phosphorus is important for high energy phosphate bonds and cell membranes.

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31
Q

What are vitamin D deficiency symptoms? (3)

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Milk fever

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32
Q

What is rickets?

A

In young animals, when bones do not calcify

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33
Q

What is osteomalacia?

A

In adults, the demineralization of bones

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34
Q

What is milk fever?

A

In older/high producing dairy cows, onset of lactation and decrease of calcium in serum

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35
Q

When does milk fever occur?

A

24-48 hours after birth

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36
Q

What helps milk fever? Why?

A

Calcium reduced diet. Also, give high calcium diet on day of birth giving
Makes animals think they are calcium deficient

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37
Q

What are the provitamins for vitamin E?

A

None

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38
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant

Prevents pre oxidation by donating Hydrogens to free radicals

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39
Q

What does an antioxidant do?

A

Protect polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from damage by free radicals

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40
Q

What is a free radical?

A

Compound containing an unpaired electron that attacks the –CH2 between the unsaturated pi bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids

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41
Q

What is the current research for vitamin E?

A

Anti-carcinogenic compound

Slowing the aging process

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42
Q

What is the anti-carcinogenic compound research?

A

Initiation and promotion of cancer done by free radicals (environmental pollutants)

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43
Q

What is the aging process research?

A

Protect cells from damage caused by free radicals that form during aging process

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44
Q

What are deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E? (3)

A

Muscle cells break down
Rupture of blood vessels which leads to accumulation of fluid
Permanent sterility in males due to decreased integrity of reproductive tissues

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45
Q

What are examples of muscle cell break down for a deficiency of vit. E?

A

Muscular dystrophy
Stiff lamb disease
White muscle disease

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46
Q

What can happen in the brain when there is a rupture of blood vessels? Breast?

A

Encephalomalacia (crazy chick disease)

In chickens, exudative diathesis (Dolly Parton Disease)

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47
Q

What are the provitamins for vit. K?

A

None

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48
Q

What are the 3 active forms of vit. K?

A

Phylloquinone
Menaquinone
Menadione

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49
Q

Which form of vit. K is synthesized by the rumen?

A

Menaquinone

50
Q

What is the function of vit. K?

A

Blood clotting (required in synthesis of prothrombin)

51
Q

What is the primary vit. K deficiency symptom?

A

Increased blood clotting time

52
Q

What is dicoumarol?

A

Produced by molds

Vit. K antagonist that prevents prothrombin formation

53
Q

What is warfarin?

A

Rat poison, similar to dicoumarol, the causes rodents to die of internal bleeding

54
Q

What is scurvy?

A

The result of inadequate vit. C intake

55
Q

What are 6 symptoms of scurvy?

A 
Anemia
Swollen, bleeding gums with loss of teeth
Hemorrhages
Delayed healing of wounds
Fatigue and lethargy
Degeneration of muscles and skin lesions
56
Q

What species don’t synthesize vit. C? (6)

A

Primates, guinea pigs, fish, fruit eating bats, insects, and some birds

57
Q

What are 7 benefits from megadoses of vit. C?

A

Prevention and decreased severity of common cold
Prevention of cancer and prolonging life of patients
Lowering serum cholesterol and severity of atherosclerosis
Wound repair and normal healing process
Immune response for prevention and treatment of infection
Control schizophrenia
Inactivation of disease viruses

58
Q

What does thiamine function as?

A

A coenzyme in several enzyme systems

59
Q

What does deficiency of thiamine cause? (3)

A

Anorexia, cardiac involvement, neurological involvement

60
Q

What is polyneuritis?

A

Thiamine deficiency in animals that is an inflammation of the nervous system in several areas

61
Q

What cause deficiency of thiamine in ruminants? (3)

A

Decline in rumen pH, consuming sulfates, polioencephalomalacia

62
Q

What is polioencephalomalacia?

A

Inflammation of brain gray matter in young ruminants

63
Q

What happens when there is a deficiency of thiamine in humans?

A

Beriberi

64
Q

What are symptoms of beriberi? (4)

A

Anorexia, cardiac enlargement, ataxia, dyspnea

65
Q

What is dry beriberi?

A

Atrophy of the legs in adults and peripheral neuritis

66
Q

What is wet beriberi?

A

Cardiac hypertrophy

Associated with lactic acid increase in the blood

67
Q

What is infantile beriberi?

A

Breast fed infants of thiamine deficient mother

68
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A

Associated with alcohol consumption.

Signs range from mild concussion to coma and associated with severely impaired retentive memory and cognitive function

69
Q

What are the functions of riboflavin? (2)

A

Coenzyme

Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids

70
Q

What are signs of a riboflavin deficiency? (5)

A 
Loss of appetite
Impaired growth
Reduced efficiency of feed
Epithelial lesions
Nervous disorders
71
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in chicks?

A

Curled toe paralysis

72
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in hens?

A

Decreased egg production and hatchability of eggs

73
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in turkeys?

A

Severe dermatitis

74
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in ducks?

A

Rapidly fatal

75
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in swine?

A

Grow slowly and dermatitis

76
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in a newborn calf? (3)

A

Diarrhea, excessive salvation, alopecia

77
Q

What are riboflavin deficiency symptoms in humans? (4)

A

Cheilosis (lesions of lips)
Angel stomatitis (lesions in corner of mouth)
Glossitis (inflammation of tongue)
Hyperemia (increased blood amount)

78
Q

What has a sub-clinical deficiency of riboflavin been shown to do?

A

Enhance cellular resistance to malaria

79
Q

What are the functions of Niacin? (2)

A

Coenzyme

Essential for intermediary metabolism of CHOs, amino acids, and lipids

80
Q

What can niacin be synthesized from?

A

Tryptophan

81
Q

What can a deficiency in niacin cause?

A

Metabolic disorders in skin and digestive systems

82
Q

What are symptoms of niacin deficiency? (3)

A

Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (3 Ds)

83
Q

What animals are more sensitive to niacin deficiency?

A

Pigs and ducks

84
Q

What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in pigs? (3)

A

Diarrhea, anemia, degeneration of intestinal and nervous tissues

85
Q

What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in ducks? (3)

A

Severe bloating, weakened legs, and diarrhea

86
Q

What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in dogs? (2)

A

Necrotic degeneration of tongue

Severe diarrhea

87
Q

What are symptoms of niacin deficiency in chickens? (4)

A

Inflammation of upper intestinal tract
Dermatitis of legs
Reduced feather growth
Perosis

88
Q

What is the result of a niacin deficiency in humans?

A

Pellagra

89
Q

What are 2 hereditary disorders that can be treated with an increase of niacin?

A

Schizophrenia and Hartnup disease

90
Q

What are the functions of pyridoxine? (2)

A

Coenzyme

Essential for nearly all reactions involved in animo acid metabolism

91
Q

What are the general symptoms of a pyridoxine deficiency? (5)

A 
Retarded growth
Dermatitis
Epileptic-like convulsions
Anemia
Partial alopecia
92
Q

What does pyridoxine deficiency cause in babies? (2)

A

Seizures from infant formula

Chronic alcoholism

93
Q

What are the functions of folate (folic acid)?

A

Coenzyme

Essential for purine and pyrimidine synthesis

94
Q

What is most affected by a folate deficiency?

A

Tissues that have a rapid rate of cell growth or regeneration

95
Q

What are the symptoms of folate deficiency in animals?

A 
Anemia
Listlessness
Decrease feed intake and growth rate
Diarrhea
Poor reproduction
96
Q

What is the most common deficiency in humans?

A

Folate (folic acid)

97
Q

What are the signs of late deficiency in humans? (7)

A 
Macrocytic anemia
Gastrointestinal lesions
Diarrhea
Weakness
Forgetfulness
Sleeplessness
Sterility
98
Q

What are the functions of biotin? (3)

A

Coenzyme
Functions as a carboxyl carrier for enzymes involved in CHOs, fat, and protein metabolism
Maintaining normal blood glucose

99
Q

What is the most severe cynical sign of biotin deficiency?

A

Dermatitis

100
Q

What is the most expensive vitamin to supplement and has the greeted economic importance?

A

Biotin

101
Q

What happens when poultry has a biotin deficiency? (3)

A

Leg and beak deformities
Broken feathers
Dermatitis

102
Q

What happens when swine has a biotin deficiency? (4)

A

Alopecia
Dermatitis
Ulceration of skin
Transverse cracking of soles and tops of hooves

103
Q

What are the majority of symptoms for humans with a biotin deficiency?

A

Infantile problems

104
Q

What does the consumption of raw eggs cause?

A

Egg-white injury

105
Q

What vitamin is egg-white injury involved with?

A

Biotin

106
Q

What is egg-white injury?

A

A disorder cause by the agonist avidin

107
Q

What are the other symptoms of a biotin deficiency in humans? (4)

A

Mild depression
Hallucination
Anxiety
Anorexia

108
Q

What is the function of pantothenic acid?

A

Constituent of 2 coenzymes: Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein

109
Q

What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency? (5)

A 
Decreased growth and feed efficiency 
Lesions of the skin
Nervous and gastrointestinal system disorders
Impaired adrenal function
Reduced formation of antibodies
110
Q

What do the primary the signs of pantothenic acid deficiency for poultry involve? (3)

A

Nervous system
Adrenal cortex
Skin

111
Q

What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for swine? (4)

A

Anorexia
Poor growth
Diarrhea
Goose stepping (Sciatic nerve damage)

112
Q

How long does it take humans to develop symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?

A

12 weeks

113
Q

What are the symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency for humans? (5)

A 
Fatigue
Headaches
Muscle weakness
Depression
Impaired motor coordination
114
Q

What is the last known vitamin to be discovered?

A

Cobalamine

115
Q

What was cobalamine formerly known as?

A

Chick growth factor or animal protein factor

116
Q

What are the functions of cobalamine? (3)

A

Involved in transfer in one carbon unit (methyl group)
Conversion of propionate to succinate
Conversion of CHOs to lipids

117
Q

What are symptoms of cobalamine deficiency? (3)

A

Megaloblast anemia
Neurological lesions
Decreased growth

118
Q

What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for ruminants (calves)? (2)

A

Poor appetite

Growth and muscle weakness

119
Q

What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for swine? *4)

A

Loss of appetite
Reduced gain
Vomiting
Diarrhea

120
Q

What are the symptoms of cobalamine deficiency for humans? (2)

A

Mesoblast anemia

Neurological lesions

121
Q

Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103

A

Look at highlighted parts on page 102 and 103

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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