Test 1 Part 1

Question 1

What are the sciences involved in nutrition?

Answer 1

Chemistry and biology (biochemistry)

Question 2

What did Hypocrites hypothesize and when?

Answer 2

In 460 BC, he hypothesized that there are many foods, but one nutrient. We eat food to get energy.

Question 3

What and when did Antoine Lavoisier conclude?

Answer 3

Respiration is a combustible process. 1700s

Question 4

What did Antoine Lavoisier find?

Answer 4

A chemical basis for nutrition

Question 5

What did Lavoisier measure?

Answer 5

Body heat, CO2 loss, and O2 consumed

Question 6

How many nutrients have to be in the body or diet for proper function? How many are there total?

Answer 6

40

80

Question 7

What is the primary objective of animal nutrition?

Answer 7

Provide various nutrients to the animal for maintenance, health, and production.

Question 8

What is nutrition?

Answer 8

The series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities.

Question 9

What is a nutrient?

Answer 9

Any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals.

Question 10

What is digestion?

Answer 10

The combination of mechanical chemical and enzymatic processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing solubility.

Question 11

What is absorption?

Answer 11

The passage or movement of the end products of digestion through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation.

Question 12

What is distribution?

Answer 12

Movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via blood stream.

Question 13

What is metabolism?

Answer 13

Sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substance is produced and maintained.

Question 14

What are the two types of metabolism?

Answer 14

Anabolism, Catabolism

Question 15

What is anabolism?

Answer 15

Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells to more complex compounds.

Question 16

What is catabolism?

Answer 16

Any destructive process by which complex substance are converted by living cells to more simple compounds.

Question 17

What is excretion?

Answer 17

The removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism. Primarily from kidneys

Question 18

What is the breakdown of feed in the GI tract?

Answer 18

Nutrients are digested in gut… absorbed in gut…distributed in blood… metabolism by living cells…excreted

Question 19

What is considered maintenance?

Answer 19

Heat (body temp)
Internal Physiological Processes
External movement
Replacement/repair body tissues

Question 20

What are 4 internal physiological processes?

Answer 20

Respiration
Circulation
Peristalsis
Nervous system

Question 21

What 7 things are considered production?

Answer 21

Growth
Milk
Fiber (wool,mohair)
Fattening
Egg production
Reproduction
Work/activity

Question 22

What do glycolysis and krebs cycle do? What type of metabolic process?

Answer 22

Break glucose down to pyruvate

Catabolism

Question 23

What do Transcription and translation do? What type of metabolic process?

Answer 23

Turn amino acids to protein

Anabolism

Question 24

What does Triglyceride synthesis do? What type of metabolic process?

Answer 24

Turns fatty acids to triglyceride

Anabolism

Question 25

What does β oxidation do? What type of metabolic process?

Answer 25

Turns fatty acids to energy | Catabolism

Question 26

What do β oxidation and glycolysis make?

Answer 26

Acetyl CoA

Question 27

What is the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 27

A common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Question 28

What is feedstuff?

Answer 28

Any material of natural to synthetic origin fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them.

Question 29

What are the 3 types of feedstuff?

Answer 29

Natural Natural processed Synthetic

Question 30

What is considered natural feedstuff?

Answer 30

Corn, wheat, barley, oats.

Question 31

What is considered natural processed feedstuff?

Answer 31

SBM, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, corn gluten feed

Question 32

What is considered synthetic feedstuff?

Answer 32

Crystalline amino acids and vitamins

Question 33

What is a diet?

Answer 33

Combination of feedstuffs used to supply nourishment to the animal.

Question 34

What is a ration?

Answer 34

Amount of a diet consumed by an animal in a 24 hour period.

Question 35

What is a supplement?

Answer 35

Feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal.

Question 36

What is concentrate?

Answer 36

Feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber.

Question 37

What is roughage?

Answer 37

Feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber.

Question 38

What are the 6 (7) nutrient classes?

Answer 38

``` Protein Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Minerals Water Oxygen (not a dietary nutrient) ```

Question 39

What is a protein?

Answer 39

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Question 40

What are carbohydrates?

Answer 40

simple (glucose); starch, fiber

Question 41

What are lipids?

Answer 41

Fats, glycerol backbone, and 3 fatty acids. | Most concentrated form of energy.

Question 42

What vitamins are soluble?

Answer 42

Fat: A,D,E,K Water: B complex & C

Question 43

What are the 2 types of minerals

Answer 43

Macro and micro

Question 44

What is proximate analysis used for? Where was it developed?

Answer 44

Used to evaluate nutritive content of feeds. Developed in 1860’s at the Weende Experiment Station, Germany.

Question 45

What are the 6 parts to proximate analysis?

Answer 45

``` Moisture Ash Kjeldahl N Ether extract Crude fiber N Free Extract ```

Question 46

What temperature does the water evaporate?

Answer 46

100ºC

Question 47

What does Ash burn in? What temperature?

Answer 47

Muffle furnace | 400-600ºC

Question 48

What is the protein amount in Kjeldahl N?

Answer 48

6.25 x %N

Question 49

How do you determine the protein composition?

Answer 49

Boil in H2SO4 and distill ammonia

Question 50

How do you do ether extract?

Answer 50

Boil in either and distill remaining fat

Question 51

How do you evaluate crude fiber?

Answer 51

Acid base hydrolysis boil in weak acid then weak base. Determine carbohydrates

Question 52

How do you figure N Free Extract?

Answer 52

Calculate the difference. | Determines remaining carbohydrates

Question 53

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 53

Process of trapping solar energy to make nutrients

Question 54

What are the types of photosynthesis?

Answer 54

Light reactions and dark reactions

Question 55

What do light reactions need?

Answer 55

Chlorophyll

Question 56

What do dark reactions need?

Answer 56

ATP to make glucose

Question 57

What is the stem used for?

Answer 57

Structure

Question 58

What does the stem contain?

Answer 58

Cellulose and lignin. High carbohydrate content

Question 59

What are the leaves for?

Answer 59

Photosynthesis

Question 60

What do leaves require?

Answer 60

Enzymes

Question 61

What are enzymes?

Answer 61

Protein

Question 62

What are leaves high in?

Answer 62

Protein

Question 63

What are seeds used for?

Answer 63

Germination and reproduction | Storage site of nutrients.

Question 64

What are the 2 types of seeds?

Answer 64

Cereal grains and oil-bearing seeds

Question 65

What do cereal grains store energy as?

Answer 65

CHO, corn wheat, barley

Question 66

What do oil bearing seeds store energy as?

Answer 66

Lipid(oil), soybean, cottonseed, peanut