Test 1 Part 1 Flashcards
What are the sciences involved in nutrition?
Chemistry and biology (biochemistry)
What did Hypocrites hypothesize and when?
In 460 BC, he hypothesized that there are many foods, but one nutrient. We eat food to get energy.
What and when did Antoine Lavoisier conclude?
Respiration is a combustible process. 1700s
What did Antoine Lavoisier find?
A chemical basis for nutrition
What did Lavoisier measure?
Body heat, CO2 loss, and O2 consumed
How many nutrients have to be in the body or diet for proper function? How many are there total?
40
80
What is the primary objective of animal nutrition?
Provide various nutrients to the animal for maintenance, health, and production.
What is nutrition?
The series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities.
What is a nutrient?
Any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for the maintenance, production, and health of animals.
What is digestion?
The combination of mechanical chemical and enzymatic processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing solubility.
What is absorption?
The passage or movement of the end products of digestion through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation.
What is distribution?
Movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via blood stream.
What is metabolism?
Sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substance is produced and maintained.
What are the two types of metabolism?
Anabolism, Catabolism
What is anabolism?
Any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells to more complex compounds.
What is catabolism?
Any destructive process by which complex substance are converted by living cells to more simple compounds.
What is excretion?
The removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism. Primarily from kidneys
What is the breakdown of feed in the GI tract?
Nutrients are digested in gut… absorbed in gut…distributed in blood… metabolism by living cells…excreted
What is considered maintenance?
Heat (body temp)
Internal Physiological Processes
External movement
Replacement/repair body tissues
What are 4 internal physiological processes?
Respiration
Circulation
Peristalsis
Nervous system
What 7 things are considered production?
Growth Milk Fiber (wool,mohair) Fattening Egg production Reproduction Work/activity
What do glycolysis and krebs cycle do? What type of metabolic process?
Break glucose down to pyruvate
Catabolism
What do Transcription and translation do? What type of metabolic process?
Turn amino acids to protein
Anabolism
What does Triglyceride synthesis do? What type of metabolic process?
Turns fatty acids to triglyceride
Anabolism
What does β oxidation do? What type of metabolic process?
Turns fatty acids to energy
Catabolism
What do β oxidation and glycolysis make?
Acetyl CoA
What is the Krebs Cycle?
A common oxidative pathway for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
What is feedstuff?
Any material of natural to synthetic origin fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them.
What are the 3 types of feedstuff?
Natural
Natural processed
Synthetic
What is considered natural feedstuff?
Corn, wheat, barley, oats.
What is considered natural processed feedstuff?
SBM, alfalfa meal, wheat bran, corn gluten feed
What is considered synthetic feedstuff?
Crystalline amino acids and vitamins
What is a diet?
Combination of feedstuffs used to supply nourishment to the animal.
What is a ration?
Amount of a diet consumed by an animal in a 24 hour period.
What is a supplement?
Feed or feed mixture used with another feed or feed mixture to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal.
What is concentrate?
Feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber.
What is roughage?
Feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber.
What are the 6 (7) nutrient classes?
Protein Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Minerals Water Oxygen (not a dietary nutrient)
What is a protein?
Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
What are carbohydrates?
simple (glucose); starch, fiber
What are lipids?
Fats, glycerol backbone, and 3 fatty acids.
Most concentrated form of energy.
What vitamins are soluble?
Fat: A,D,E,K
Water: B complex & C
What are the 2 types of minerals
Macro and micro
What is proximate analysis used for? Where was it developed?
Used to evaluate nutritive content of feeds. Developed in 1860’s at the Weende Experiment Station, Germany.
What are the 6 parts to proximate analysis?
Moisture Ash Kjeldahl N Ether extract Crude fiber N Free Extract
What temperature does the water evaporate?
100ºC
What does Ash burn in? What temperature?
Muffle furnace
400-600ºC
What is the protein amount in Kjeldahl N?
6.25 x %N
How do you determine the protein composition?
Boil in H2SO4 and distill ammonia
How do you do ether extract?
Boil in either and distill remaining fat
How do you evaluate crude fiber?
Acid base hydrolysis
boil in weak acid then weak base.
Determine carbohydrates
How do you figure N Free Extract?
Calculate the difference.
Determines remaining carbohydrates
What is photosynthesis?
Process of trapping solar energy to make nutrients
What are the types of photosynthesis?
Light reactions and dark reactions
What do light reactions need?
Chlorophyll
What do dark reactions need?
ATP to make glucose
What is the stem used for?
Structure
What does the stem contain?
Cellulose and lignin. High carbohydrate content
What are the leaves for?
Photosynthesis
What do leaves require?
Enzymes
What are enzymes?
Protein
What are leaves high in?
Protein
What are seeds used for?
Germination and reproduction
Storage site of nutrients.
What are the 2 types of seeds?
Cereal grains and oil-bearing seeds
What do cereal grains store energy as?
CHO, corn wheat, barley
What do oil bearing seeds store energy as?
Lipid(oil), soybean, cottonseed, peanut
