Test 5 Flashcards
What are minerals?
Inorganic, solid, crystalline chemical elements
What is ash?
Total mineral content of plants or animals
How much does minerals make up animal dry weight?
3-5%
How much does calcium account for in mineral make up?
50%
What are macro minerals?
Minerals that are normally present at greater levels in animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet
What are the macro minerals? (7)
Calcium Phosphorus Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Potassium Sulfur
What are micro minerals?
Minerals present in lower levels or needed in small amount in the diet
What are the micro minerals? (9)
Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Manganese Molybdenum Selenium Zinc
What happens if there is excess selenium and fluorine in geographical areas?
The area is considered toxic
What are the functions of minerals? (7)
Skeletal formation and maintenance
Function in protein synthesis
Oxygen transport
Fluid balance
Regulating acid-base balance of entire system
Activator and/or component of enzyme systems
Mineral-vitamin relationships
What minerals are involved with skeletal formation and maintenance? (5)
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Copper Manganese
What minerals are involved in the function of protein synthesis? (3)
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Zinc
What minerals are involved in oxygen transport? (2)
Iron (hemoglobin)
Copper
What minerals are involved in fluid balance? (3)
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium (electrolytes)
What minerals are involved in regulating acid-base balance of entire system? (3)
Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium
What minerals are involved in activation and/or are a component of enzyme systems? (8)
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Iron Copper Manganese Zinc
What minerals are involved in mineral-vitamin relationships? (4) What vitamins?
Calcium (Vit. D)
Phosphorus (Vit. D)
Cobalt (Cobalamine)
Selenium (Vit. E)
What is considered a good source of most minerals?
Forage plants
What kind of source for minerals are grains?
Fair source of phosphorus
Low in other minerals
How and where from are minerals absorbed?
In ionic form from the small intestine
What does absorption occur as?
The result of absorption (Ca, P, Na) or diffusion ( most other minerals)
What 5 factors affect mineral absorption?
Age of animal Form of element pH of intestinal tract Binding or chelating components Excess or interactions with other minerals
What are the units of measurement for minerals?
Amount required by animal daily
Grams, milligrams, micrograms
How are macro grams generally expressed?
As a percent of the diet
How are micro minerals expressed?
As milligrams of micrograms/kg or lb. of diet
Where is most calcium stored?
Bones
How much of the calcium in the body is in teeth and bones?
99%
What happens when calcium is not mobilized from the bone fast enough for metabolic needs?
Tetany
What is calcium most readily available from?
Jaw bone
What are the 7 functions of calcium?
Blood clotting Muscle contraction Nerve transmission Cell wall permeability Enzyme activation Milk/egg production Secretion of hormones and releasing factors
What does a deficiency of calcium cause? (3)
Growth is stunted
Malformation of teeth and bones
Rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever (Vit. D deficiency)
Is toxicity due to calcium common?
No
What happens if toxicity occurs due to calcium? (2)
May cause increased calcitonin secretion
May cause kidney stones
How much of the mineral composition in the body is phosphorus?
25%
What is phosphorus very closely linked to?
Calcium
Where can phosphorus be found?
Bones and teeth
What is phosphorus involved with? (3)
Vitamin D
PTH
Calcitonin
What are the 5 functions of phosphorus?
Bone formation Teeth development Milk secretion Building muscle tissue Metabolic functions
What are the 4 metabolic functions of phosphorus?
Energy utilization
Phospholipid formation
Amino acid metabolism
Enzyme systems
What are the 6 things that a deficiency of phosphorus causes?
Weakness Loss of appetite Loss of calcium Reproduction problems Rickets, osteomalacia,... Excretion of blood in urine
What is the excretion of blood in the urine also known as?
Nutritional Redwater
Is toxicity due to phosphorus likely?
No
What does toxicity due to phosphorus cause? (2)
May cause decreased calcium absorption
Urinary calculi
What is the ration of Ca to P?
1 to 2 parts Ca to 1 part P
What are the 4 functions of sodium?
Cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
Constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweat, tears
Muscle contraction and nerve functions
Role in carbohydrate absorption
What are the 3 things sodium does as a cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance?
Transfer of nutrients to cells
Removal of waste products
Maintenance of water balance among tissues
What is the role of sodium in carbohydrate absorption?
Sodium dependent transfer
What does a deficiency of sodium cause? (3)
Loss of appetite
Reduced growth and milk production, weight loss
Decreased reproduction
What 2 things does decreased reproduction due to a sodium deficiency include?
Male infertility
Delayed puberty by females
What does toxicity due to sodium come from?
Restricted water consumption
What does toxicity due to sodium cause? (4)
Staggering gait
Blindness
Other nervous disorders
Hypertension
What are the 3 functions of chlorine?
Osmotic pressure
Acid-base balance
Component of HCl in stomach
What does HCl do in the stomach? (3)
Protein digestion
Activation of pepsin
Absorption of Vit. B12
What does a deficiency of chlorine cause? (2)
Alkalosis
Reduced growth rate
What are signs of alkalosis? (4)
Slow, shallow breathing
Listless
Muscle cramps
Loss of appetite
Is toxicity due to chlorine likely?
No
What can cause toxicity due to chlorine?
Ample water
What are the 5 functions of magnesium?
Component of bone and teeth
Essential cellular metabolism
Activation of peptidases–protein digestion
Relaxes nerve impulses
Serves as a buffer in the rumen and small intestine
What is caused by a deficiency in magnesium?
Grass tetany
What is grass tetany? (3)
Caused by lush, rapidly growing grass that is magnesium deficient
When fertilized, nitrogen and potassium compete with Mg for absorption
Lactating cows are more susceptible to this
What are symptoms of grass tetany? (5)
Twitching Accelerated respiration Head held high Grinding teeth Excessive salivation
Is toxicity due to Mg a problem?
No
What can happen when there is toxicity due to Mg? (2)
Heart enters a sustained contraction
Death
What are the 4 functions of potassium?
Acid-base balance
Transfer of nutrients in and out of cells
Relaxes cardiac muscles
Required for secretion of insulin
Is a potassium deficiency common or rare?
Rare
What are symptoms of a potassium deficiency? (6)
Growth reduction Unsteady gait Muscle weakness Diarrhea Hypertrophy of heart and kidney Death
What does toxicity due to potassium interfere with?
Magnesium absorption and utilization
When is toxicity due to potassium a problem? (3)
Water intake is restricted
Water is saline
Dysfunctional kidney
What are the 7 functions of sulfur?
S-containing amino acids Fat metabolism CHO metabolism Energy metabolism Component of connective tissues Conversion of toxic substances to nontoxic Component of hair, wool, feathers
What does a deficiency of sulfur cause?
Slow growth (limited amino acids for protein synthesis) Reduced wool growth
What is the nitrogen:sulfur ration when there is slow growth?
10:1
What does toxicity due to sulfur cause?
Production of hydrogen sulfide
What does hydrogen sulfide affect?
Rumen microbes when there is excessive sulfur in the diet
What are the 2 functions of cobalt?
Component of cobalamine
Needed for cobalamine production by rumen microbes
What does a deficiency of cobalt cause? (2)
Megaloblastic anemia and neurological lesions
Decreased growth
What are the 3 functions of copper and molybdenum?
Iron metabolism
Enzyme activation
Reproduction
What is the ration for Cu:Mo?
2:1
What does a deficiency of copper cause? (7)
Swayback in newborn lambs Falling disease Staggering Falling Sudden death Straight or steely wool Bleaching of hair color
What does toxicity of copper caused by?
Accumulation in liver of ruminants
What does deficiency of molybdenum cause?
Not a problem
What does toxicity due to molybdenum cause? (3)
Scours
Weight loss
Fading hair color
What is the storage form of iron called?
Ferritin
What are the 3 functions of iron?
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin, muscle protein
Enzyme activation
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Oxygen transport
What does a deficiency of iron cause? (6)
Iron deficiency anemia Reduced appetite Diarrhea Labored breathing Rough hair coat Decreased growth
What is iron deficiency anemia? (3)
Fewer red blood cells
Less hemoglobin
Pale mucus membranes
What animals are more susceptible to iron deficiency?
Newborn animals, especially pigs
What form of iron is very toxic?
Free iron
What is iron always associated with?
A protein
What does 2 iron and 1 β globulin protein (transferrin) make?
Transferritin
What is transferritin used for?
Iron transfer
What are the functions of selenium?
Component of glutathione peroxidase
Protect tissue from toxic substances
Interrelationship with Vit. E
What does selenium do to the glutathione peroxidase?
Protect against oxidation of Polyunsaturated fatty acids
What does a deficiency of selenium cause?
White muscle disease
See Vit. E
What does toxicity due to selenium cause?
Blind stagger or alkali disease
What are the 5 symptoms of blind stagger or alkali disease?
Emaciation Loss of hair Soreness and sloughing of hooves Blindness Death
What is the primary function of zinc?
Component or cofactor of several enzyme systems
What is the function of manganese?
Activator of enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism.
What are symptoms of a deficiency in manganese? (3)
Poor growth
Shortened long bones
Impaired reproduction
What is the function of iodine?
Thyroxine formation
What is caused by a deficiency in iodine?
Goiter
What is the function of fluorine?
Protect against teeth decay
What is glucose the source of energy for in the well fed state?
Brain
Where do amino acids go to in the well fed state? What for?
Liver for protein
What are excess amino acids used for in the well fed state?
Energy–trans- and de- amination (urea synthesis)
Where do fats go in the well fed state?
Adipose tissue
What are CHOs used for in the well fed state?
NADPH production
What is coming from the diet during starvation?
Nothing
What are the sources of nutrients during starvation? (2)
Fat stored in adipose tissue
Glycogen in the liver and muscle
What uses glucose during starvation?
The brain, not the muscles
During early starvation, what do the muscles use?
Ketone bodies
During starvation, how much muscle can be broken down?
25-30%
During starvation, what is the brain eventually forced to use for energy?
Ketone bodies
What is insulin produced by?
β cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
What does insulin synthesize? (3)
Glycogen
Triglycerides
Proteins
What stimulates the secretion of insulin? (2)
High blood glucose after a meal
High blood amino acids after a meal
What are the metabolic effects of insulin due to?
Binding receptors in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
What does insulin prevent in CHO metabolism?
Hyperglycemia by decreasing blood glucose
What are the 4 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with insulin?
Increase glucose transport into adipose and muscle cells
Increase glycolysis
Decrease gluconeogenesis
Increase glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
What does insulin promote in lipid metabolism?
Lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues)
What are the 3 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with insulin?
Increase fatty acid synthesis of Acetyl CoA from glucose and NADPH from glucose
Increase triglyceride synthesis
Increase triglyceride storage in adipose tissue
What does insulin reduce in amino acid metabolism?
Blood amino acid increasing synthesis
What are the 4 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with insulin?
Increase entry of amino acids to liver and muscle cells
Increase protein synthesis
Increase degradation of surplus amino acids
Urea cycle activity
Is insulin involved more in the well fed state of starvation?
Well fed state
What is glucagon produced by?
α cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
What does glucagon favor? (4)
Breakdown of glycogen in liver
Mobilization of fatty acids
Protein degradation
Gluconeogenesis
What is the regulation of glucagon?
Low blood glucose after over night or prolonged fast
What are the metabolic effects of glucagon due to?
Binding to receptors in liver and adipose tissue
What does CHO metabolism prevent with glucagon?
Hypoglycemia by mobilization and synthesis of glucose
What are the 2 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with glucagon?
Increase glycogen breakdown in liver
Increase gluconeogenesis by activating gluconeogenic enzymes
What does lipid metabolism promote with glucagon?
Lipolysis
What are the 4 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with glucagon?
Increase triglyceride breakdown–release free fatty acids
Increase mobilization of fatty acids and uptake by liver
Increase β-oxidation in liver
Increase ketone body formation
What does amino acid metabolism lower with glucagon?
Amino acid concentration in blood
What are the 2 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with glucagon?
Increase uptake of amino acids by the liver for gluconeogenesis Other hormones (cortisol) cause degradation of muscle protein, release AA into blood
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (5)
Phosphorylation of glucose Glycogen synthesis Production of NADPH Glycolysis Decrease of gluconeogenesis
What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (3)
Fatty acid synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
Packaging of triglycerides to very low density lipoproteins
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (2)
Protein synthesis
Degradation of surplus Amino Acids
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (3)
Glucose transport
Glycolysis
NADPH
What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (2)
Fatty acid synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state?
Not metabolize by adipose tissue
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (3)
Glucose transport and phosphorylation
Glycolysis and Krebs cycle
Glycogen synthesis
Why does fat metabolism have minor importance as an energy substrate?
High glucose
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (2)
Uptake of amino acids
Protein synthesis
What does the brain use for energy in the well fed state?
Glucose
Why does fat metabolism not occur in the brain?
Fatty acids can’t cross the blood-brain barrier
What doe certain amino acids function as in the brain?
Neurotransmitters
What do both insulin and glucagon stimulate?
Absorption of amino acids
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)
Glycogen degradation
Gluconeogenesis
What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)
β-oxidation of fatty acids derived form adipose tissue
Synthesis of ketone bodies
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during starvation?
Uptake of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?
Glucose transport into adipose tissue is inhibited
What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation? (3)
Degradation of triglycerides
Release of triglyceride derived fatty acids into the blood
Glycerol backbone is used as gluconeogenic precursor by liver
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?
Amino acids are not metabolized by adipose tissue
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation?
Glucose transport into muscle cell is inhibited
What is the result of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)
Use of fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketones from the liver are used as energy sources during early starvation
Use of fatty acids as energy source during prolonged starvation–spares ketone bodies for the brain
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)
Rapid breakdown of muscle protein during first few days of starvation
Amino acids are used by liver for gluconeogenesis
