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Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals?

A

Inorganic, solid, crystalline chemical elements

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2
Q

What is ash?

A

Total mineral content of plants or animals

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3
Q

How much does minerals make up animal dry weight?

A

3-5%

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4
Q

How much does calcium account for in mineral make up?

A

50%

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5
Q

What are macro minerals?

A

Minerals that are normally present at greater levels in animal body or needed in large amounts in the diet

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6
Q

What are the macro minerals? (7)

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Chlorine
Magnesium 
Potassium
Sulfur
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7
Q

What are micro minerals?

A

Minerals present in lower levels or needed in small amount in the diet

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8
Q

What are the micro minerals? (9)

A 
Cobalt 
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum 
Selenium
Zinc
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9
Q

What happens if there is excess selenium and fluorine in geographical areas?

A

The area is considered toxic

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10
Q

What are the functions of minerals? (7)

A

Skeletal formation and maintenance
Function in protein synthesis
Oxygen transport
Fluid balance
Regulating acid-base balance of entire system
Activator and/or component of enzyme systems
Mineral-vitamin relationships

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11
Q

What minerals are involved with skeletal formation and maintenance? (5)

A 
Calcium 
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Copper
Manganese
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12
Q

What minerals are involved in the function of protein synthesis? (3)

A

Phosphorus
Sulfur
Zinc

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13
Q

What minerals are involved in oxygen transport? (2)

A

Iron (hemoglobin)

Copper

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14
Q

What minerals are involved in fluid balance? (3)

A

Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium (electrolytes)

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15
Q

What minerals are involved in regulating acid-base balance of entire system? (3)

A

Sodium
Chlorine
Potassium

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16
Q

What minerals are involved in activation and/or are a component of enzyme systems? (8)

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Iron
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
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17
Q

What minerals are involved in mineral-vitamin relationships? (4) What vitamins?

A

Calcium (Vit. D)
Phosphorus (Vit. D)
Cobalt (Cobalamine)
Selenium (Vit. E)

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18
Q

What is considered a good source of most minerals?

A

Forage plants

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19
Q

What kind of source for minerals are grains?

A

Fair source of phosphorus

Low in other minerals

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20
Q

How and where from are minerals absorbed?

A

In ionic form from the small intestine

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21
Q

What does absorption occur as?

A

The result of absorption (Ca, P, Na) or diffusion ( most other minerals)

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22
Q

What 5 factors affect mineral absorption?

A 
Age of animal 
Form of element 
pH of intestinal tract
Binding or chelating components
Excess or interactions with other minerals
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23
Q

What are the units of measurement for minerals?

A

Amount required by animal daily

Grams, milligrams, micrograms

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24
Q

How are macro grams generally expressed?

A

As a percent of the diet

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25
How are micro minerals expressed?
As milligrams of micrograms/kg or lb. of diet
26
Where is most calcium stored?
Bones
27
How much of the calcium in the body is in teeth and bones?
99%
28
What happens when calcium is not mobilized from the bone fast enough for metabolic needs?
Tetany
29
What is calcium most readily available from?
Jaw bone
30
What are the 7 functions of calcium?
``` Blood clotting Muscle contraction Nerve transmission Cell wall permeability Enzyme activation Milk/egg production Secretion of hormones and releasing factors ```
31
What does a deficiency of calcium cause? (3)
Growth is stunted Malformation of teeth and bones Rickets, osteomalacia, milk fever (Vit. D deficiency)
32
Is toxicity due to calcium common?
No
33
What happens if toxicity occurs due to calcium? (2)
May cause increased calcitonin secretion | May cause kidney stones
34
How much of the mineral composition in the body is phosphorus?
25%
35
What is phosphorus very closely linked to?
Calcium
36
Where can phosphorus be found?
Bones and teeth
37
What is phosphorus involved with? (3)
Vitamin D PTH Calcitonin
38
What are the 5 functions of phosphorus?
``` Bone formation Teeth development Milk secretion Building muscle tissue Metabolic functions ```
39
What are the 4 metabolic functions of phosphorus?
Energy utilization Phospholipid formation Amino acid metabolism Enzyme systems
40
What are the 6 things that a deficiency of phosphorus causes?
``` Weakness Loss of appetite Loss of calcium Reproduction problems Rickets, osteomalacia,... Excretion of blood in urine ```
41
What is the excretion of blood in the urine also known as?
Nutritional Redwater
42
Is toxicity due to phosphorus likely?
No
43
What does toxicity due to phosphorus cause? (2)
May cause decreased calcium absorption | Urinary calculi
44
What is the ration of Ca to P?
1 to 2 parts Ca to 1 part P
45
What are the 4 functions of sodium?
Cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance Constituent of pancreatic juice, bile, sweat, tears Muscle contraction and nerve functions Role in carbohydrate absorption
46
What are the 3 things sodium does as a cation in osmotic pressure and acid-base balance?
Transfer of nutrients to cells Removal of waste products Maintenance of water balance among tissues
47
What is the role of sodium in carbohydrate absorption?
Sodium dependent transfer
48
What does a deficiency of sodium cause? (3)
Loss of appetite Reduced growth and milk production, weight loss Decreased reproduction
49
What 2 things does decreased reproduction due to a sodium deficiency include?
Male infertility | Delayed puberty by females
50
What does toxicity due to sodium come from?
Restricted water consumption
51
What does toxicity due to sodium cause? (4)
Staggering gait Blindness Other nervous disorders Hypertension
52
What are the 3 functions of chlorine?
Osmotic pressure Acid-base balance Component of HCl in stomach
53
What does HCl do in the stomach? (3)
Protein digestion Activation of pepsin Absorption of Vit. B12
54
What does a deficiency of chlorine cause? (2)
Alkalosis | Reduced growth rate
55
What are signs of alkalosis? (4)
Slow, shallow breathing Listless Muscle cramps Loss of appetite
56
Is toxicity due to chlorine likely?
No
57
What can cause toxicity due to chlorine?
Ample water
58
What are the 5 functions of magnesium?
Component of bone and teeth Essential cellular metabolism Activation of peptidases–protein digestion Relaxes nerve impulses Serves as a buffer in the rumen and small intestine
59
What is caused by a deficiency in magnesium?
Grass tetany
60
What is grass tetany? (3)
Caused by lush, rapidly growing grass that is magnesium deficient When fertilized, nitrogen and potassium compete with Mg for absorption Lactating cows are more susceptible to this
61
What are symptoms of grass tetany? (5)
``` Twitching Accelerated respiration Head held high Grinding teeth Excessive salivation ```
62
Is toxicity due to Mg a problem?
No
63
What can happen when there is toxicity due to Mg? (2)
Heart enters a sustained contraction | Death
64
What are the 4 functions of potassium?
Acid-base balance Transfer of nutrients in and out of cells Relaxes cardiac muscles Required for secretion of insulin
65
Is a potassium deficiency common or rare?
Rare
66
What are symptoms of a potassium deficiency? (6)
``` Growth reduction Unsteady gait Muscle weakness Diarrhea Hypertrophy of heart and kidney Death ```
67
What does toxicity due to potassium interfere with?
Magnesium absorption and utilization
68
When is toxicity due to potassium a problem? (3)
Water intake is restricted Water is saline Dysfunctional kidney
69
What are the 7 functions of sulfur?
``` S-containing amino acids Fat metabolism CHO metabolism Energy metabolism Component of connective tissues Conversion of toxic substances to nontoxic Component of hair, wool, feathers ```
70
What does a deficiency of sulfur cause?
``` Slow growth (limited amino acids for protein synthesis) Reduced wool growth ```
71
What is the nitrogen:sulfur ration when there is slow growth?
10:1
72
What does toxicity due to sulfur cause?
Production of hydrogen sulfide
73
What does hydrogen sulfide affect?
Rumen microbes when there is excessive sulfur in the diet
74
What are the 2 functions of cobalt?
Component of cobalamine | Needed for cobalamine production by rumen microbes
75
What does a deficiency of cobalt cause? (2)
Megaloblastic anemia and neurological lesions | Decreased growth
76
What are the 3 functions of copper and molybdenum?
Iron metabolism Enzyme activation Reproduction
77
What is the ration for Cu:Mo?
2:1
78
What does a deficiency of copper cause? (7)
``` Swayback in newborn lambs Falling disease Staggering Falling Sudden death Straight or steely wool Bleaching of hair color ```
79
What does toxicity of copper caused by?
Accumulation in liver of ruminants
80
What does deficiency of molybdenum cause?
Not a problem
81
What does toxicity due to molybdenum cause? (3)
Scours Weight loss Fading hair color
82
What is the storage form of iron called?
Ferritin
83
What are the 3 functions of iron?
Hemoglobin Myoglobin, muscle protein Enzyme activation
84
What is the function of hemoglobin?
Oxygen transport
85
What does a deficiency of iron cause? (6)
``` Iron deficiency anemia Reduced appetite Diarrhea Labored breathing Rough hair coat Decreased growth ```
86
What is iron deficiency anemia? (3)
Fewer red blood cells Less hemoglobin Pale mucus membranes
87
What animals are more susceptible to iron deficiency?
Newborn animals, especially pigs
88
What form of iron is very toxic?
Free iron
89
What is iron always associated with?
A protein
90
What does 2 iron and 1 β globulin protein (transferrin) make?
Transferritin
91
What is transferritin used for?
Iron transfer
92
What are the functions of selenium?
Component of glutathione peroxidase Protect tissue from toxic substances Interrelationship with Vit. E
93
What does selenium do to the glutathione peroxidase?
Protect against oxidation of Polyunsaturated fatty acids
94
What does a deficiency of selenium cause?
White muscle disease | See Vit. E
95
What does toxicity due to selenium cause?
Blind stagger or alkali disease
96
What are the 5 symptoms of blind stagger or alkali disease?
``` Emaciation Loss of hair Soreness and sloughing of hooves Blindness Death ```
97
What is the primary function of zinc?
Component or cofactor of several enzyme systems
98
What is the function of manganese?
Activator of enzyme system involved in oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism.
99
What are symptoms of a deficiency in manganese? (3)
Poor growth Shortened long bones Impaired reproduction
100
What is the function of iodine?
Thyroxine formation
101
What is caused by a deficiency in iodine?
Goiter
102
What is the function of fluorine?
Protect against teeth decay
103
What is glucose the source of energy for in the well fed state?
Brain
104
Where do amino acids go to in the well fed state? What for?
Liver for protein
105
What are excess amino acids used for in the well fed state?
Energy–trans- and de- amination (urea synthesis)
106
Where do fats go in the well fed state?
Adipose tissue
107
What are CHOs used for in the well fed state?
NADPH production
108
What is coming from the diet during starvation?
Nothing
109
What are the sources of nutrients during starvation? (2)
Fat stored in adipose tissue | Glycogen in the liver and muscle
110
What uses glucose during starvation?
The brain, not the muscles
111
During early starvation, what do the muscles use?
Ketone bodies
112
During starvation, how much muscle can be broken down?
25-30%
113
During starvation, what is the brain eventually forced to use for energy?
Ketone bodies
114
What is insulin produced by?
β cells of Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
115
Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?
Anabolic
116
What does insulin synthesize? (3)
Glycogen Triglycerides Proteins
117
What stimulates the secretion of insulin? (2)
High blood glucose after a meal | High blood amino acids after a meal
118
What are the metabolic effects of insulin due to?
Binding receptors in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue
119
What does insulin prevent in CHO metabolism?
Hyperglycemia by decreasing blood glucose
120
What are the 4 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with insulin?
Increase glucose transport into adipose and muscle cells Increase glycolysis Decrease gluconeogenesis Increase glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
121
What does insulin promote in lipid metabolism?
Lipogenesis (triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues)
122
What are the 3 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with insulin?
Increase fatty acid synthesis of Acetyl CoA from glucose and NADPH from glucose Increase triglyceride synthesis Increase triglyceride storage in adipose tissue
123
What does insulin reduce in amino acid metabolism?
Blood amino acid increasing synthesis
124
What are the 4 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with insulin?
Increase entry of amino acids to liver and muscle cells Increase protein synthesis Increase degradation of surplus amino acids Urea cycle activity
125
Is insulin involved more in the well fed state of starvation?
Well fed state
126
What is glucagon produced by?
α cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas
127
Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?
Catabolic
128
What does glucagon favor? (4)
Breakdown of glycogen in liver Mobilization of fatty acids Protein degradation Gluconeogenesis
129
What is the regulation of glucagon?
Low blood glucose after over night or prolonged fast
130
What are the metabolic effects of glucagon due to?
Binding to receptors in liver and adipose tissue
131
What does CHO metabolism prevent with glucagon?
Hypoglycemia by mobilization and synthesis of glucose
132
What are the 2 metabolic effects of CHO metabolism with glucagon?
Increase glycogen breakdown in liver | Increase gluconeogenesis by activating gluconeogenic enzymes
133
What does lipid metabolism promote with glucagon?
Lipolysis
134
What are the 4 metabolic effects of lipid metabolism with glucagon?
Increase triglyceride breakdown–release free fatty acids Increase mobilization of fatty acids and uptake by liver Increase β-oxidation in liver Increase ketone body formation
135
What does amino acid metabolism lower with glucagon?
Amino acid concentration in blood
136
What are the 2 metabolic effects of amino acid metabolism with glucagon?
``` Increase uptake of amino acids by the liver for gluconeogenesis Other hormones (cortisol) cause degradation of muscle protein, release AA into blood ```
137
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (5)
``` Phosphorylation of glucose Glycogen synthesis Production of NADPH Glycolysis Decrease of gluconeogenesis ```
138
What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (3)
Fatty acid synthesis Triglyceride synthesis Packaging of triglycerides to very low density lipoproteins
139
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during the well-fed state? (2)
Protein synthesis | Degradation of surplus Amino Acids
140
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (3)
Glucose transport Glycolysis NADPH
141
What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state? (2)
Fatty acid synthesis | Triglyceride synthesis
142
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during the well-fed state?
Not metabolize by adipose tissue
143
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (3)
Glucose transport and phosphorylation Glycolysis and Krebs cycle Glycogen synthesis
144
Why does fat metabolism have minor importance as an energy substrate?
High glucose
145
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during the well-fed state? (2)
Uptake of amino acids | Protein synthesis
146
What does the brain use for energy in the well fed state?
Glucose
147
Why does fat metabolism not occur in the brain?
Fatty acids can't cross the blood-brain barrier
148
What doe certain amino acids function as in the brain?
Neurotransmitters
149
What do both insulin and glucagon stimulate?
Absorption of amino acids
150
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)
Glycogen degradation | Gluconeogenesis
151
What is the result of fat metabolism in the liver during starvation? (2)
β-oxidation of fatty acids derived form adipose tissue | Synthesis of ketone bodies
152
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in the liver during starvation?
Uptake of amino acids for gluconeogenesis
153
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?
Glucose transport into adipose tissue is inhibited
154
What is the result of fat metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation? (3)
Degradation of triglycerides Release of triglyceride derived fatty acids into the blood Glycerol backbone is used as gluconeogenic precursor by liver
155
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in adipose tissue during starvation?
Amino acids are not metabolized by adipose tissue
156
What is the result of carbohydrate metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation?
Glucose transport into muscle cell is inhibited
157
What is the result of fat metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)
Use of fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketones from the liver are used as energy sources during early starvation Use of fatty acids as energy source during prolonged starvation–spares ketone bodies for the brain
158
What is the result of amino acid metabolism in skeletal muscle during starvation? (2)
Rapid breakdown of muscle protein during first few days of starvation Amino acids are used by liver for gluconeogenesis

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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