Test 1 Part 2 Flashcards
How important is water in the animal body?
It is the most essential component of every cell
How much of the blood is water?
90%
How much of the bone is water?
45%
How much of the muscle is water?
75%
How much of the enamel is water?
5%
Where can you find fat in an animal’s body?
In the cell membranes (they are composed of phospholipids)
What kind of tissue is fat?
Adipose tissue
What is adipose tissue?
Energy storage site in the body
Where is protein present?
In every cell of the body
What minerals are in bones and teeth?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
What minerals are found in tissues?
Sulfur and Phosphorus(ATP)
What minerals are found in body fluids?
Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine(electrolytes)
What minerals are found in blood?
Iron(hemoglobin)
How much of the body is composed of carbohydrates?
Less than 1%
Where can you find carbohydrates?
Blood (free glucose), muscle and liver (glycogen)
With what does water undergo the greatest change?
Age
What are changes in water content due to?
Fat
As animal fat (increases or decreases) water (increases or decreases)
Increases; decreases
What is the composition of a pork chop?
80% protein 20% ash
What kind of diet does a pig have?
Corn (starch)
What kind of digestion does a pig undergo?
Hydrolytic
What is the composition of a ribeye steak?
80% protein 20% ash
What kind of diet does a steer have?
Grass (cellulose)
What kind of digestion does a steer undergo?
Fermentive and Hydrolytic
What is hydrolytic digestion?
Where all digestive enzymes are secreted by animal tissue
Where does hydrolytic digestion occur?
Stomach, and mainly small intestine
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes enzymes
What species use hydrolytic digestion?
All species
What is fermentive digestion?
Where enzymes are microbial origin (primarily bacteria and protozoa)
Where does fermentive digestion occur?
Rumen, cecum
What do the rumen and cecum contain?
A viable microbial population
What do microbes do?
They secrete enzymes, NOT the animal’s organs
What species use fermentive digestion?
Herbivores and Hind-gut fermenters
What is the esophagus for?
Transportation
What does the mouth do in monogastric animals?
Food Acquisition
Mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Saliva
What is saliva used for in monogastric animals?
Adding moisture
Buffer
Taste
Amylase (Swine) (less than 1%)
What does amylase do?
It starts starch digestion in pigs
What are the two secretions in the stomach?
HCl and Pepsinogen
Where does HCl secrete from?
Parietal Cells
What is the pH of parietal cells?
2
What does HCl do?
It activates pepsinogen to turn it into pepsin
Where does pepsinogen secrete from?
Chief cells
What does pepsin do?
Starts the digestion of protein
What regulates the passage of feed?
Pyloric region
What is chyme?
Digesta as it leaves the stomach
What happens to starch in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Turns into glucose
What happens to fiber in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Nothing. It is not digested
What is digested in the small intestine of monogastric animals? Absorbed?
Carbohydrates, fats, protein
Minerals and vitamins
What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine of of monogastric animals?
They turn into glycerol and fatty acids
What happens to true protein in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Turns into amino acids, but some are not digested
What happens to non-protein N in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
It goes out
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What happens in the large intestine of monogastric animals?
Water is absorbed as are minerals and water soluble vitamins
Where do vitamins go in the large intestine?
Portal vane
Where does the esophagus empty at?
Junction between reticulum and rumen
What is the mouth used for in ruminant animals?
Food acquisition and saliva
What is the most important part of the mouth?
Tongue
Do ruminant animals have teeth?
They have no upper teeth
What does saliva do in ruminant animals?
Adds moisture
Acts as a buffer
No amylase
Where do enzymes come from in monogastric animals?
Small intestine and pancreas
Where do enzymes come from in ruminant animals?
Bacteria(25-30 billion/mL) and protozoa(200-500,000/mL)
There can be fungi
What happens to starch in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turns into microbe nrg which turns into volatile fatty acids
What is digested in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals? Absorbed?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Vitamins
What happens to fiber in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turns into microbe nrg which turns into VFA
Where are VFAs absorbed from?
Rumen wall
What happens to triglycerides in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into glycerol and fatty acids
What happens to true proteins in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into microbial protein
Some by-pass goes to small intestine
What happens to Non-protein N in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into microbial protein
What are the 3 types of VFAs?
2 carbon (acetic acid) 3 carbon (propanoic acid) 4 carbon (butyric acid)
What vitamins are are absorbed in the reticulo-rumen?
B vitamins
Cobalt, cobalamine
What happens in the Omasum?
Water absorption
What does the omasum look like?
It has many folds
What is the abomasum?
True stomach
What happens in the abomasum?
HCl is secreted
Pepsinogen turns into pepsin
What is digested in the small intestine of ruminant animals? Absorbed?
Fatty acids, proteins
Minerals, vitamins
What is the small intestine the major site for in ruminant animals?
Digestion and absorption (digest leaving the rumen)
Are carbohydrates digested in the small intestine of ruminants?
No. They are all in the rumen
What happens to microbial proteins in the small intestine of ruminant animals?
They turn into amino acids
What happens to By-pass protein in the small intestine of ruminant animals?
They turn into amino acids
What happens in the large intestine of ruminant animals?
Water absorption, mineral and vitamin absorption
In young ruminants, what is their digestive system like?
Essentially monogastric. Only the abomasum is functional
What happens at 3 weeks old in ruminants?
The rumen begins to become functional
What happens at 3 months or 4 months old in ruminants?
They are fully functional
What is the esophageal groove?
A muscle that during the first 3-4 months of life it is active.
What stimulates the esophageal groove to close?
Nursing
What is the purpose of the esophageal groove?
To make the milk by-pass the rumen and go to the abomasum
What does regurgitate mean?
To cast up “digested” feed to the mouth
What does ruminate mean?
Regurgitation, chewing, reswallowing
What is eructate?
Elimination of gas via belching
What is gas produced by?
Bacteria and protozoa
What gas are produced in ruminant animals?
CO2 and CH4
What does bloat mean?
The inability to expel gas
What is the process of feeding in ruminant animals?
Swallow…regurgitate…chew bolus…swallow…another bolus regurgitated
What is the process of rumination?
Regurgitate…chew bolus…re-swallow
What is the mouth used for in non-ruminant animals?
Food acquisition
Mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Saliva
What is in the stomach of non-ruminant animals?
HCl and pepsinogen
What does the small intestine digest in non-ruminant animals? Absorb?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
Minerals and vitamins
What happens to starch in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
They turn into glucose
What happens to fiber in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Noting. It is not digested
What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Turn into glycerol and fatty acids
What happens to true protein in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Turn into amino acids (some are not digested)
What is in the large intestine?
Cecum
What is the cecum similar to?
Rumen
Is there CP or starch in the cecum?
No
What happens to fiber in the large intestine of non-ruminant animals?
Turns into VFA which is absorbed
What is synthesized in the cecum?
B vitamins
What happens in the rest of the large intestine?
Water is absorbed as are minerals and vitamins
What happens in pre-gastric digestion?
Microbes get first priority of all nutrients
What kind of feed can microbes get in pre-gastric digestion?
Low quality
How do microbes consume feed in pre-gastric digestion?
Consume food rapidly
What happens in post-gastric digestion?
Microbes only get undigested nutrients
What is a balanced diet for?
For animal requirements, not microbes
How fast must foods be consumed in post-gastric digestion? Why?
Slowly
Too fast would cause excessive gas production
What happens to undigested starch in the cecum in post-gastric digestion?
It is fermented rapidly which would cause pH to drop which is bad for microbes
What is the mouth used for in poultry?
Food acquisition, but they have no teeth
Does poultry have a salivary gland?
Yes, but it is poorly developed
What is the crop in poultry?
Pocket in the esophagus.
Ingest holding and moistening, some species have little fermentation
Where is gastric juice produced in poultry?
In the proventriculus
What are gastric juices composed of?
HCl and pepsinogen
What does ingesta quickly pass through in poultry?
Proventriculus
What is the gizzard also known as?
Ventriculus
What does the ventriculus contain?
Stones (grit) to assisting physical break down
What is the ventriculus?
It is very muscular to contract for physical particle size
Are there enzymes in the ventriculus?
No, but there is HCl and pepsinogen
What is the small intestine of poultry similar to?
Monogastric animals
What does the large intestine do in poultry?
Water absorption
What are feces and urine excreted through?
Vent
How many cecum do poultry have?
2 Ceca
What is the largest part of the GI tract in cows and sheep?
Stomach (68%)
How much of the GI tract in cows and sheep is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum?
20%
12%
What is the largest part of the GI tract in horses?
Large intestine (65%)
How much of the GI tract in horses is the small intestine? Cecum? Stomach?
27%
18%
8%
What is the largest part of the GI tract in pigs?
They are equal
How much of the GI tract in pigs is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum? Stomach?
33%
33%
33%
What are the 2 types of tissue in the pancreas?
Acini
Islets of Langerhans
What does acini secrete?
Various digestive enzymes
What does Islets of Langerhans secrete?
Hormones
What are the 2 types of islet cells?
α: secrete glucagon
β: secrete insulin
What are glucagon and insulin in relation to one another?
Antagonistic
What do glucagon and insulin play an important role in?
Blood glucose concentration
What is the liver?
The largest and most important gland in the body
What are the functions of the liver? (8)
Bile synthesis Glucose regulation Deamination of amino acids Fatty acid synthesis Storage Detoxification Formation of plasma proteins Degradation and excretion of hormones
What is bile synthesis?
It emulsifies fat and allows for digestion and absorption
What does glycogen do?
Stores and release glucose
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose
What is the deamination of amino acids?
Removal of amino group from amino acid to be used for energy
Where does nitrogen go after deamination of AA?
Urea cycle
Where is fatty acid synthesis from?
Carbohydrates and protein
What does fatty acid synthesis form?
Ketones, lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
What is stored in the liver?
Vitamins A, D, B12, and Iron
What is detoxification?
Where toxins are detoxified
First place nutrients from SI go to via blood
What is involved in the formation of plasma proteins?
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin (blood clot formation)
What is involved in degradation and excretion of hormones?
Steroid hormones and cholesterol
Where is bile produced?
Continuously by the liver
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
Where is bile secreted?
Into SI as ingest enters from the stomach (cholecystokinin)
What are the 2 functions of bile?
Fat emulsification and fat absorption
What is fat emulsification?
Detergent action to break down particles (globules)
What is fat absorption?
Fat and fat soluble vitamin absorption
What are enzymes?
Catalysts for normal spontaneous reactions
How are enzymes affected by a reaction?
They are not permanently affected
What type of catalysts do enzymes act as?
Organic
What is linked to enzymes?
Physiological function
What are enzymes produced by?
Living cells
How are enzymes affected by heat?
Thy are destroyed by heat
What are the two specific enzyme types?
1 bond 1 molecule
>1 bond 1 molecule
What is an example of 1 bond 1 molecule enzymes?
Maltase
What is an example of >1 bond 1 molecule?
Lipase
What is the pH of enzymes?
Optimum pH
What is the temperature enzymes?
Optimum temperature. Usually constant in warm-blooded animals
What is the secreted form of an enzyme called?
Proenzyme or zymogen
What is a proenzyme or zymogen? Example?
An enzyme that has to be activated from the form they are secreted as.
Pepsinogen
What does it mean if an enzyme is a Co-?
It needs help from other factors to be active
What is a cofactor?
Any chemical required by an enzyme (minerals)
What is a coenzyme?
Small organic molecule required by an enzyme (vitamin)
What is the mechanism of action for an enzyme?
Substrate, active site, product
What is a substrate?
Compound to be acted on by the enzyme
What is an active site?
Location on the enzyme wherein attaches to substrate
What is a product?
Release result of reaction
What is maltose acted on by? What does it produce?
Maltase
2 glucose
What is amylose acted on by? What does it produce?
Amylase
X glucose
What is protein acted on by? What does it produce?
Pepsin
Oligopeptides
What is fat acted on by? What does it produce?
Lipase
Fatty acids
What is gastrin secreted by? Where?
G-cells in the antrum of stomach
What does gastrin stimulate?
Parietal cells to secrete HCl
Why is secretin released?
Because of acid in duodenum
What are they 4 types of hormones?
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Leptin
What does secretin stimulate?
The pancreas to secrete fluid and bicarbonate into gut
What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin?
Fats and/or proteins entering SI
What does cholecystokinin do?
Causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
What does cholecystokinin stimulate?
Gall bladder to release bile salts
What plays a role in the sensation of feeling full?
Cholecystokinin and leptin
What causes secretion of leptin?
Insulin
Where is leptin secreted from?
Adipocytes
What does leptin act on?
Hypothalamic leptin receptors to inhibit feed intake
What does leptin increase?
Energy expenditure
What are the enzymes in the mouth?
S. amylase
Pregastric esterase
What species is s. amylase secreted in?
Pig and humans
What substrate is acted on by s. amylase?
Glycogen, starch, dextrin
What can be secreted in the mouth? (3)
S. Amylase
Mucin
Pregastric esterase
What species is mucin secreted in?
All
What is the function of mucin?
Lubrication and protection
What species is pregastric esterase secreted in?
Young ruminant
What substrate is acted on by pregastric esterase?
Fat (milk fat)
What is secreted in the fundic part of the stomach? (7)
Pepsin HCl Lipase Mucin Rennin Gastrin Intrinsic factor
What enzymes are secreted in the stomach?
Pepsin, lipase, rennin
What species is pepsin secreted in?
All
What substrate is acted on by pepsin?
Protein
What species is HCl secreted in?
All
What is the function of HCl?
Activate pesin and some protein
What species is lipase secreted in?
All
What substrate is acted on by lipase?
Fats
What species is rennin secreted in?
Young ruminant
What substrate is acted on by rennin?
Milk protein (casein)
What species is gastrin secreted in?
All
What substrate is acted on by gastrin? Function?
Parietal cells
Secrete HCl
What species is intrinsic factor secreted in?
All
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
Vitamin B12 absorption
What is secreted in the pyloric stomach?
Mucin
What is secreted in the pancreas? Are the all enzymes? (6)
Amylase Sucrase Trypsin Chymotripsin Carboxypeptidase Lipase Yes
What species are the secretions in the pancreas in?
All
What is the substrate for amylase?
Starch
What is the substrate for sucrase
Sucrose
What is the substrate for trypsin, chymotripsin, and carboxypeptidase?
Protein, peptides
What is the substrate for lipase?
Fats
What is secreted in the liver?
Bile
What species is bile secreted?
All
What is the function of bile?
Fat emulsification
What is secreted in the small intestine? Which are not enzymes? Marked by stars (12)
Enterokinase Aminopeptidase Dipeptidase Nucleotidase Nucleosidase Alkaline phosphatase Lipase Maltase Lactase Sucrase Secretin* Cholecystokinin*
What is the function of enterokinase?
Trypsin activation
What is the substrate for aminopeptidase?
Proteins
What is the substrate for dipeptidase?
Dipeptides
What is the substrate for nucleotidase?
Nucleotides
What is the substrate for nucleosidase?
Nucleosides
What is the substrate for alkaline phosphatase?
Organic phosphates
What secretion is in the large intestine?
Mucin
