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Animal Nutrition > Test 1 Part 2 > Flashcards

Test 1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How important is water in the animal body?

A

It is the most essential component of every cell

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2
Q

How much of the blood is water?

A

90%

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3
Q

How much of the bone is water?

A

45%

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4
Q

How much of the muscle is water?

A

75%

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5
Q

How much of the enamel is water?

A

5%

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6
Q

Where can you find fat in an animal’s body?

A

In the cell membranes (they are composed of phospholipids)

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7
Q

What kind of tissue is fat?

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage site in the body

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9
Q

Where is protein present?

A

In every cell of the body

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10
Q

What minerals are in bones and teeth?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

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11
Q

What minerals are found in tissues?

A

Sulfur and Phosphorus(ATP)

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12
Q

What minerals are found in body fluids?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine(electrolytes)

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13
Q

What minerals are found in blood?

A

Iron(hemoglobin)

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14
Q

How much of the body is composed of carbohydrates?

A

Less than 1%

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15
Q

Where can you find carbohydrates?

A

Blood (free glucose), muscle and liver (glycogen)

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16
Q

With what does water undergo the greatest change?

A

Age

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17
Q

What are changes in water content due to?

A

Fat

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18
Q

As animal fat (increases or decreases) water (increases or decreases)

A

Increases; decreases

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19
Q

What is the composition of a pork chop?

A

80% protein 20% ash

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20
Q

What kind of diet does a pig have?

A

Corn (starch)

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21
Q

What kind of digestion does a pig undergo?

A

Hydrolytic

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22
Q

What is the composition of a ribeye steak?

A

80% protein 20% ash

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23
Q

What kind of diet does a steer have?

A

Grass (cellulose)

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24
Q

What kind of digestion does a steer undergo?

A

Fermentive and Hydrolytic

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25
Q

What is hydrolytic digestion?

A

Where all digestive enzymes are secreted by animal tissue

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26
Q

Where does hydrolytic digestion occur?

A

Stomach, and mainly small intestine

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27
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes enzymes

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28
Q

What species use hydrolytic digestion?

A

All species

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29
Q

What is fermentive digestion?

A

Where enzymes are microbial origin (primarily bacteria and protozoa)

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30
Q

Where does fermentive digestion occur?

A

Rumen, cecum

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31
Q

What do the rumen and cecum contain?

A

A viable microbial population

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32
Q

What do microbes do?

A

They secrete enzymes, NOT the animal’s organs

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33
Q

What species use fermentive digestion?

A

Herbivores and Hind-gut fermenters

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34
Q

What is the esophagus for?

A

Transportation

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35
Q

What does the mouth do in monogastric animals?

A

Food Acquisition
Mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Saliva

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36
Q

What is saliva used for in monogastric animals?

A

Adding moisture
Buffer
Taste
Amylase (Swine) (less than 1%)

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37
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It starts starch digestion in pigs

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38
Q

What are the two secretions in the stomach?

A

HCl and Pepsinogen

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39
Q

Where does HCl secrete from?

A

Parietal Cells

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40
Q

What is the pH of parietal cells?

A

2

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41
Q

What does HCl do?

A

It activates pepsinogen to turn it into pepsin

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42
Q

Where does pepsinogen secrete from?

A

Chief cells

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43
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Starts the digestion of protein

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44
Q

What regulates the passage of feed?

A

Pyloric region

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45
Q

What is chyme?

A

Digesta as it leaves the stomach

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46
Q

What happens to starch in the small intestine of monogastric animals?

A

Turns into glucose

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47
Q

What happens to fiber in the small intestine of monogastric animals?

A

Nothing. It is not digested

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48
Q

What is digested in the small intestine of monogastric animals? Absorbed?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, protein

Minerals and vitamins

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49
Q

What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine of of monogastric animals?

A

They turn into glycerol and fatty acids

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50
Q

What happens to true protein in the small intestine of monogastric animals?

A

Turns into amino acids, but some are not digested

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51
Q

What happens to non-protein N in the small intestine of monogastric animals?

A

It goes out

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52
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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53
Q

What happens in the large intestine of monogastric animals?

A

Water is absorbed as are minerals and water soluble vitamins

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54
Q

Where do vitamins go in the large intestine?

A

Portal vane

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55
Q

Where does the esophagus empty at?

A

Junction between reticulum and rumen

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56
Q

What is the mouth used for in ruminant animals?

A

Food acquisition and saliva

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57
Q

What is the most important part of the mouth?

A

Tongue

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58
Q

Do ruminant animals have teeth?

A

They have no upper teeth

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59
Q

What does saliva do in ruminant animals?

A

Adds moisture
Acts as a buffer
No amylase

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60
Q

Where do enzymes come from in monogastric animals?

A

Small intestine and pancreas

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61
Q

Where do enzymes come from in ruminant animals?

A

Bacteria(25-30 billion/mL) and protozoa(200-500,000/mL)

There can be fungi

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62
Q

What happens to starch in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?

A

Turns into microbe nrg which turns into volatile fatty acids

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63
Q

What is digested in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals? Absorbed?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Vitamins

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64
Q

What happens to fiber in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?

A

Turns into microbe nrg which turns into VFA

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65
Q

Where are VFAs absorbed from?

A

Rumen wall

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66
Q

What happens to triglycerides in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?

A

Turn into glycerol and fatty acids

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67
Q

What happens to true proteins in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?

A

Turn into microbial protein

Some by-pass goes to small intestine

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68
Q

What happens to Non-protein N in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?

A

Turn into microbial protein

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69
Q

What are the 3 types of VFAs?

A 
2 carbon (acetic acid)
3 carbon (propanoic acid)
4 carbon (butyric acid)
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70
Q

What vitamins are are absorbed in the reticulo-rumen?

A

B vitamins

Cobalt, cobalamine

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71
Q

What happens in the Omasum?

A

Water absorption

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72
Q

What does the omasum look like?

A

It has many folds

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73
Q

What is the abomasum?

A

True stomach

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74
Q

What happens in the abomasum?

A

HCl is secreted

Pepsinogen turns into pepsin

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75
Q

What is digested in the small intestine of ruminant animals? Absorbed?

A

Fatty acids, proteins

Minerals, vitamins

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76
Q

What is the small intestine the major site for in ruminant animals?

A

Digestion and absorption (digest leaving the rumen)

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77
Q

Are carbohydrates digested in the small intestine of ruminants?

A

No. They are all in the rumen

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78
Q

What happens to microbial proteins in the small intestine of ruminant animals?

A

They turn into amino acids

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79
Q

What happens to By-pass protein in the small intestine of ruminant animals?

A

They turn into amino acids

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80
Q

What happens in the large intestine of ruminant animals?

A

Water absorption, mineral and vitamin absorption

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81
Q

In young ruminants, what is their digestive system like?

A

Essentially monogastric. Only the abomasum is functional

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82
Q

What happens at 3 weeks old in ruminants?

A

The rumen begins to become functional

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83
Q

What happens at 3 months or 4 months old in ruminants?

A

They are fully functional

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84
Q

What is the esophageal groove?

A

A muscle that during the first 3-4 months of life it is active.

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85
Q

What stimulates the esophageal groove to close?

A

Nursing

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86
Q

What is the purpose of the esophageal groove?

A

To make the milk by-pass the rumen and go to the abomasum

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87
Q

What does regurgitate mean?

A

To cast up “digested” feed to the mouth

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88
Q

What does ruminate mean?

A

Regurgitation, chewing, reswallowing

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89
Q

What is eructate?

A

Elimination of gas via belching

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90
Q

What is gas produced by?

A

Bacteria and protozoa

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91
Q

What gas are produced in ruminant animals?

A

CO2 and CH4

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92
Q

What does bloat mean?

A

The inability to expel gas

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93
Q

What is the process of feeding in ruminant animals?

A

Swallow…regurgitate…chew bolus…swallow…another bolus regurgitated

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94
Q

What is the process of rumination?

A

Regurgitate…chew bolus…re-swallow

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95
Q

What is the mouth used for in non-ruminant animals?

A

Food acquisition
Mechanical breakdown (mastication)
Saliva

96
Q

What is in the stomach of non-ruminant animals?

A

HCl and pepsinogen

97
Q

What does the small intestine digest in non-ruminant animals? Absorb?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Minerals and vitamins

98
Q

What happens to starch in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?

A

They turn into glucose

99
Q

What happens to fiber in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?

A

Noting. It is not digested

100
Q

What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?

A

Turn into glycerol and fatty acids

101
Q

What happens to true protein in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?

A

Turn into amino acids (some are not digested)

102
Q

What is in the large intestine?

A

Cecum

103
Q

What is the cecum similar to?

A

Rumen

104
Q

Is there CP or starch in the cecum?

A

No

105
Q

What happens to fiber in the large intestine of non-ruminant animals?

A

Turns into VFA which is absorbed

106
Q

What is synthesized in the cecum?

A

B vitamins

107
Q

What happens in the rest of the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed as are minerals and vitamins

108
Q

What happens in pre-gastric digestion?

A

Microbes get first priority of all nutrients

109
Q

What kind of feed can microbes get in pre-gastric digestion?

A

Low quality

110
Q

How do microbes consume feed in pre-gastric digestion?

A

Consume food rapidly

111
Q

What happens in post-gastric digestion?

A

Microbes only get undigested nutrients

112
Q

What is a balanced diet for?

A

For animal requirements, not microbes

113
Q

How fast must foods be consumed in post-gastric digestion? Why?

A

Slowly

Too fast would cause excessive gas production

114
Q

What happens to undigested starch in the cecum in post-gastric digestion?

A

It is fermented rapidly which would cause pH to drop which is bad for microbes

115
Q

What is the mouth used for in poultry?

A

Food acquisition, but they have no teeth

116
Q

Does poultry have a salivary gland?

A

Yes, but it is poorly developed

117
Q

What is the crop in poultry?

A

Pocket in the esophagus.

Ingest holding and moistening, some species have little fermentation

118
Q

Where is gastric juice produced in poultry?

A

In the proventriculus

119
Q

What are gastric juices composed of?

A

HCl and pepsinogen

120
Q

What does ingesta quickly pass through in poultry?

A

Proventriculus

121
Q

What is the gizzard also known as?

A

Ventriculus

122
Q

What does the ventriculus contain?

A

Stones (grit) to assisting physical break down

123
Q

What is the ventriculus?

A

It is very muscular to contract for physical particle size

124
Q

Are there enzymes in the ventriculus?

A

No, but there is HCl and pepsinogen

125
Q

What is the small intestine of poultry similar to?

A

Monogastric animals

126
Q

What does the large intestine do in poultry?

A

Water absorption

127
Q

What are feces and urine excreted through?

A

Vent

128
Q

How many cecum do poultry have?

A

2 Ceca

129
Q

What is the largest part of the GI tract in cows and sheep?

A

Stomach (68%)

130
Q

How much of the GI tract in cows and sheep is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum?

A

20%

12%

131
Q

What is the largest part of the GI tract in horses?

A

Large intestine (65%)

132
Q

How much of the GI tract in horses is the small intestine? Cecum? Stomach?

A

27%
18%
8%

133
Q

What is the largest part of the GI tract in pigs?

A

They are equal

134
Q

How much of the GI tract in pigs is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum? Stomach?

A

33%
33%
33%

135
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue in the pancreas?

A

Acini

Islets of Langerhans

136
Q

What does acini secrete?

A

Various digestive enzymes

137
Q

What does Islets of Langerhans secrete?

A

Hormones

138
Q

What are the 2 types of islet cells?

A

α: secrete glucagon

β: secrete insulin

139
Q

What are glucagon and insulin in relation to one another?

A

Antagonistic

140
Q

What do glucagon and insulin play an important role in?

A

Blood glucose concentration

141
Q

What is the liver?

A

The largest and most important gland in the body

142
Q

What are the functions of the liver? (8)

A 
Bile synthesis
Glucose regulation
Deamination of amino acids
Fatty acid synthesis
Storage
Detoxification
Formation of plasma proteins
Degradation and excretion of hormones
143
Q

What is bile synthesis?

A

It emulsifies fat and allows for digestion and absorption

144
Q

What does glycogen do?

A

Stores and release glucose

145
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose

146
Q

What is the deamination of amino acids?

A

Removal of amino group from amino acid to be used for energy

147
Q

Where does nitrogen go after deamination of AA?

A

Urea cycle

148
Q

Where is fatty acid synthesis from?

A

Carbohydrates and protein

149
Q

What does fatty acid synthesis form?

A

Ketones, lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol

150
Q

What is stored in the liver?

A

Vitamins A, D, B12, and Iron

151
Q

What is detoxification?

A

Where toxins are detoxified

First place nutrients from SI go to via blood

152
Q

What is involved in the formation of plasma proteins?

A

Fibrinogen, Prothrombin (blood clot formation)

153
Q

What is involved in degradation and excretion of hormones?

A

Steroid hormones and cholesterol

154
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Continuously by the liver

155
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

156
Q

Where is bile secreted?

A

Into SI as ingest enters from the stomach (cholecystokinin)

157
Q

What are the 2 functions of bile?

A

Fat emulsification and fat absorption

158
Q

What is fat emulsification?

A

Detergent action to break down particles (globules)

159
Q

What is fat absorption?

A

Fat and fat soluble vitamin absorption

160
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts for normal spontaneous reactions

161
Q

How are enzymes affected by a reaction?

A

They are not permanently affected

162
Q

What type of catalysts do enzymes act as?

A

Organic

163
Q

What is linked to enzymes?

A

Physiological function

164
Q

What are enzymes produced by?

A

Living cells

165
Q

How are enzymes affected by heat?

A

Thy are destroyed by heat

166
Q

What are the two specific enzyme types?

A

1 bond 1 molecule

>1 bond 1 molecule

167
Q

What is an example of 1 bond 1 molecule enzymes?

A

Maltase

168
Q

What is an example of >1 bond 1 molecule?

A

Lipase

169
Q

What is the pH of enzymes?

A

Optimum pH

170
Q

What is the temperature enzymes?

A

Optimum temperature. Usually constant in warm-blooded animals

171
Q

What is the secreted form of an enzyme called?

A

Proenzyme or zymogen

172
Q

What is a proenzyme or zymogen? Example?

A

An enzyme that has to be activated from the form they are secreted as.
Pepsinogen

173
Q

What does it mean if an enzyme is a Co-?

A

It needs help from other factors to be active

174
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Any chemical required by an enzyme (minerals)

175
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Small organic molecule required by an enzyme (vitamin)

176
Q

What is the mechanism of action for an enzyme?

A

Substrate, active site, product

177
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Compound to be acted on by the enzyme

178
Q

What is an active site?

A

Location on the enzyme wherein attaches to substrate

179
Q

What is a product?

A

Release result of reaction

180
Q

What is maltose acted on by? What does it produce?

A

Maltase

2 glucose

181
Q

What is amylose acted on by? What does it produce?

A

Amylase

X glucose

182
Q

What is protein acted on by? What does it produce?

A

Pepsin

Oligopeptides

183
Q

What is fat acted on by? What does it produce?

A

Lipase

Fatty acids

184
Q

What is gastrin secreted by? Where?

A

G-cells in the antrum of stomach

185
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

A

Parietal cells to secrete HCl

186
Q

Why is secretin released?

A

Because of acid in duodenum

187
Q

What are they 4 types of hormones?

A

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Leptin

188
Q

What does secretin stimulate?

A

The pancreas to secrete fluid and bicarbonate into gut

189
Q

What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin?

A

Fats and/or proteins entering SI

190
Q

What does cholecystokinin do?

A

Causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes

191
Q

What does cholecystokinin stimulate?

A

Gall bladder to release bile salts

192
Q

What plays a role in the sensation of feeling full?

A

Cholecystokinin and leptin

193
Q

What causes secretion of leptin?

A

Insulin

194
Q

Where is leptin secreted from?

A

Adipocytes

195
Q

What does leptin act on?

A

Hypothalamic leptin receptors to inhibit feed intake

196
Q

What does leptin increase?

A

Energy expenditure

197
Q

What are the enzymes in the mouth?

A

S. amylase

Pregastric esterase

198
Q

What species is s. amylase secreted in?

A

Pig and humans

199
Q

What substrate is acted on by s. amylase?

A

Glycogen, starch, dextrin

200
Q

What can be secreted in the mouth? (3)

A

S. Amylase
Mucin
Pregastric esterase

201
Q

What species is mucin secreted in?

A

All

202
Q

What is the function of mucin?

A

Lubrication and protection

203
Q

What species is pregastric esterase secreted in?

A

Young ruminant

204
Q

What substrate is acted on by pregastric esterase?

A

Fat (milk fat)

205
Q

What is secreted in the fundic part of the stomach? (7)

A 
Pepsin
HCl
Lipase
Mucin
Rennin
Gastrin
Intrinsic factor
206
Q

What enzymes are secreted in the stomach?

A

Pepsin, lipase, rennin

207
Q

What species is pepsin secreted in?

A

All

208
Q

What substrate is acted on by pepsin?

A

Protein

209
Q

What species is HCl secreted in?

A

All

210
Q

What is the function of HCl?

A

Activate pesin and some protein

211
Q

What species is lipase secreted in?

A

All

212
Q

What substrate is acted on by lipase?

A

Fats

213
Q

What species is rennin secreted in?

A

Young ruminant

214
Q

What substrate is acted on by rennin?

A

Milk protein (casein)

215
Q

What species is gastrin secreted in?

A

All

216
Q

What substrate is acted on by gastrin? Function?

A

Parietal cells

Secrete HCl

217
Q

What species is intrinsic factor secreted in?

A

All

218
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor?

A

Vitamin B12 absorption

219
Q

What is secreted in the pyloric stomach?

A

Mucin

220
Q

What is secreted in the pancreas? Are the all enzymes? (6)

A 
Amylase
Sucrase
Trypsin
Chymotripsin
Carboxypeptidase
Lipase
Yes
221
Q

What species are the secretions in the pancreas in?

A

All

222
Q

What is the substrate for amylase?

A

Starch

223
Q

What is the substrate for sucrase

A

Sucrose

224
Q

What is the substrate for trypsin, chymotripsin, and carboxypeptidase?

A

Protein, peptides

225
Q

What is the substrate for lipase?

A

Fats

226
Q

What is secreted in the liver?

A

Bile

227
Q

What species is bile secreted?

A

All

228
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Fat emulsification

229
Q

What is secreted in the small intestine? Which are not enzymes? Marked by stars (12)

A 
Enterokinase
Aminopeptidase
Dipeptidase
Nucleotidase
Nucleosidase
Alkaline phosphatase
Lipase
Maltase
Lactase
Sucrase
Secretin*
Cholecystokinin*
230
Q

What is the function of enterokinase?

A

Trypsin activation

231
Q

What is the substrate for aminopeptidase?

A

Proteins

232
Q

What is the substrate for dipeptidase?

A

Dipeptides

233
Q

What is the substrate for nucleotidase?

A

Nucleotides

234
Q

What is the substrate for nucleosidase?

A

Nucleosides

235
Q

What is the substrate for alkaline phosphatase?

A

Organic phosphates

236
Q

What secretion is in the large intestine?

A

Mucin

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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