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Test 1 Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How important is water in the animal body?

A

It is the most essential component of every cell

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2
Q

How much of the blood is water?

A

90%

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3
Q

How much of the bone is water?

A

45%

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4
Q

How much of the muscle is water?

A

75%

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5
Q

How much of the enamel is water?

A

5%

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6
Q

Where can you find fat in an animal’s body?

A

In the cell membranes (they are composed of phospholipids)

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7
Q

What kind of tissue is fat?

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage site in the body

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9
Q

Where is protein present?

A

In every cell of the body

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10
Q

What minerals are in bones and teeth?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

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11
Q

What minerals are found in tissues?

A

Sulfur and Phosphorus(ATP)

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12
Q

What minerals are found in body fluids?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine(electrolytes)

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13
Q

What minerals are found in blood?

A

Iron(hemoglobin)

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14
Q

How much of the body is composed of carbohydrates?

A

Less than 1%

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15
Q

Where can you find carbohydrates?

A

Blood (free glucose), muscle and liver (glycogen)

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16
Q

With what does water undergo the greatest change?

A

Age

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17
Q

What are changes in water content due to?

A

Fat

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18
Q

As animal fat (increases or decreases) water (increases or decreases)

A

Increases; decreases

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19
Q

What is the composition of a pork chop?

A

80% protein 20% ash

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20
Q

What kind of diet does a pig have?

A

Corn (starch)

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21
Q

What kind of digestion does a pig undergo?

A

Hydrolytic

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22
Q

What is the composition of a ribeye steak?

A

80% protein 20% ash

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23
Q

What kind of diet does a steer have?

A

Grass (cellulose)

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24
Q

What kind of digestion does a steer undergo?

A

Fermentive and Hydrolytic

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25
What is hydrolytic digestion?
Where all digestive enzymes are secreted by animal tissue
26
Where does hydrolytic digestion occur?
Stomach, and mainly small intestine
27
What does the pancreas do?
Secretes enzymes
28
What species use hydrolytic digestion?
All species
29
What is fermentive digestion?
Where enzymes are microbial origin (primarily bacteria and protozoa)
30
Where does fermentive digestion occur?
Rumen, cecum
31
What do the rumen and cecum contain?
A viable microbial population
32
What do microbes do?
They secrete enzymes, NOT the animal's organs
33
What species use fermentive digestion?
Herbivores and Hind-gut fermenters
34
What is the esophagus for?
Transportation
35
What does the mouth do in monogastric animals?
Food Acquisition Mechanical breakdown (mastication) Saliva
36
What is saliva used for in monogastric animals?
Adding moisture Buffer Taste Amylase (Swine) (less than 1%)
37
What does amylase do?
It starts starch digestion in pigs
38
What are the two secretions in the stomach?
HCl and Pepsinogen
39
Where does HCl secrete from?
Parietal Cells
40
What is the pH of parietal cells?
2
41
What does HCl do?
It activates pepsinogen to turn it into pepsin
42
Where does pepsinogen secrete from?
Chief cells
43
What does pepsin do?
Starts the digestion of protein
44
What regulates the passage of feed?
Pyloric region
45
What is chyme?
Digesta as it leaves the stomach
46
What happens to starch in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Turns into glucose
47
What happens to fiber in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Nothing. It is not digested
48
What is digested in the small intestine of monogastric animals? Absorbed?
Carbohydrates, fats, protein | Minerals and vitamins
49
What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine of of monogastric animals?
They turn into glycerol and fatty acids
50
What happens to true protein in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
Turns into amino acids, but some are not digested
51
What happens to non-protein N in the small intestine of monogastric animals?
It goes out
52
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
53
What happens in the large intestine of monogastric animals?
Water is absorbed as are minerals and water soluble vitamins
54
Where do vitamins go in the large intestine?
Portal vane
55
Where does the esophagus empty at?
Junction between reticulum and rumen
56
What is the mouth used for in ruminant animals?
Food acquisition and saliva
57
What is the most important part of the mouth?
Tongue
58
Do ruminant animals have teeth?
They have no upper teeth
59
What does saliva do in ruminant animals?
Adds moisture Acts as a buffer No amylase
60
Where do enzymes come from in monogastric animals?
Small intestine and pancreas
61
Where do enzymes come from in ruminant animals?
Bacteria(25-30 billion/mL) and protozoa(200-500,000/mL) | There can be fungi
62
What happens to starch in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turns into microbe nrg which turns into volatile fatty acids
63
What is digested in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals? Absorbed?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins | Vitamins
64
What happens to fiber in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turns into microbe nrg which turns into VFA
65
Where are VFAs absorbed from?
Rumen wall
66
What happens to triglycerides in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into glycerol and fatty acids
67
What happens to true proteins in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into microbial protein | Some by-pass goes to small intestine
68
What happens to Non-protein N in the reticulo-rumen of ruminant animals?
Turn into microbial protein
69
What are the 3 types of VFAs?
``` 2 carbon (acetic acid) 3 carbon (propanoic acid) 4 carbon (butyric acid) ```
70
What vitamins are are absorbed in the reticulo-rumen?
B vitamins | Cobalt, cobalamine
71
What happens in the Omasum?
Water absorption
72
What does the omasum look like?
It has many folds
73
What is the abomasum?
True stomach
74
What happens in the abomasum?
HCl is secreted | Pepsinogen turns into pepsin
75
What is digested in the small intestine of ruminant animals? Absorbed?
Fatty acids, proteins | Minerals, vitamins
76
What is the small intestine the major site for in ruminant animals?
Digestion and absorption (digest leaving the rumen)
77
Are carbohydrates digested in the small intestine of ruminants?
No. They are all in the rumen
78
What happens to microbial proteins in the small intestine of ruminant animals?
They turn into amino acids
79
What happens to By-pass protein in the small intestine of ruminant animals?
They turn into amino acids
80
What happens in the large intestine of ruminant animals?
Water absorption, mineral and vitamin absorption
81
In young ruminants, what is their digestive system like?
Essentially monogastric. Only the abomasum is functional
82
What happens at 3 weeks old in ruminants?
The rumen begins to become functional
83
What happens at 3 months or 4 months old in ruminants?
They are fully functional
84
What is the esophageal groove?
A muscle that during the first 3-4 months of life it is active.
85
What stimulates the esophageal groove to close?
Nursing
86
What is the purpose of the esophageal groove?
To make the milk by-pass the rumen and go to the abomasum
87
What does regurgitate mean?
To cast up "digested" feed to the mouth
88
What does ruminate mean?
Regurgitation, chewing, reswallowing
89
What is eructate?
Elimination of gas via belching
90
What is gas produced by?
Bacteria and protozoa
91
What gas are produced in ruminant animals?
CO2 and CH4
92
What does bloat mean?
The inability to expel gas
93
What is the process of feeding in ruminant animals?
Swallow...regurgitate...chew bolus...swallow...another bolus regurgitated
94
What is the process of rumination?
Regurgitate...chew bolus...re-swallow
95
What is the mouth used for in non-ruminant animals?
Food acquisition Mechanical breakdown (mastication) Saliva
96
What is in the stomach of non-ruminant animals?
HCl and pepsinogen
97
What does the small intestine digest in non-ruminant animals? Absorb?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins | Minerals and vitamins
98
What happens to starch in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
They turn into glucose
99
What happens to fiber in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Noting. It is not digested
100
What happens to triglycerides in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Turn into glycerol and fatty acids
101
What happens to true protein in the small intestine if non-ruminant animals?
Turn into amino acids (some are not digested)
102
What is in the large intestine?
Cecum
103
What is the cecum similar to?
Rumen
104
Is there CP or starch in the cecum?
No
105
What happens to fiber in the large intestine of non-ruminant animals?
Turns into VFA which is absorbed
106
What is synthesized in the cecum?
B vitamins
107
What happens in the rest of the large intestine?
Water is absorbed as are minerals and vitamins
108
What happens in pre-gastric digestion?
Microbes get first priority of all nutrients
109
What kind of feed can microbes get in pre-gastric digestion?
Low quality
110
How do microbes consume feed in pre-gastric digestion?
Consume food rapidly
111
What happens in post-gastric digestion?
Microbes only get undigested nutrients
112
What is a balanced diet for?
For animal requirements, not microbes
113
How fast must foods be consumed in post-gastric digestion? Why?
Slowly | Too fast would cause excessive gas production
114
What happens to undigested starch in the cecum in post-gastric digestion?
It is fermented rapidly which would cause pH to drop which is bad for microbes
115
What is the mouth used for in poultry?
Food acquisition, but they have no teeth
116
Does poultry have a salivary gland?
Yes, but it is poorly developed
117
What is the crop in poultry?
Pocket in the esophagus. | Ingest holding and moistening, some species have little fermentation
118
Where is gastric juice produced in poultry?
In the proventriculus
119
What are gastric juices composed of?
HCl and pepsinogen
120
What does ingesta quickly pass through in poultry?
Proventriculus
121
What is the gizzard also known as?
Ventriculus
122
What does the ventriculus contain?
Stones (grit) to assisting physical break down
123
What is the ventriculus?
It is very muscular to contract for physical particle size
124
Are there enzymes in the ventriculus?
No, but there is HCl and pepsinogen
125
What is the small intestine of poultry similar to?
Monogastric animals
126
What does the large intestine do in poultry?
Water absorption
127
What are feces and urine excreted through?
Vent
128
How many cecum do poultry have?
2 Ceca
129
What is the largest part of the GI tract in cows and sheep?
Stomach (68%)
130
How much of the GI tract in cows and sheep is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum?
20% | 12%
131
What is the largest part of the GI tract in horses?
Large intestine (65%)
132
How much of the GI tract in horses is the small intestine? Cecum? Stomach?
27% 18% 8%
133
What is the largest part of the GI tract in pigs?
They are equal
134
How much of the GI tract in pigs is the small intestine? Large intestine/cecum? Stomach?
33% 33% 33%
135
What are the 2 types of tissue in the pancreas?
Acini | Islets of Langerhans
136
What does acini secrete?
Various digestive enzymes
137
What does Islets of Langerhans secrete?
Hormones
138
What are the 2 types of islet cells?
α: secrete glucagon | β: secrete insulin
139
What are glucagon and insulin in relation to one another?
Antagonistic
140
What do glucagon and insulin play an important role in?
Blood glucose concentration
141
What is the liver?
The largest and most important gland in the body
142
What are the functions of the liver? (8)
``` Bile synthesis Glucose regulation Deamination of amino acids Fatty acid synthesis Storage Detoxification Formation of plasma proteins Degradation and excretion of hormones ```
143
What is bile synthesis?
It emulsifies fat and allows for digestion and absorption
144
What does glycogen do?
Stores and release glucose
145
What is gluconeogenesis?
Synthesis of glucose
146
What is the deamination of amino acids?
Removal of amino group from amino acid to be used for energy
147
Where does nitrogen go after deamination of AA?
Urea cycle
148
Where is fatty acid synthesis from?
Carbohydrates and protein
149
What does fatty acid synthesis form?
Ketones, lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol
150
What is stored in the liver?
Vitamins A, D, B12, and Iron
151
What is detoxification?
Where toxins are detoxified | First place nutrients from SI go to via blood
152
What is involved in the formation of plasma proteins?
Fibrinogen, Prothrombin (blood clot formation)
153
What is involved in degradation and excretion of hormones?
Steroid hormones and cholesterol
154
Where is bile produced?
Continuously by the liver
155
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
156
Where is bile secreted?
Into SI as ingest enters from the stomach (cholecystokinin)
157
What are the 2 functions of bile?
Fat emulsification and fat absorption
158
What is fat emulsification?
Detergent action to break down particles (globules)
159
What is fat absorption?
Fat and fat soluble vitamin absorption
160
What are enzymes?
Catalysts for normal spontaneous reactions
161
How are enzymes affected by a reaction?
They are not permanently affected
162
What type of catalysts do enzymes act as?
Organic
163
What is linked to enzymes?
Physiological function
164
What are enzymes produced by?
Living cells
165
How are enzymes affected by heat?
Thy are destroyed by heat
166
What are the two specific enzyme types?
1 bond 1 molecule | >1 bond 1 molecule
167
What is an example of 1 bond 1 molecule enzymes?
Maltase
168
What is an example of >1 bond 1 molecule?
Lipase
169
What is the pH of enzymes?
Optimum pH
170
What is the temperature enzymes?
Optimum temperature. Usually constant in warm-blooded animals
171
What is the secreted form of an enzyme called?
Proenzyme or zymogen
172
What is a proenzyme or zymogen? Example?
An enzyme that has to be activated from the form they are secreted as. Pepsinogen
173
What does it mean if an enzyme is a Co-?
It needs help from other factors to be active
174
What is a cofactor?
Any chemical required by an enzyme (minerals)
175
What is a coenzyme?
Small organic molecule required by an enzyme (vitamin)
176
What is the mechanism of action for an enzyme?
Substrate, active site, product
177
What is a substrate?
Compound to be acted on by the enzyme
178
What is an active site?
Location on the enzyme wherein attaches to substrate
179
What is a product?
Release result of reaction
180
What is maltose acted on by? What does it produce?
Maltase | 2 glucose
181
What is amylose acted on by? What does it produce?
Amylase | X glucose
182
What is protein acted on by? What does it produce?
Pepsin | Oligopeptides
183
What is fat acted on by? What does it produce?
Lipase | Fatty acids
184
What is gastrin secreted by? Where?
G-cells in the antrum of stomach
185
What does gastrin stimulate?
Parietal cells to secrete HCl
186
Why is secretin released?
Because of acid in duodenum
187
What are they 4 types of hormones?
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Leptin
188
What does secretin stimulate?
The pancreas to secrete fluid and bicarbonate into gut
189
What stimulates the release of cholecystokinin?
Fats and/or proteins entering SI
190
What does cholecystokinin do?
Causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
191
What does cholecystokinin stimulate?
Gall bladder to release bile salts
192
What plays a role in the sensation of feeling full?
Cholecystokinin and leptin
193
What causes secretion of leptin?
Insulin
194
Where is leptin secreted from?
Adipocytes
195
What does leptin act on?
Hypothalamic leptin receptors to inhibit feed intake
196
What does leptin increase?
Energy expenditure
197
What are the enzymes in the mouth?
S. amylase | Pregastric esterase
198
What species is s. amylase secreted in?
Pig and humans
199
What substrate is acted on by s. amylase?
Glycogen, starch, dextrin
200
What can be secreted in the mouth? (3)
S. Amylase Mucin Pregastric esterase
201
What species is mucin secreted in?
All
202
What is the function of mucin?
Lubrication and protection
203
What species is pregastric esterase secreted in?
Young ruminant
204
What substrate is acted on by pregastric esterase?
Fat (milk fat)
205
What is secreted in the fundic part of the stomach? (7)
``` Pepsin HCl Lipase Mucin Rennin Gastrin Intrinsic factor ```
206
What enzymes are secreted in the stomach?
Pepsin, lipase, rennin
207
What species is pepsin secreted in?
All
208
What substrate is acted on by pepsin?
Protein
209
What species is HCl secreted in?
All
210
What is the function of HCl?
Activate pesin and some protein
211
What species is lipase secreted in?
All
212
What substrate is acted on by lipase?
Fats
213
What species is rennin secreted in?
Young ruminant
214
What substrate is acted on by rennin?
Milk protein (casein)
215
What species is gastrin secreted in?
All
216
What substrate is acted on by gastrin? Function?
Parietal cells | Secrete HCl
217
What species is intrinsic factor secreted in?
All
218
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
Vitamin B12 absorption
219
What is secreted in the pyloric stomach?
Mucin
220
What is secreted in the pancreas? Are the all enzymes? (6)
``` Amylase Sucrase Trypsin Chymotripsin Carboxypeptidase Lipase Yes ```
221
What species are the secretions in the pancreas in?
All
222
What is the substrate for amylase?
Starch
223
What is the substrate for sucrase
Sucrose
224
What is the substrate for trypsin, chymotripsin, and carboxypeptidase?
Protein, peptides
225
What is the substrate for lipase?
Fats
226
What is secreted in the liver?
Bile
227
What species is bile secreted?
All
228
What is the function of bile?
Fat emulsification
229
What is secreted in the small intestine? Which are not enzymes? Marked by stars (12)
``` Enterokinase Aminopeptidase Dipeptidase Nucleotidase Nucleosidase Alkaline phosphatase Lipase Maltase Lactase Sucrase Secretin* Cholecystokinin* ```
230
What is the function of enterokinase?
Trypsin activation
231
What is the substrate for aminopeptidase?
Proteins
232
What is the substrate for dipeptidase?
Dipeptides
233
What is the substrate for nucleotidase?
Nucleotides
234
What is the substrate for nucleosidase?
Nucleosides
235
What is the substrate for alkaline phosphatase?
Organic phosphates
236
What secretion is in the large intestine?
Mucin

Animal Nutrition (9 decks)

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