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Anatomy & Physiology > Test 5- Spine/ Brain Nerves > Flashcards

Test 5- Spine/ Brain Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Explain the Spinal Cord structure:

A
  • it extends from Foramen magnum to second lumbar
  • gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • not uniform in diameter throughout length
    Cervical enlargement : supplies upper limbs
    Lumbar enlargement: supplies lower limbs
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2
Q

Name the 4 segments of the spinal cords:

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacral
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3
Q

What is Meninges?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

List the meninges of the spinal cord ?

A
  • Dura mater: continuous with epineurium of the spinal nerves
  • Arachnoid mater: thin and whispy
  • Pia mater: bound tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord.

And the spaces are :
- Epidural: anesthesia injected. Contains blood vessels, CT and fat

Subdural: serous fluid
Subarachnoid: CSF and blood vessels

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5
Q

Explain basic function of reflexes

A
  • automatic response to a stimulus that occurs without conscious thought.
  • homeostatic
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6
Q

Explain the components of reflexes

A 
- action potentials produced in:
Sensory receptors 
Sensory neuron
Inter neuron 
Motor neuron 
Effector organ
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7
Q

Explain the reflex Arc

A

-1. A sensory receptor detects a stimulus

  1. A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve and dorsal root to the spine
  2. In spinal cord, sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron
  3. The interneuron synapses with a motor neuron
  4. A motor neuron Axon conducts action potential through the central root and spinal nerve to effector organ
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8
Q

List the variety of reflexes

A
  • some integrated within spinal cord; some within brain
  • some involve excitatory neurons yielding a response
  • some involve inhibitory neurons that prevent an action
  • higher brain centres can influence, suppress, or exaggerate reflex responses
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9
Q

Explain muscle stretch reflex :

A
  • Muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them.
  • they have muscle spindles: which are a specialized muscle cell that responds to stretch
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10
Q

Reciprocal innervation:

A

Causes relaxation of extensor muscles when flexor muscle contracts

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11
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

When a withdrawal reflex is initiated in one lower limb, the crossed extensor reflex causes extension of opposite lower limb

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12
Q

What does the spinal nerve consist of ?

A
  • axon bundles
  • Schwann cells
  • connective tissue
  • Endoneurium: surrounds individual neurons
  • Perineurium: surround axon groups to form fascicles
  • Epineurium : surrounds the entire nerve
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13
Q

Explain the organization of the spinal neves

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • first pair exit vertebral column between skull and atlas
  • last four pair exit via the sacral foramina
  • others exit through intervertebral foramina
  • 8 pair cervical , 12 pair thoracic, 5 pair lumbar, 5 pair sacral, 1 pair coccygeal
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14
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • C1-C4

- innervation superficial neck structures, skin of neck, posterior portion of head

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15
Q

Phrenic nerve

A
  • C3-C5

- innervate diaphragm

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16
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • C4 from cervical plexus plus C5-T1
  • five central rami form there trunks Yahtzee separate into six divisions then form cords that give rise to:

Branches/ Nerves

  • axillary
  • radial
  • musculocutaneous
  • ulnar
  • median
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17
Q

Median nerve

A

C5-T1

Movement of forearm and hand

18
Q

Lumbar and sacral plexuses

A

Lumbar plexus: central rami if L1-L4

Sacral plexus: central rami of L4-S4

-Usually considered together because of their close relationship

  • four major nerves exit and enter lower limb
    • obturator
    • femoral
    • tibial
    • common fibular
19
Q

Obturator nerve

A

Rotates thought laterally

L2-L4

20
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Flexes hip
Flexes/ extends knee
L2-L4

21
Q

Tibial and common fibular nerves

A

The two nerves together referred to as the Sciatic nerve

22
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Extends hip/ flexes knee

L4-S3

23
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

L4-S2

Extends hip and flexes knee

24
Q

Coccygeal plexus

A

S5
Muscles of pelvic floor
Sensory info from skin over coccyx

25
Q

What does the Diencephalon contain ?

A

Thalamus- influences mood/ movement

subthalamus- contains nerve Tracts and nuclei

epithalamus- contains pineal gland

hypothalamus - major control centre for maintaining homeostasis

26
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Connects spinal cord to cerebrum

- consists of medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

27
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • Most inferior part
  • continuous with the spinal cord; has both ascending and descending nerve tracts
  • important for several reflexes such as heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting )
  • two prominent enlargements on the anterior surface of the MO are called pyramids, they control conscious control of skeletal muscles. The olives are two rounded oval structures, they are important for balance , coordination and modulation of sound from the inner ear.
28
Q

Pons

A

Contains ascending and descending nerve Tracts, relays info between cerebrum and cerebellum, site of reflex centres

  • pontine relay between cerebrum and cerebellum
  • also initiates REM stage while sleeping
29
Q

Midbrain

A

Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, serves as visual reflex centre; part of auditory pathway

Nuclei
- of cranial nerves III-V

30
Q

Reticular formation

A

Scattered throughout Brainstem

Contrail cyclic activities

Such as the sleep-wake cycle

31
Q

Cerebellum

A

Controls muscle movement

Governs balance

Involved in learning motor skills
Attached to Brainstem posterior to pons

32
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest potion of bran
  • composed of right and left hemispheres which has the following lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula

Controls perception, thought and conscious motor activity, can override most other systems

33
Q

Purkinje cells in cerebellar cortex

A
  • largest in CNS
  • receive 200,000 synapses, are inhabitory, only cerebellar cortex neurons that send axons to cerebellar nuclei
  • cortex has 1012 neurons; more than cerebral cortex
34
Q

Cerebellar functions

A

Flocculonodular lobe: balance and eye movements

Vermis: posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination leading to smooth movements

Lateral hemispheres: works with cerebrum to plan, practice , learn complex movements

35
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located between Brainstem and cerebrum

36
Q

Thalamus

A

Two lateral portions connected by the intermediate mass

Surrounded by third ventricle

Sensory info from spinal cord synapses here before projecting to cerebrum

37
Q

Subthalamus

A

Involved in controlling motor function

Several ascending and descending nerve tracts

38
Q

Epithalamus

A

Habenula: emotional and visceral response to odours

Pineal gland: may influence sleepiness, helps regulate biological clock, man play a role in onset of puberty

39
Q

Hypothalamus:

A
  • most inferior portion of Diencephalon

- important in regulation of mood, emporium, sexual pleasure, rage and fear.

40
Q

Cerebrum hemispheres

A

Frontal lobe: voluntary motor fiction, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, mood, personality and decision making

Parietal lobe: reception and evaluation of sensory info except smell, hearing and Vision

Occipital lobe: reception and integration of visual input
Temporal lobe: reception and evaluation for smell and hearing, memory, judgment

41
Q

Limbic system

A
  • emotions

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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