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Anatomy & Physiology > Advanced -blood > Flashcards

Advanced -blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the blood?

A
  • Transport of gases, nutrients and waste products eg. Oxygen
  • transport of processed molecules eg. Precursor of vitamin d from skin to liver and then kidneys
  • transport of regulatory molecules eg. Hormones
  • regulation of osmosis and pH ( normal pH of most tissues is 7.35-7.45 )
  • clot formation
  • maintenance of body temperature
  • protection against foreign substances. Eg antibodies
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2
Q

Composition of blood?

A

Plasma - 55%
Wbc and platelets - less than 1%
Rbc- 45%

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3
Q

Liquid part of blood

Colloid :

A

Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out of solution

  • 91% h2o, remainder waste products, nutrients, ions, protein, and gases
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4
Q

Protein of the blood

Globulins :

A

Transports lipids, carbs, hormones, Iona and antibodies

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5
Q

Proteins of the blood

Fibrinogen:

A

Blood clotting

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6
Q

Protein of the blood

Ions:

A

Involved in osmosis, membrane potentials and acid based balance

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7
Q

Proteins of the blood

Nutrients :

A

Glucose, amino acids , triacylglycerol, cholesterol and vitamins

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8
Q

Protein of the blood

Waste products:

A

Urea, uric acid, creatinine and ammonia salts

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9
Q

What is bilirubin?

A

Breakdown of RBC’s

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10
Q

What is lactic acid

A

End product of anaerobic respiration

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11
Q

Gases :

A

Oxygen, CO2 and inert nitrogen

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12
Q

Regulatory substances:

A

Hormones and enzymes

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13
Q

Formed elements

Red blood cells ( erythrocytes) :

A
  • transports oxygen and CO2
  • biconcave disks
  • anucleate
  • contains hemoglobin
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14
Q

Formed elements

White blood cells ( leukocytes)

A
  1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

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15
Q

Platelets ( thrombocytes)

A
  • cell fragment
  • form platelet plugs
  • release chemicals necessary for blood clotting
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16
Q

Components of RBC

A

-1/3 hemoglobin

2/3 lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase

17
Q

RBC Function transport

A

Oxygen from lungs to tissues:

  • 98.5% attached to hemoglobin
  • 1.5% dissolve in plasma

Carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs

  • 7% dissolve in plasma
  • 23% in combination with hemoglobin
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions produced as a result of combination of h2o and co2
18
Q

Hemoglobin composition

A
  • four globin molecules: transport co2, nitric oxide brought from lungs to tissues. Induces smooth muscles to relax lowering BP
  • four heme molecules : each containing one iron atom to transport oxygen
19
Q

Erythropoiesis:

A

RBC’s last 120 days in circulation

20
Q

erythropoietin:

A

Hormone stimulates RBC production, produced by kidneys in response to low blood O2 levels

21
Q

White blood cells

A
  • protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
22
Q

Movements of the WBC

A
  • ameboid : pseudopods
  • diapedesis : cells become thin and move between or through endothelial cells of capillaries
  • chemotaxis: attraction to and movement toward foreign materials or damaged cells
23
Q

Neutrophils :

A
  • after leaving bone marrow, stay in circulation for 10-12 hours then move to other tissue
  • become fixed, phagocytize bacteria, antigen- antibody complexes and other foreign matter
  • lasts for 1-2 days, accounts for 60-70% of WBC
24
Q

Eosinophils:

A
  • leave circulation and enter tissues during inflammatory response. Prevalent in allergic reactions
  • destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine
  • release chemicals that help destroy tape worm, flukes and pinworms
  • account for 2-4% of WBC
25
Q

Basophils:

A
  • least common
  • leave circulation and move through tissues
  • play a role in both inflammatory response and allergic reactions
  • account for less than 1% of WBC
26
Q

Lymphocytes:

A
  • produced in red bone marrow but then migrate to lymphatic tissues and proliferate
  • responsible for antibody production
  • studied extensively with immune system
  • account for 20-25% of WBC
27
Q

Monocytes

A
  • remain in circulation for 3 days, leave circulation and become microphages
  • phagocytic cells
  • can breakdown antigens and present them to lymphocytes for recognition
  • account for 3-8% of WBC
28
Q

Platelets

A
  • cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
  • important in preventing blood loss
29
Q

Hemostasis:

A

Events preventing excessive blood loss

  • vascular spasm: vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels
  • platelet plug formation
  • coagulation
30
Q

Coagulation factors:

A
  • proteins found in plasma
  • circulate in inactive state until tissues are injured
  • damaged tissues and platelets produce chemicals that begin with activation of factors
31
Q

Pathways

A
  • extrinsic

- intrinsic

32
Q

Blood clot:

A

A network of threadlike fibrin fibers, trapped blood cells, platelets and fluid

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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