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Anatomy & Physiology > Ch 14/15 > Flashcards

Ch 14/15 Flashcards

1
Q

Define sensation

A

Conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

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2
Q

Explain the steps to sensation

A
  1. Stimuli in/out of the body must be detected by sensory receptors and converted into action potential, which are multiplied to the CNS by nerves
  2. In the CNS, nerve tracts guide action potentials to the cerebral cortex and to other areas of CNS
  3. Action potentials reaching cerebral cortex must translated so the person can be aware of stimulus
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3
Q

Explain ‘ general’ type of sense

A
  • distributed over large part of body

- receptor generates an action potential called a Generator Potential that travels to the brain called Primary Receptors

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4
Q

Explain the ‘special senses’

A

Receptor produces a receptor potential and the receptor then releases a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the membrane of neuron which then travels to the brain. Called “ Secondary receptor “

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5
Q

What are the 5 types of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors: compression, bending, stretching of cells. Touch, pressure, balance, & hearing.
  2. Chemoreceptors: chemicals become attached to receptors on their membranes. Smell & taste
  3. Thermoreceptors: respond to changes in temperature
  4. Photoreceptors: responds to light
  5. Nociceptors: extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. Pain
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6
Q

What are the types of receptors based on location

A

Exteroreceptors: associated with skin
Visceroreceptors: associated with organs
Proprioreceptors: associated with joints and tendons

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7
Q

Explain free nerve endings

A
  • simplest, most common sensory receptors

- scattered throughout most of body

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8
Q

Hair follicle receptors

A

Sensation not very localized, yet very sensitive

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9
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A
  • responds to pressure and vibration

- when associated with joints, involved in proprioception

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10
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A
  • respond to increased tension on tendon
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11
Q

Muscle spindles

A
  • involved in stretch reflex
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12
Q

What are the responses of sensory receptors?

A
  1. Accommodation (adaptation): decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus
  2. Proprioceptors: provide info about the precise position and the rate of movement of various body parts, the weight of an object being held and the range of movement of a joint.
    • two types of proprioceptors provide info:
    • tonic receptors( slowly adapting receptors) generate action potentials as long as stimulus is applied. Ex allow us to know where our little finger is at all times without actually looking for it.
    • phasic receptors ( rapidly adapting receptors ) adapt rapidly and are most sensitive to changes in stimuli. Ex allows us to know where our pinky finger is while moving it, thus we can control its movement through space and predict where it will be the next movement
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13
Q

What is spinocerebellar system ?

A
  • carries proprioceptive info to cerebellum

- actual movements monitored and compared to cerebral info representing intended movement

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14
Q

What is spinoolivary?

A
  • contribute to coordination of movement associated with balance
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15
Q

What is spinotectal?

A

Involved in reflexes that turn the eyes and the head towards point of cutaneous stimulation

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16
Q

What is referred pain ?

A
  • sensation in one region of body that is not source of stimulus
17
Q

What is phantom pain?

A

Occurs in people who have appendage amputated or structure removed such as a tooth. It feels as though the pain is coming from a body part that is no longer there.

18
Q

What is chronic pain

A

Misinterpret discomfort as pain

19
Q

What are voluntary movements

A

Consciously activated to achieve a specific goal

20
Q

What are the 2 neurons?

A

Upper motor neurons: directly or through interneurons connect to lower

Lower motor neurons: Axons leave the CNS, extend through PNS to skeletal muscles

21
Q

What are the 3 areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Pre central gyrus: primary motor cortex
  2. Pre motor area: anterior to primary motor cortex
  3. Prefrontal area: motivation, emotional behaviour, mood.
22
Q

What are the functions of the Brainstem?

A

Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleep, swallowing, vomiting, coughing and sneezing

23
Q

Explain the speech function of the brain?

A

Wernickes area: sensory speech- understanding what is heard and thinking of what one will say

Broca’s area: motor speech- sending messages to appropriate muscles to make the sounds

Aphasia: absent or defected speech comprehension caused by lesion somewhere in the auditory/ speech pathway

24
Q

Explain the right / left cerebral cortex

A

Right :
Controls muscular activity in and receives sensory info from left side of body
- three dimensional or spatial perception. Recognition of faces, musical ability
Left: controls muscular activity in and receives sensory info from right side of body
- mathematics and speech

25
Q

What are the different levels of memory?

A
  • sensory: very short term
  • short-term : retained for a few sec/mins
  • long term: retention of facts
  • procedural: development of skills
26
Q

Explain the limbic system

A
  • influences emotions
  • basic survival instincts
  • pheromones
27
Q

What are the effects of aging on the nervous system?

A
  • gradual decline in sensory and motor function
  • slows reflexes
  • size/weight of brain decrease
  • long term memory unaffected or improved
  • changes in sleep patterns
28
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • olfaction
  • taste
  • visual system
  • hearing and balance
29
Q

Explain olfaction

A
  • 7 primary odours are recognized, but the average person can recognize 4000 different odours
  • smell is perceived by olfactory epithelium
  • dendrites of olfactory neurons have enlarged ends
  • cilia of olfactory neuron embedded in mucus
  • odorants attach to receptors
  • one receptor may respond to more than one type of odour
  • olfactory epithelium is replaces as it wears down
  • olfactory neurons are replaced every 2 months
30
Q

What are the different types of papillae?

A
  • Filiform: filament shaped. Most numerous. No taste buds
  • vallate: largest, least numerous. 8-12 in V along border between anterior/ posterior parts of the tongue. Has taste buds
  • Fungi form: mushroom shaped, scattered Irregularly over the superior surface of the tongue. Looks like small red dots

Folliate: leaf shaped. In folds/ sides of the tongue. Contain most sensitive taste buds. Decreased in # with age.

31
Q

What are the taste types?

A
  • sour: most sensitive on lateral tongue
  • salty : most sensitive on tip of tongue
  • bitter: most sensitive on posterior
  • sweet: most sensitive on tip
32
Q

Explain the lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. Tears are predicted in the lacrimal glad and exit the gland through several lacrimal ducts
  2. The tears pass over the surface of the eye
  3. Tears enter the lacrimal canaliculi
  4. Tears are carried through the lacrimal sac to the nasolacrimal duct
  5. Tears enter the nasal cavity from the nasolacrimal duct
33
Q

Anatomy of eye - Fibrous Tunic:

A

Selera: white outer layer- maintains shape, protects internal structure, provides muscle attachment point, continuous with cornea

Cornea: connective tissue matrix containing collagen, elastic fibers & proteoglycans. Allows light to enter the eye, bends and refracts light

34
Q

Anatomy of the eye - vascular tunic:

A 
Middle layer contains most of the blood vessels of the eye: branches off the internal cartoid arteries. 
Contains:  - iris 
                 - sphincter papillae 
                  - dillator papillae 
                  - citiary body 
                  - choroid
35
Q

anatomy of the eye- Nerous Tunic

A
  • two layers
    • pigmented Retina: outer, pigmented layer. Pigment of this layer and choroid help to separate sensory cells and reduce light scattering
    • sensory retina: inner layer of rod and cone cells sensitive to light
36
Q

List the different types of light

A
  • visible light: portion if electromagnetic spectrum
  • refraction: bending of light
  • Convergence: light striking a convex surface
  • focal point: point where light rays converge and cross
  • focusing: causing light to converge
37
Q

Explain hearing and balance

A
  • external ear
    • Hearing. Terminates at eardrum. Includes auricle and external auditory canal
  • middle ear
    • Hearing. Air filled space containing auditory ossicles
  • inner ear
    • hearing and balance. Interconnecting fluid filled tunnels and chambers within the temporal bone
38
Q

What are the effects of aging on the special senses?

A
  • sight loss inability to detect odours
  • decreases sense of taste
  • lenses if eyes lose flexibility
  • development of cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy
  • decline in visual accuracy and colour perception

Anatomy & Physiology (14 decks)

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