Test 5 Review

Question 1

What are the biological processes that occur during Adolescence ?

Answer 1

1) Cell Proliferation (particularly in prefrontal lobes and limbic system)
2) Myelination (create myelin sheaths around neurons in brain to strengthen connections )
3) Synaptic Pruning (clears brain of unnecessary connections

Question 2

Which biological process occurs Before adolescence ?

Answer 2

Codification (building of neural networks for motor skills, that include crawling walking, jumping or writing) is part of EARLY brain development and occurs before adolescence

Question 3

Which class would anesthesiologists be considered ?

Answer 3

MIDDLE CLASS (upper part of that middle class)

Question 4

What is the income salary and percentage that makes up upper, middle, working and lower class

Answer 4

-Upper class annual incomes range from millions to billions of dollars; a mere 3% of the population is considered upper class
-Middle class annual incomes range from $46,000 to the minimum earnings representing the upper class (this definition varies); 40% of the population is considered middle class.
- Working class annual incomes range from $19,000 to $45,000; 30% of the population is considered working class.
Lower class annual incomes range from no income to $18,000; 27% of the population is considered lower class

Question 5

What occurs during Avoidance learning ?

Answer 5

. In avoidance learning, an organism’s behavior is reinforced by the termination or prevention of an aversive stimulus.
The individual is motivated to escape fear-producing environmental stimuli or conditioned stimuli.
Ex: If child is always met with anger when she encounters the parent, the parent becomes a conditioned stimulus that produces fear. The child thus begins to actively avoid interactions with the parent in an effort to avoid experiencing fear

Question 6

What happens during vicarious learning ? What factors must appear for this kind of learning to occur?

Answer 6

Vicarious learning (aka Modeling or observational learning) : , is part of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory. Bandura believed that learning could occur by watching others. However, not all observed behaviors are effectively learned.
In order for the modeling process to work, according to Bandura, the following factors have to be present: Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.

Question 7

What determines strength between node and association (according to semantic network model) ?

Answer 7

According to the semantic network model, the strength of a connection between a node and an association is related to how** FREQUENTLY and how DEEPLY **the connections are made

Question 8

What indicates spreading activation pattern?

Answer 8

Separate links between the node and the association—(suggesting a more circuitous route)—are indicative of the spreading activation pattern

Question 9

What are state dependent cues ?

Answer 9

State-dependent cues: in which familiar locales are used to trigger memories.

They do NOT determine the strength of the connection between a node and an association unless, , they are used with great frequency

Question 10

What are the theories that accounts for gender differences ?

Answer 10

gender schema, gender stereotyping and gender role preference

Question 11

Which does not account for gender differences ?

Answer 11

Sex Drive does NOT account for gender differences

Question 12

What is gender schema theory ?

Answer 12

Gender schema theory explains how gender differences are transmitted; the theory incorporates gender stereotypes and biological characteristics

Question 13

Describe gender role preference ?

Answer 13

Gender role preference involves one’s decision that, despite having the physiological and biological characteristics of one gender, he or she identifies with the other gender and proceeds to comport him or her self accordingly

Question 14

What is level of processing theory ?

Answer 14

The levels of processing theory: posits that people remember information better when they process it more DEEPLY

Question 15

What are the four main forms of religious organizations?

Answer 15

(from the most to the least widespread): Ecclesia, churches, sects, and cults or new religious movements.

Question 16

What are the two most common churches in U.S. ? What kind of religious organization is it?

Answer 16

Catholicism and Protestantism form the basis for two of the most common churches in the United States . These religious organizations are integrated into the larger societies but continue to maintain specific rules and regulations specific to the religion.

The Protestant church in the United States is considered a denomination as it is independent of the state.

Question 17

What is a sect?

Answer 17

Sects are religious organizations that are separate from their larger societies, often as a result of separation from a larger church, such as the Amish and Mormon communities

Question 18

What is a cult?

Answer 18

Cults are separate from their large societies, and their beliefs and practices are thought to be far outside of the accepted social norms, such as the Branch Davidians known for the Waco siege

Question 19

What is commonly seen in Planned Parenthood?

Answer 19

INSTITUTIONAL DISCRIMINATION
Planned Parenthood experiences the effects of prejudice as a result of practices, such as abortion, that conflict with the beliefs of some groups, and this prejudice, in some cases, contributes to institutional discrimination.
Mass media is a powerful institution in the United States, and the media executives with higher socioeconomic status are able to set the agenda for their programs. This can lead to institutional discrimination in situations when the media presents a specific group in a negative light for its own purposes

Question 20

What is Mcdonaldization ?

Answer 20

The McDonaldization of society: described when a culture adopts the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant, such as efficiency, calculability, standardization, and control.

Question 21

What is a coercive organization ? What is an example?

Answer 21

A coercive organization: is one where members have NO choice in joining
example : a Prison is an example of a coercive organization.

Question 22

What are the three categories of stressors and rank them in most to least severe

Answer 22

three main categories of stressors from the most to least severe: Catastrophes (most severe; natural disasters) , significant life changes, and daily hassles (least severe)

Question 23

What is role strain ? Give an example

Answer 23

Role strain is when having a single status results in conflicting expectations
ex: if a bisexual female reports feeling social pressure to be either lesbian or straight, which causes her significant stress, she is experiencing conflicting expectations about her bisexual identity

Question 24

What is role conflict ?

Answer 24

Role conflict happens when there are conflicting societal expectations for multiple statuses held by the same person.
For example, a male kindergarten teacher—societal expectations for being a man and being a kindergarten teacher easily come into conflict

Question 25

Describe role exit? Example?

Answer 25

Role exit is the process of disengaging from one role in order to take up another.
An example is the process of disengaging from a “pre-med” identity to take on a “medical student” identity

Question 26

Where is the hippocampus located ?

Answer 26

Limbic system

Question 27

What is role of limbic system?

Answer 27

limbic system of the brain; a system which is responsible for many aspects of human functioning, including emotions and memory

Question 28

Which brain structures regulate executive functioning? What are its other functions ?

Answer 28

Executive functioning is generally thought to be regulated by the FRONTAL lobes. These lobes control inhibition and attentionassociated with episodic memory as the hippocampus is (choice B is wrong)

Question 29

What is role of basal ganglia ? What brain structures are located here ? function ?

Answer 29

The basal ganglia is situated at the base of the forebrain and (is mainly comprised of striatum, the globus pallidus, the substantia nigra, the nucleus accumbens, and the subthalamic nucleus)
It is associated with voluntary movement, procedural learning, and emotions.

Question 30

What disorder can Optimism be a protective factor against ?

Answer 30

Depression

Question 31

What is social reproduction ?

Answer 31

social reproduction refers to the structures in society that transmit social inequality from one generation to the next Item.
Ex: the fact that women who get pregnant at an early age are more likely to raise children who also end up having babies very young is an example of social reproduction

Question 32

What brain structure responsible for language production

Answer 32

Broca’s area

Question 33

Which brain structure is responsible for language comprehension ?

Answer 33

Wernicke’s area

Question 34

What is behaviorist personality theory ?

Answer 34

The behaviorist theory of personality emphasizes that personality is derived from the interactions between a person and his or her environment

Question 35

What is trait theory ?

Answer 35

Trait theory, a type of humanist theory, emphasizes that personality is the result of a person’s multiple traits that are relatively stable over time

Question 36

which of the following social theorists are expected to consider associated questions with non-normative behaviors ?

Answer 36

-Labeling theorists; “Who defines deviance?”
-Structural strain theorists; “How do norms affect deviance?”

Question 37

What are push and pull factors when discussing migration ?

Answer 37

The push factors are those characteristics of an area that “push” people to emigrate from it (where emigrate means to LEAVE an area);

the pull factors are those characteristics of an area that “pull” people to immigrate to it (where immigrate means to ENTER an area).

Question 38

What are the agents of socialization ?

Answer 38

Family, Television (other mass media) and School

Question 39

What is semantic memory ? What occurs during demyelination ?

Answer 39

Semantic memory refers to the memory of meanings and other concept-based knowledge.
As demyelination occurs, neuronal signals that carry meanings slow down, damaging the memory of them

Question 40

What are the cognitive effects of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 40

• forgetfulness
  -losing or misplacing items
  -having trouble with simple problem tasks

Question 41

What is the role of hippocampus ?

Answer 41

The hippocampus is associated with the formation, storage, and retrieval of memories.

Question 42

What is role of thalamus ?

Answer 42

The thalamus is a relay center for sensory information that is important for sensation and the perception of external stimuli.

Question 43

What is role of posterior lobe (occipital) ?

Answer 43

The posterior occipital lobe is critical to vision and the organization of visual information (choice C is wrong).

Question 44

role of superior posterior lobe?

Answer 44

Superior parietal lobe: has many functions, including integration of spatial information and maintenance of internal representations

Question 45

Which psych disorders are part of Cluster B?

Answer 45

Antisocial personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
histrionic personality disorder.
These disorders are part of Cluster B (dramatic, erratic and impulsive)

Question 46

What Cluster of personality disorders is paranoid personality part of ?

Answer 46

Cluster A (odd)

Question 47

What is labeling theory?

Answer 47

Labeling theory is a fundamental concept of symbolic interactionism. It states that deviance is not inherent in the act itself, but is rather an attribution from others (such as police, family, or clergy;

Question 48

What is looking-glass self?

Answer 48

A looking-glass self describes how people shape their self-concepts based on how they think others perceive them

Question 49

What is attachment theory ?

Answer 49

Attachment theory, as developed by John Bowlby, is based on the belief that the inclination to make strong emotional bonds with particular individuals is a basic component of human nature that exists at birth and continues throughout life. Thus, human beings are motivated from birth onward to form connections with others.

Question 50

What occurs during secure attachment ?

Answer 50

Secure attachment is promoted by a responsive and available parent and is characterized by a child who is able to explore his or her environment secure in the knowledge that the parent will be there when needed.
A child confidently exploring and joining in different activities at a birthday party demonstrates a secure attachment style.
The child’s act of seeking his mother’s aid during a stressful time, such as when being injured, and the parent being available to comfort and soothe him, further displays secure attachment

Question 51

What occurs during anxious-resistant insecure attachment ?

Answer 51

Reluctance to explore and instead clinging and remaining by the mother’s side is indicative of an anxious-resistant insecure attachment style, in which the child is uncertain about the parent’s availability because of previous separations. Because of this fear of being abandoned, he or she stays close and clings to the mother (choice A is wrong)

Question 52

What occurs during disorganized attachment ?

Answer 52

Odd or awkward behaviors when separating or reuniting with the parent, such as extreme shifts between proximity-seeking and avoidance, are indicative of a disorganized attachment style.
A child who, upon being reunited with her mother, initially runs toward her with open arms and then quickly runs away instead illustrates an extreme shift between proximity-seeking and avoidance.

Disorganized attachment is usually the result of the child experiencing trauma, such as being physically, emotionally, or sexually abused by the parent. In this instance, the child sees the parent as both frightening and the only source of comfort, which causes great confusion and results in the eratic proximity-seeking and avoidance behavior

Question 53

What happens in anxious avoidant attachment ?

Answer 53

. An anxious-avoidant attachment style results from the child being constantly rejected and rebuffed by the parent.
These children learn to be independent early on, depending only on themselves because they learn that they cannot rely on the parent who is never available.
A child exploring and climbing the jungle gym to dangerous heights displays this early independence. The child’s knowledge about the lack of availability and responsiveness of the parent further provides evidence of an anxious-avoidant attachment style

Question 54

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 54

Multiculturalism is the promotion of multiple cultures living harmoniously within one community

Question 55

What is Deindividuation ?

Answer 55

Deindividuation : is the loss of self-awareness in social groups
(MOB mentality)

Question 56

What is an out group?

Answer 56

out-group: is defined as a social group with which the individual does NOT identify (which can occur when lndividual diverges from a group )

Question 57

What is an in group?

Answer 57

in-group is defined as a social group with which the individual identifies

Question 58

What is a reference group ?

Answer 58

reference groups are used as a way for individuals to compare themselves and their cultural tastes to a social group with which they identify

Question 59

What is Piaget’s definition of conservation ? What age do children understand this concept ?

Answer 59

Conservation is the term that Piaget used to describe children’s recognition of constancy and consistency in physical matter despite changes in shape or container.
This awareness is characteristic of the stage of concrete operational thought, which is usually achieved between the ages of 6 or 7 and 11 or 12.
Conservation is realized through three insights: identity, reversibility, and reciprocity.

Question 60

What are the three factors of Piaget’s conservation in Concrete operational stage?

Answer 60

Conservation has three insights: Identity, reversibility, and reciprocity. -Identity involves the child’s recognition that the physical object is the same object, regardless of how it is manipulated
Reversibility involves the child’s recognition that a given manipulation can be reversed to give the object its initial appearance
Reciprocity involves the child’s realization that a manipulation of one dimension or aspect yields a corresponding change in another aspect ( As a result, the manipulation is understood to change the original object rather than create a new one)

Question 61

what is object permanence ?

Answer 61

Object permanence : the realization that an object continues to exist despite its disappearance from the visual field.
ex: Sarah realizes the clay still exists even when her mom puts it back into its container

Question 62

What is Sapir-Whorf hypothesis ?

Answer 62

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: When it is difficult to describe and define things for which we don’t have language for

Question 63

Which stage of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development do average adult person usually only achieve ?

Answer 63

Lawrence Kohlberg postulated six stages of moral development, but said that the average person generally does not pass beyond the Fourth stage, in which he or she acknowledges a sense of duty to uphold the law and maintain social conventions

Question 64

What occurs during cross-sectional studies ?

Answer 64

Cross-sectional research gives researchers a variety of participants of different types (e.g., different ages) that they can track at the same time

Question 65

What occurs during Case-study designs ?

Answer 65

Case study design: allows researchers the opportunity to conduct in-depth analyses of a few select participants, then emerge with very detailed data