Neuroscience, Memory Learning Flashcards
What type of reinforcement schedule is most analogous to procrastination ?
FIXED Ratio
Which type of reinforcement schedule has the Slowest rate of extinction ?
Variable Ratio
what part of memory is hippocampus associated with?
Memory consolidation
What part of baddley’s working memory model do patients with ADHD (who have difficulty with selective attention )com
Central Executive
what does the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient look like?
Shrunken gyri and ENLARGED vesicles
What is an example of functional exam used in medicine ?
PET scan (positron emission tomography) used to measure brain activity
what is an example of structural exams used in medicine
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
CT (computerized tomography)
X-ray
What are the three phases of classical conditioning ?
acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery
What is spontaneous recovery
phase in classical conditioning
spontaneous recovery: a reoccurrence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed
What is acquisition ?
Acquisition is the initial phase of learning in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned response is established
What occurs during extinction ?
Extinction is the loss or weakening of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus no longer occur together
Describe reconstruction that can occur in memories ?
Personal, emotional memories are just as likely to be subjected to reconstructed as non-emotional memories
Describe what occurs in Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: He found that if he did not purposefully try to remember new information, he quickly lost this information during the first few days of learning it. Eventually, however, the rate of forgetting leveled off; so, the rate of forgetting decreased significantly and continued at a relatively steady rate after the initially steep loss
What causes Korsakoff syndrome? What occurs?
***Korsakoff’s syndrome is a chronic memory disorder that occurs when one is deficient in thiamine (vitamin B-1). This syndrome is most commonly caused by alcohol abuse, although it may be caused by other conditions as well **
Some typical symptoms of the syndrome include gaps in long-term memory as well as difficulty remembering recent events
What type of memory is autobiographical memory associated with ?
EPISODIC memory
The episodic memory is associated with recalling personal experiences and events.
What is practice effect?
practice effect: refers to the improvements made in performance on any task with repetition or repeated practice;
ex: this effect would suggest that if the children were give identical or very similar tasks for each trial, their performance should improve to some degree just because of repeated exposure to the problems
What is serial position effect?
The serial position effect applies to the recall of items and suggests that, when people are asked to recall a list of items, they tend to remember the items at the end of list, which they have most recently seen/heard (also known and the recency effect) and also remember items at the beginning of the list
What characteristics are part of highest phase of Kohlberg’s moral reasoning ?
Social contract orientation and Universal ethical principles are part of he highest phase of moral reasoning —> post-conventional phase
What is group polarization ?
Group polarization: is the tendency of groups to make decisions more extreme than the tendencies of individual members of that same group.
Define locus of control ?
Locus of control: is the extent to which individuals feel they can exert control over events around them.
(ex: student being able to exert themselves in an environment )
What is groupthink ?
Groupthink is a phenomenon in which groups make irrational or dysfunctional decisions as a result of the interactions among its members
What is retroactive interference ?
Retroactive interference : When newly learned information (such as a new way to do algebra) INTERFERES with the ability to recall the OLD way.
Wat is displacement ?
Displacement : involves transferring impulses or feelings (often aggressive ones) from their original object to one perceived as less threatening
(ex: a child who is bullied at school comes home and hits his younger brother).
What does Malingering mean?
Malingering: faking symptoms for one’s personal gain
What is Habituation ?
Habituation occurs when a repetitive stimulus leads to decreased responsiveness
What is sensitization ?
Sensitization : increased responsiveness to repetitive stimuli.
What is Insight Learning ?
Insight learning: is the sudden awareness of a solution without reinforcement, observation, or algorithmic procedural attempts to solve the problem.
Which medical technologies measure structures vs functions?
fMRI and PET measure FUNCTION
MRI measures structures
What is spreading activation ?
Spreading activation: describes a process of long-term memory storage and retrieval in which memories are stored in a network with semantically similar memories and cognitions.
What happens if encoding part of memory is damaged ?
If encoding is damaged, memory will not be able to be retrieved over short time intervals
Differentiate between within the subjects vs in between the subjects
Within the subjects: a design in which all participants receive both kinds of treatments
between the subjects: a design in which clients are separated into groups that receive different treatments
Which reinforcement schedule is most resistant to Extinction (harder to eliminate) ?
VARIABLE RATIO is most resistant to extinction (hardest to eliminate) because the personnever knows how many responses will be required to obtain reinforcement
Which reinforcement schedule is LEAST resistant to Extinction (easier to elminate)
. CONTINUOUS schedule is least resistant to extinction (i.e., the easiest to eliminate) because the person or organism “catches on” quickly that the behavior in question no longer produces the desired reinforcement
