Test 2 review

Question 1

What are the gestalt principles?

Answer 1

Law of proximity, similarity, and continuity

Question 2

What is law of proximity?

Answer 2

Law of proximity: group nearby things together

Question 3

What is law of similarity ?

Answer 3

Law of similarity: group similar things together

Question 4

What is law of continuity ?

Answer 4

Law of continuity : we tend to see smooth continuous things rather than discontinuous

Question 5

What are the responses that occur as part of fight or flight

Answer 5

• increased heart rate
  -increased sweating
  -saliva inhibition
  -pupil dilation

Question 6

Distinguish between manifest and latent functions

Answer 6

manifest function: intended contributions to social structures
latent functions: Unintended contributions
ex: manifest in healthcare: maintain patients health, and educate patients
latent : serve as a place for community

Question 7

What occurs in extinction (classical conditioning) ?

Answer 7

In extinction: the conditioned stimulus is presented consistently without the unconditioned stimulus, and, eventually, the conditioned stimulus loses its excitatory power
Ex: use of live cat (unconditioned stimulus) discontinued and the dog ceases to growl (conditioned response)

Question 8

What is Spontaneous recovery ?

Answer 8

Spontaneous recovery; theory of classical conditioning that occurs after extinction, there is a delay where conditioned stimulus is not presented. Then conditioned stimulus is presented again and their is a conditioned response
ex: dog goes home with owner, before going back to lot and elicits growling response (conditioned) to person approaching fence (conditioned stimulus)

Question 9

Distinguish between in group and out group

Answer 9

in group: group where you psychologically identify with (feel you belong to)
out group: group where and individual does not identify

Question 10

What is reaction formation ?

Answer 10

Reaction formation: defense mechanism where there is an expression of the opposite of one’s feelings in order to conceal unacceptable or dangerous emotions

Question 11

What is repression?

Answer 11

repression: psychological attempts to subdue emotionally painful memories

Question 12

What is displacement?

Answer 12

Displacement : shift of emotions such as aggressive or sexual impulses to safer outlets

Question 13

what is denial?

Answer 13

Denial: refusal to accept external realities that are a threat to one’s self

Question 14

What is socialization ?

Answer 14

Socialization is the process by which a person becomes a member of a group.
Learning the moral standards of the group is important to retaining group membership

Question 15

What is morality ?

Answer 15

Morality : Morality is a set of standards of conduct that are specific to the social group in which one is embedded.

Question 16

What occurs in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorders?

Answer 16

People with obsessive-compulsive disorder often feel the need to perform certain rituals or routines repeatedly. These individuals are often compelled by intrusive thoughts.

ex: An individual compelled to perform behavior repeatedly, such as continually locking and unlocking a door, will often feel distressed by these intrusive thoughts and the need to perform these behaviors

Question 17

Which kind of reinforcement schedules are more resistant to extinction?

Answer 17

Intermittent reinforcement are more resistant to extinction
-variable ratio are more resistant than fixed ratio
-variable interval are more resistant

Question 18

what is social loafing?

Answer 18

Social loafing:
when individuals work in a group and put forth less effort than they would have had they been working alone.

Question 19

What is social facilitation?

Answer 19

social facilitation occurs when an individual’s performance on a simple task is enhanced by the presence of others.

Question 20

What is learned helplessness? What are characteristics associated with it?

Answer 20

Learned helplessness occurs when an organism is repeatedly subjected to a negative or aversive stimulus that cannot be escaped or avoided; eventually, the organism will give up trying to avoid or escape the stimulus and behave as though it were utterly helpless to change the situation.

-Learned helplessness is associated with an external (not being able to control life events) Learned helplessness does often result in a cognitive expectation that nothing the individual does will prevent or eliminate a negative or aversive outcome It is also true that while learned helplessness is strongly tied to animal psychology and behavior it applies to many situations involving human beings. Psychologists have also theorized that learned helplessness is associated with several psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety

Question 21

What is feature detection theory?

Answer 21

Feature detection theory: theory of visual perception that proposes that different neurons fire in response to detecting different features; in other words, some neurons fire only in response to vertical lines or motion or contrast.

Question 22

What is spreading activation model?

Answer 22

spreading activation model: the mind maintains networks of words that are associated with each other to varying degrees. When one word is activated, those words with the strongest associations to the activated word are also activated.

Question 23

What must occur for a deficit in self recognition ?

Answer 23

n order to produce a deficit in self-recognition, (which is related to self-identification,)the stroke must occur in the same hemisphere where the patient exhibited the self-identification bias

Question 24

What is cognitive appraisal?

Answer 24

Cognitive appraisal is a process whereby a physiological arousal is assessed in the brain and processed for the appropriate physiological and psychological coping strategies

Question 25

What is group polarization ?

Answer 25

Group polarization: idea that groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme compared to the original thoughts of individual group members

Question 26

What is A not- B error (Piaget’s cognitive theory)

Answer 26

A not B error: describes when individual continues looking for an object in a location in which it was previously placed, even with the knowledge that it has been placed elsewhere.

This is most common in infants under 12 months

Question 27

What is conservation (Piaget’s stage) ? what stage does it occur

Answer 27

-part of Piaget’s concrete operational stage
Conservation: the logical thinking ability attained(around roughly ages 7-11), refers to a child’s capacity to determine that a certain quantity remains the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size;

Question 28

What are the time periods for Freud’s psychosexual stages?

Answer 28

1. Oral (0 to 1)
2. Anal (1-3 years) : individuals learn control of bowel movements
3. Phallic (3-6 ) years
4. Latency (6-12)

Question 29

What is divided attention ?

Answer 29

Divided attention :. is required when a person must perform two or more tasks simultaneously and attention is needed for the successful performance of each task. Crossing the street and texting are tasks that each require attention to be paid (choice B is correct). Selective attention involves the ability to pick one detail out of many on which to focus,

Question 30

What is selective attention?

Answer 30

Selective attention: involves the ability to pick one detail out of many on which to focus,

Question 31

What are the three main stressors ?

Answer 31

catastrophes, significant life changes, and daily hassles.

Question 32

What are catastrophes? give an example?

Answer 32

Catastrophes are unpredictable large-scale stressors, such as natural disasters, that impact many people to a significant extent.

Question 33

What are significant life changes? Give an example

Answer 33

Significant life changes are high stress events that occur with greater frequency than catastrophes, such as marriage, divorce, or loss of a loved one.

Question 34

What are ambient stressors?

Answer 34

Ambient stressors are common irritations that are present in one’s environment, such as noise or traffic, and can be related to daily hassles

Question 35

What are daily hassles? Give an example

Answer 35

Daily hassles are common irritations in life, such as scheduling errors. A mortgage deadline is an example of a daily hassle, as it impacts individuals regularly

Question 36

What is Optimism bias?

Answer 36

The optimism bias describes the belief that bad things will not happen to oneself in the future.
ex: This can be applied to the finding that people continue to predict positive changes in their relationship, as opposed to divorce, even in the presence of, for example, aggression

Question 37

What is self-serving bias?

Answer 37

self-serving bias :describes the attribution of positive experiences to one’s own character and actions but negative experiences to factors external to one’s own character and actions

Question 38

What is just-world phenomenon?

Answer 38

The just-world phenomenon describes the belief that the world is fair; success or failure is the result of positive or negative behavior, respectively

Question 39

Describe Actor observer bias?

Answer 39

The actor-observer bias describes the belief that one’s actions are situational while the actions of others are the direct result of their personalities

Question 40

Discuss Singer- Schacter theory

Answer 40

Singer Schacter theory: posits that emotional experience is determined by one’s physiological state and the cognitive interpretation of that state.

Question 41

Describe the James Lange theory

Answer 41

James-Lange theory asserts that emotional experience is primarily based on physiological arousal, and that each different physiological state is associated with an emotion

Question 42

Describe Cannon Bard theory

Answer 42

Cannon-Bard theory: physiological arousal and emotional regulation occur simultaneously

Question 43

what are social schemas?

Answer 43

Social schemas are cognitive structures that guide the information processing of ideas about categories of social events and people. When a social schema is made more accessible through priming, it can be activated and used more quickly in a particular situation.

Question 44

explain cognitive dissonance

Answer 44

cognitive dissonance theory: inconsistency among attitudes (cognitive dissonance) propels people in the direction of attitude change.