Psychological Disorders Flashcards
What are characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease ?
Neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques
Which psychological disorder has highest heritability ?
Schizophrenia
Is dissociative disorder a personality disorder ?
NO (but borderline, antisocial and schizotypal are)
What stage of sleep are sleep spindles and K complexes apart of ?
NREM 2
what is external validity ? Which factors contribute to it?
external validity is the ability to generalize results to a larger population; factors: this comes from using a larger sample size, random sampling, and greater inclusion
What is internal validity ?
Internal validity refers to the extent to which the experimental outcome (dependent variable) can be attributed to the experimental manipulation (independent variable)
What is monoamine hypothesis ? How does it affect depression?
According to the monoamine hypothesis, depleted levels of Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin are correlated with greater severity of depression
What kind of neurotransmitters are glutamate and acetylcholine ? How do they affect depression?
EXCITATORY neurotransmitters. They DECREASE depression
What kind of reinforcement schedules do slot machines (gambling) operate on?
A slot machine operates on a VARIABLE RATIO schedule; the gambler is rewarded with a payout for a winning sequence after an unpredictable number of responses
Which psychological disorders do dopamine levels have an influence on?
Dopamine, the neurotransmitter most prominently implicated in addiction, plays an important role in *Parkinson’s disease
*schizophrenia
* depression
Explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers
primary reinforcer is a stimulus that is inherently pleasant for the subject on a biological level (e.g., food), with no need for association with another reinforcer.
A secondary reinforcer, in contrast, has no biological significance for the subject and gains its reward value through association with a biologically pleasurable stimulus. Slot machine tokens are secondary reinforcers
Which brain structures are part of limbic system? Function?
limbic system is a system of connected structures buried deep within the cerebrum( including the hippocampus, the amygdala the olfactory bulbs and the limbic lobe, )and is where most emotional experience and processin
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes are part of the cellular barrier PROTECTING the immune system. Lymphocytes, such as B cells and T cells, are specialized leukocytes (or white blood cells) and have specific tasks in protecting the body from attack
What do antigens and immunogens do to immune system?
they ATTACK immune system
What type of disorder is bipolar disorder ?
MOOD disorder
What are the different anxiety disorders ?
obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder (also generalized anxiety disorder)
What type of defense mechanism (of Freud’s) is representative of avoidance coping?
DENIAL: which is defined as the outright refusal to admit to the existence of a painful experience and its effects.
When is the diagnosis of ASD (Autism spectrum Disorder ) usually made ?
Usually the diagnosis of ASD is first made during toddlerhood, between 18 and 30 months of age
What stage of sleep is associated with slow movement ? What kind of waves?
Stage 3, DELTA waves
What stages of sleep are rapid (nonREM) ?
Stages 1 (theta waves ) and 2 (k complexes and spindles)
What kind of waves are involved in rapid eye movement (REM)
Beta waves
What concepts are associated with humanistic theory?
unconditional postive regard/acceptance and congruity
Which sleep disorders are parasomnias?
Sleep walking and night terrors
which sleep disorders are dyssomnias ?
dyssomnias are sleep disorders in which there is an abnormality in the AMOUNT or quality of sleep; examples would be insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
