Test 4 Review Flashcards
What is the self-determination theory ? What are its components ?
Self-determination theory: maintains that, throughout the lifespan and especially in older age, people seek autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
-Autonomy : refers to viewing one’s circumstances as self-endorsed
- competence : refers to the expression of one’s talents.
-relatedness: refers to a sense of being cared about by other people.
What is social loafing?
Social loafing is a phenomenon whereby individuals exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they would if working alone.
What is NOT likely to lead to social loafing?
**working in a COHESIVE group **
if the group is a cohesive unit, individuals are more likely to be concerned about the outcomes.
This is especially true of in-groups, in which the members identify with one another and are more likely to make an effort to ensure that they meet the expectations of their fellow members efforts because they do not believe that they have to work as hard when others are working with them towards the same goal
what is sub maximal goal setting ?
Submaximal goal setting: when group members decrease their efforts because they do not believe that they have to work as hard when others are working with them towards the same goal
What are the factors that lead to social loafing?
- lack of individual evaluation
- unequal compensation
- submaximal goal setting
What is conformity ?
Conformity: involves changing one’s behavior in order to fit in with the norms of a particular social group, most typically a group that has a certain level of social performance
What is private acceptance ?
Private acceptance :an attitude change that can occur in a person due to the social influence of others.
What is compliance?
Compliance: involves changing one’s behavior in response to a request from another person who is of equal or lower status .
What is obedience ?
Obedience involves changing one’s behavior in response to the direct command or order of a person who is in authority or is of higher social status.
What is stereotype threat ? Who experiences it?
Any group can be subject to stereotype threat, regardless of if the group is a majority or minority group. Stereotype threat can cause anyone to perform worse when they believe the negative stereotype could be true or worry about confirming a stereotype about a group to which they belong
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one’s own ethnic or cultural group is the most important one, and that all other groups are measured against one’s own.
Ethnocentric thinking typically involves making false or negative assumptions about a minority ethnic or cultural group
What is cultural relativism ?
cultural relativism is the principle of viewing aspects of a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture, rather than from one’s own viewpoint
What is ultimate attribution error ?
ultimate attribution error occurs when negative behavior by a member of an out-group is attributed (by an in-group member ) to the out-group member’s characteristics (e.g., genetics, intelligence, personality, childhood background), while positive behavior by a member of an out-group is rationalized or explained away (e.g., good luck, special circumstances, etc.).
What is cultural capital ? give an example
cultural capital: includes non-financial social assets such as knowledge, skills, and experience
Ex: Education
What is social capital ?
social capital: includes relationship-based social assets, like influence and “connections” with people in one’s social network
What is self-reference effect?
The self-reference effect describes how it is easier to remember something which is personally relevant or which can be linked to other memories
ex; teacher remembered a student’s unusual name because, coincidentally, it was also the name of the street on which the teacher lived as a child
What is explicit memory ?
memory in which one can “declare” and clearly articulate what one knows
-usually describes recollecting facts or events
ex: recollecting a phone number or items on a list
What is top down processing?
Top-down processing is a Gestalt psychology term for interpreting sensory stimuli based on experience and larger contextual information in order to slowly work down and figure out the precise nature of each stimulus
- ** you use background knowledge, past experiences and what you already know to interpret new info **
What is bottom up processing?
Bottom up processing: when we allow stimulus to shape our perception .
What is a dependent variable ?
the variable that the researchers do not manipulate and simply measure
