Test 4 Review Flashcards
What is the self-determination theory ? What are its components ?
Self-determination theory: maintains that, throughout the lifespan and especially in older age, people seek autonomy, competence, and relatedness.
-Autonomy : refers to viewing one’s circumstances as self-endorsed
- competence : refers to the expression of one’s talents.
-relatedness: refers to a sense of being cared about by other people.
What is social loafing?
Social loafing is a phenomenon whereby individuals exert less effort on a task when working in a group than they would if working alone.
What is NOT likely to lead to social loafing?
**working in a COHESIVE group **
if the group is a cohesive unit, individuals are more likely to be concerned about the outcomes.
This is especially true of in-groups, in which the members identify with one another and are more likely to make an effort to ensure that they meet the expectations of their fellow members efforts because they do not believe that they have to work as hard when others are working with them towards the same goal
what is sub maximal goal setting ?
Submaximal goal setting: when group members decrease their efforts because they do not believe that they have to work as hard when others are working with them towards the same goal
What are the factors that lead to social loafing?
- lack of individual evaluation
- unequal compensation
- submaximal goal setting
What is conformity ?
Conformity: involves changing one’s behavior in order to fit in with the norms of a particular social group, most typically a group that has a certain level of social performance
What is private acceptance ?
Private acceptance :an attitude change that can occur in a person due to the social influence of others.
What is compliance?
Compliance: involves changing one’s behavior in response to a request from another person who is of equal or lower status .
What is obedience ?
Obedience involves changing one’s behavior in response to the direct command or order of a person who is in authority or is of higher social status.
What is stereotype threat ? Who experiences it?
Any group can be subject to stereotype threat, regardless of if the group is a majority or minority group. Stereotype threat can cause anyone to perform worse when they believe the negative stereotype could be true or worry about confirming a stereotype about a group to which they belong
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that one’s own ethnic or cultural group is the most important one, and that all other groups are measured against one’s own.
Ethnocentric thinking typically involves making false or negative assumptions about a minority ethnic or cultural group
What is cultural relativism ?
cultural relativism is the principle of viewing aspects of a different culture from the viewpoint of that culture, rather than from one’s own viewpoint
What is ultimate attribution error ?
ultimate attribution error occurs when negative behavior by a member of an out-group is attributed (by an in-group member ) to the out-group member’s characteristics (e.g., genetics, intelligence, personality, childhood background), while positive behavior by a member of an out-group is rationalized or explained away (e.g., good luck, special circumstances, etc.).
What is cultural capital ? give an example
cultural capital: includes non-financial social assets such as knowledge, skills, and experience
Ex: Education
What is social capital ?
social capital: includes relationship-based social assets, like influence and “connections” with people in one’s social network
What is self-reference effect?
The self-reference effect describes how it is easier to remember something which is personally relevant or which can be linked to other memories
ex; teacher remembered a student’s unusual name because, coincidentally, it was also the name of the street on which the teacher lived as a child
What is explicit memory ?
memory in which one can “declare” and clearly articulate what one knows
-usually describes recollecting facts or events
ex: recollecting a phone number or items on a list
What is top down processing?
Top-down processing is a Gestalt psychology term for interpreting sensory stimuli based on experience and larger contextual information in order to slowly work down and figure out the precise nature of each stimulus
- ** you use background knowledge, past experiences and what you already know to interpret new info **
What is bottom up processing?
Bottom up processing: when we allow stimulus to shape our perception .
What is a dependent variable ?
the variable that the researchers do not manipulate and simply measure
what is independent variable?
the variable that the researchers manipulate, which is also called the predictor variable.
What is Somnabulism? What are its characteristics ?
C. Somnambulism, or sleepwalking
-occurs during SLOW-wave non-REM sleep typically during the first third of the night
so sleepwalkers cannot be acting out the dreams they are having during stage
- sleep walking common in children and usually disappears by adolescence
What sleep stage can concurrent dreams appear ?
REM stage
What is cognitive dissonance ? What occurs?
Cognitive dissonance is the experience of discomfort that occurs when one’s behavior is not aligned with one’s beliefs.
Typically, when individuals experience cognitive dissonance they change either their behavior or their beliefs in order to alleviate those feelings of dissonance.
What is selective attention ?
refers to the ability to focus on a given stimulus to the exclusion of a distracting stimulus
What is divided attention ?
the capacity to attend to two stimuli nearly simultaneously.
What are forms of non-associative learning
- habituation
- Sensitization and Desensitization
what are forms of associative learning ?
Classical conditioning, and also generalization, and discrimination
What is difference threshold ?
difference threshold: the amount of energy that needs to be added to, or subtracted from, the standard stimulus before there appears to be a difference
Just noticeable difference (JND) is also same as difference threshold
what is absolute threshold ?
An absolute threshold is the amount of stimulus energy needed for a person to perceive it at all,
What are Piagets stages of cognitive development in order ? What occurs in each stage ?
- Sensorimotor stage: where Object permanence develops
- preoperational stage: children think more symbolically as they develop memory and imagination
- concrete operational stage, when children begin to exhibit logical reasoning
- formal operations, when children are able to consider abstract relationships and concepts
Who had theory of observational learning?
Albert bandura (BOBO doll)
What is Histrionic personality Disorder?
a disorder characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking
What is dependent personality disorder ?
With dependent personality disorder, individuals demonstrate patterns of clinging and obedience and fear separation, often insisting that they need to be taken care of and protected.
What are six universal emotions?
happiness, sadness, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger
Where is postcentral gyrus located? What is its function ?
The postcentral gyrus is a prominent structure in the parietal lobe. The primary function of the postcentral gyrus is the processing of the sense of touch.
What is lateral geniculate nucleus used for ? Where is located
. The lateral geniculate nucleus is in THALAMUS is involved with the visual processing pathway of the brain.
It is the primary relay center for visual information received from the retina of the eye,
What is Neuroticism ? What are its features ?
Neuroticism: is the tendency to focus on and experience negative emotions, and can also be referred to as a lack of emotional stability
People scoring high in neuroticism: tend to be pessimistic, emotionally reactive, and vulnerable to stress; thus, it is most strongly correlated with psychopathology
What is Conscientiousness ? What are its features ?
Conscientiousness involves the tendency to be self-disciplined, dutiful, and achievement-oriented.
What are features of borderline personality disorder ?
characterized by unstable identity and interpersonal relationships, as well as by chronic feelings of emptiness and a history of suicidality,
What are features of schizotypal personality disorder ?
characterized by ODD or eccentric behavior and acute discomfort in interpersonal relationships, to the point that people with this disorder rarely have social ties outside of immediate family members.
Schizotypal individuals also frequently have notable cognitive or perceptual disturbance
What are features of antisocial personality disorder?
characterized by a pervasive pattern of indifference to, and violation of, the rights of others; this pattern can be seen through repetitive rule-breaking and failure to conform to social norms, failure to plan ahead, impulsivity, irritability and aggressiveness, irresponsibility, and a lack of remorse.
People with this disorder do not have an unstable sense of identity, nor do they generally contemplate suicide without extreme provocation
Which brain structures are involved in suppressing or inhibiting the truth?
cerebral cortex and limbic system
What is the function of cerebral cortex?
include perception, skeletal muscle movement, memory, attention, thought, language, and consciousness
what is the function of the limbic system ?
emotion, memory, and learning.
What are functions of frontal lobes?
complex reasoning skills and problem-solving.
What is the function of temporal lobes?
temporal lobes are involved in short-term memory, language comprehension, and emotion.
What are features of Schizophrenic disorder ?
Schizophrenia is classified as a brain disorder that may include any combination of :
- positive symptoms (familiarly known as psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders, or movement disorders) —- negative symptoms (a flat affect, a loss of pleasure in everyday life or previously pleasurable activities, and a lack of interest in beginning or continuing with activities or in interacting with others).
Cognitive symptoms include poor executive functioning (e.g., decision-making) and trouble with focusing or remembering
What are features of schizoid disorder ?
Schizoid refers to a personality disorder, which is a different diagnostic category, and is characterized primarily by an unwillingness to interact with others. Those with schizoid personality disorder may seem aloof or to be loners, and may or may not prefer that state of being
What is moro reflex?
. The Moro reflex, also known as the startle reflex, (is present from birth to about 4 or 5 months of age, ) and involves the infant spreading arms out then retracting them and usually crying in response to being startled
What is Babinski reflex?
Babinski reflex, which is normal in infants and disappears by 12-24 months, involves the fanning out of toes and dorsiflexion of the big toe in response to stroking the sole of the foot.
