Test 3 review

Question 1

What is Beta waves associated with?

Answer 1

Beta waves are associated with alert wakefulness.

Question 1

What are alpha waves for?

Answer 1

while alpha waves are associated with relaxed wakefulness or drowsiness.

Question 2

What are theta waves for?

Answer 2

Theta waves are active during drowsiness or sleep,

Question 3

What are delta waves for?

Answer 3

delta waves are associated with deep sleep.

Question 4

what are the six universal emotions ?

Answer 4

fear, anger, disgust, surprise, sadness, happiness

Question 5

What are the characteristics of rods ?

Answer 5

rods are more sensitive to lower levels of light than are cones
-they are generally involved in peripheral vision in normal or bright light
rods do most, of their photoreception in DARK situations

Question 6

What are qualities for cones (eye) ?

Answer 6

Cones process color information in all settings, including bright light

Question 7

where are cones located?

Answer 7

FOVEA
- the fovea, the middle section of the retina on which images are generally focused, contains only cones

Question 8

what happens if there is blindness in the left eye?

Answer 8

Blindness in the left eye could only be due to damage to the eye itself or to the left optic nerve,( the part of the visual pathway that spans from the retina to the optic chiasm)

Question 9

what causes blindness in left visual field ?

Answer 9

Damage to either the V1 in the right hemisphere or the right optic tract would cause blindness in the left visual field, as these are parts of the pathway that receive information from both eyes about the left half of the world

Question 10

What is the effect of acetylcholine on cardiac muscle?

Answer 10

Acetylcholine has an INHIBITING effect. It will decrease heart rate

Question 11

What is function of Vagus nerve? How does it affect heart?

Answer 11

Vagus nerve : part of Parasympathetic Nervous system
-will decrease heart rate

Question 12

What are the components of Baddley’s model of working memory?

Answer 12

According to Baddeley, the working memory system is composed of four parts.
-The visuospatial sketchpad : is a short-term visual store
-phonological loop is a short-term auditory store
-the central executive is responsible for task-switching
-episodic buffer: integrates information from the other three systems and from long-term memory.

An example of the contribution of the episodic buffer, therefore, is the recollection and application of prior game experience

Question 13

What is best used to test heritability?

Answer 13

Monozygotic twins are best used to test for heritability : since they share same genes
-heritability tests for proportion of VARIATION

Question 14

Define fundamental attribution error

Answer 14

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to interpret others’ behavior in terms of personal attributes, as opposed to situational factors.

Question 15

What is socialized identity formation ?

Answer 15

Socialized identity formation is the establishment of a distinct personality based on interactions with others

Question 16

what is self-fulfilling prophecy ?

Answer 16

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when the expectation of an event leads directly or indirectly to that event happening.

Question 17

What is the iron law of oligarchy?

Answer 17

The iron law of oligarchy is a theory in sociology that states that regardless of how democratic an organization is, all organizations will eventually and inevitably end up with a majority of the power in the hands of a few, thus leading to an oligarchy. -The iron law of oligarchy suggests that democracy is practically and theoretically impossible, particularly in large and complex organizations

Question 18

What is rationalization ?

Answer 18

Rationalization, which is a major component of bureaucracy, describes the process whereby tasks are broken down into component parts to be completed by different workers in an organization.

Question 19

what kind of theory would be involved in power of patient-provider relationships?

Answer 19

Symbolic interactionism

Question 20

What are examples in healthcare that conflict theory will address ?

Answer 20

The conflict theory approach considers the competition for limited resources.
-it is expected that the conflict perspective would consider the commodification of health care and the dependence of institutions on profit
it is expected that the conflict perspective would consider the resultant disparities in health and health care

Question 21

What is type II error?

Answer 21

In statistics, a type II error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis
- in signal detection theory, a type II error occurs when the signal is present, but the receiver fails to detect it (also known as a miss).

Question 22

Describe the placebo effect

Answer 22

he placebo effect describes when the control group in a study receives a fake drug or treatment (one that is not meant to produce any changes or improvements in the subjects) and despite this, the subjects in the control group still experience/report changes or improvements.
The perception of support is somewhat analogous to receiving a fake drug, and the fact that those who perceive support experience as much benefit as those who actually have support demonstrates a change or improvement that is most analogous to the placebo effect

Question 23

what is external locus of control ?

Answer 23

external locus of control: when one will most likely believe that no action on their part could create change;

Question 24

What is internal locus of control ?

Answer 24

Someone with an internal locus: believes that they have personal control over their own behavior

Question 25

What is stereotype threat?

Answer 25

Stereotype threat is any adverse (bad) outcome due to one’s awareness of a negative stereotype of one’s in-group.

Question 26

What is stereotype lift?

Answer 26

In stereotype lift, awareness of a positive stereotype about one’s group actually boosts one’s performance

Question 27

What is hidden curriculum?

Answer 27

Hidden curriculum refers to social messages conveyed in schools that may impact performance of different groups.
Through teachers’ language, test formats, classroom procedures, or other factors, implicit messages about the value, abilities, or importance of different groups may be internalized by students.
An example of a hidden curriculum may be a disproportionate number of male geometry teachers versus female teachers. In such a case, students may “learn” that men are typically better at geometry than women.

Question 28

what is tokenism ?

Answer 28

tokenism: a situation in which a member of a distinctive group is treated differently from others
- Tokenism refers to an organization’s inadequate remediation of problems of inequality while exploiting minimal improvements. Ex; ., emphasizing its hiring of a female geometry teacher despite a disproportionate number of male geometry teachers could be characterized as “tokenism”

Question 31

What is token economy?

Answer 31

Token economy; the institution of a system providing tangible rewards in exchange for desired behavior

Question 32

What is globalization ?

Answer 32

globalization is used to describe the processes of international integration; this integration has benefitted from advances in telecommunications infrastructure (e.g., the internet) and could be applied to the practice of charity

Question 33

What is Demographic transition?

Answer 33

Demographic transition describes the shift from high to low birth and death rates as a result of the shift from pre-industrial to industrial economic systems

Question 34

what is second shift

Answer 34

women’s “second shift” refers to an ongoing duality of roles (ex; the role of a working professional and the role of the family caregiver).

When the demands of these roles conflict in terms of time and energy, tension results.

Question 35

what is identity interference ?

Answer 35

Identity interference is the principle that states that people experience stress when two aspects of their identity are in conflict.

Question 36

what occurs in Variable ratio reward schedule ?

Answer 36

Instrumental conditioning studies show that variable-ratio schedules of reinforcement lead to the quickest increase in rate of desired responses
-The unpredictability in this schedule prompts subjects to produce the desired response quickly and steadily in constant anticipation of reward. responses

Question 37

What occurs in fixed-interval schedule?

Answer 37

In contrast, a fixed-interval schedule provides reward after a fixed, or unchanging, period has elapsed.
This schedule leads to a more gradual (SLOW) increase in the rate of desired responses

Question 38

What is function of Broca’s area?

Answer 38

Speech production

Question 39

What is function of Wernicke’s area?

Answer 39

Comprehension of speech

Question 40

What are the Big Five personality Traits ?

Answer 40

Big Five personality model includes openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism; the first letters of each spell OCEAN.

Question 41

What are the characteristics of neuroticism ?

Answer 41

Individuals with high neuroticism often have overly active sympathetic nervous systems; this explains why they often display traits of hyper-arousal, which is correlated with aggressiveness and the tendency to anger easily
Neuroticism is correlated with mood disorders and prolonged states of negative mood

Question 42

What is Whorfian hypothesis ?

Answer 42

Whorfian hypothesis: the belief that language influences cognition (thought).

Question 43

What is social loafing ?

Answer 43

Social loafing is the phenomenon whereby people exert less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.

Question 44

What is group think?

Answer 44

Groupthink involves the notion that members of groups, especially those groups that value cohesiveness among members, will conform in order to eliminate disharmony, which leads to a faulty decision-making process

Question 45

What is group polarization ?

Answer 45

Group polarization occurs when, after pertinent discussion or argument, a group adopts a more extreme position than the positions to which the individual members adhere