test 5 + extras Flashcards
1
Q
Andrew Jackson
A
- campaigned in 1828 on expansion of suffrage for the “common white man”
- implemented spoils system
- authorized Indian Removal Act to open West to white settlement
2
Q
Indian Removal Act
A
- 1830
- forced relocation of southeastern tribes
- aimed to open West to white settlement through harsh violence against Native Americans
3
Q
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
A
- 1831
- slave uprising in Virginia for 2 days led by enslaved preacher Nat Turner
- after rebellion was suppressed, Southern states passed harsher slave codes that restricted black literacy, education, movement, assembly, and property rights
- abolitionists viewed Turner as a martyr while slave owners intensified racism
4
Q
Eli Whitney
A
- invented cotton gin in 1793 that separated cotton from seeds quicker than by hand, made cotton very profitable and led to massive expansion of slavery and sectionalism
- interchangeable parts in 1801 laid the groundwork for mass production
- revolutionized American manufacturing and Southern society
5
Q
The Second Great Awakening
A
- early 19th century
- widespread religious revival movement that emphasized evangelicalism (personal salvation, emotional worship, members went out and converted others)
- denominations like Methodist and Baptist expanded through missionary work
- inspired reform movements like temperance (abstinence from alcohol), abolition, and women’s rights in North
6
Q
Transcendentalism
A
- 1830-40s
- intellectual movement that emerged in New England
- emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and connection between humans and nature
- Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller
- reaction to industrialization
7
Q
Margaret Fuller
A
- “Women in the 19th Century” in 1843
- argued for women’s equality
8
Q
nullification crisis
A
- 1832-33
- John C Calhoun of South Carolina attempted to nullify Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)
- Nullification Ordinance
- Force Bill
- Compromise Tariff
9
Q
Nullification Ordinance
A
- South Carolina declared tariffs null and threatened secession
10
Q
Force Bill
A
- passed by Jackson in response to N.O.
- authorized use of military force to enforce federal laws
11
Q
Compromise Tariff
A
- 1833
- Henry Clay
- reduced tariff rates
12
Q
Bank War
A
- Jackson opposed rechartering of 2nd Bank because he said it only benefited elites, vetoed recharter bill, removed federal funds, and placed them in state “pet banks”
- led to Panic of 1837, which was left up to Martin Van Buren’s administration (1836)
13
Q
Texas Revolution
A
- Mexico opened up immigration to Americans if they followed their laws
- American Texans rebelled against Mexican rules and declared independence in 1836, Republic of Texas
- loss at Alamo inspired resistance, victory at San Jacinto secured Texan independence
- Sam Houston becomes founding father
- Texas annexed by US in 1845
14
Q
abolitionism
A
- William Lloyed Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth
- divided into debates of gradual or immediate (Garrison) emancipation
- created more sectionalism
15
Q
Garrison
A
- “The Liberator”
16
Q
Truth
A
- “Ain’t I a Woman?”
17
Q
Douglass
A
- slave narrative
18
Q
the Underground Railroad
A
- secret network of routes and safehouses used to help enslaved people escape
- about 100,000 people
- conductors like Harriet Tubman guided escapes and communicated using codes (H.T.’s codename was Moses)
- goal was the North, Mexico, and Canada
19
Q
Seneca Falls Convention
A
- 1848
- first women’s rights convention in US
- organized by E. Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott because they were denied a vote at abolitionist meeting
- Declaration of Sentiments
- famous abolitionists like Douglass attended and spoke in support
- laid groundwork for future women’s rights activism
20
Q
Declaration of Sentiments
A
- called for equal rights for women and suffrage
21
Q
Manifest Destiny
A
- belief that US had divine right to expand across North America and spread Protestant Christianity/democracy
- fueled policies for westward expansion and led to conflict and Native displacement
became driving factor for annexing Texas and conflict with Mexico
22
Q
Mexican-American War
A
- 1846-48
- fought over disputed territories and border of Texas
- James K. Polk was strong supporter of US expansion and made it vital to his campaign
- US troops marched on Mexico City in 1847
- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
23
Q
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
A
- 1848
- Mexico cedes about half its territory, 7 future states
24
Q
Wilmot Proviso
A
- 1846
- proposed ban on slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, passed House but not Senate and caused sectionalism
25
Q
Free-Soil Party
A
- opposed expansion of slavery into western territories
- not all abolitionism
26
Q
California Gold Rush
A
- gold discovered in Cali in 1848
- led to massive migration and admission as state in 1850
- led to economic development and exploitation/native displacement
- people from China, Mexico, Europe, etc. migrated
- new mining techniques like hydraulic mining caused economic damage
27
Q
Compromise of 1850
A
- aimed at addressing issue of slavery in territories acquired from Mexico
- entered California as free state
- New Mexico and Utah decided w/popular sovereignty
- fugitive slave act, Northerners had to return escaped slaves
28
Q
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
A
- 1852
- Harriet Beecher Stowe
- became best seller
- depicted reality of slavery
- created northern resistance and abolitionism
- South denounced it as propoganda
29
Q
Kansas-Nebraska Act
A
- 1854
- Stephen Douglass wanted to organize Louisiana territory so he could build railroad
- Kansas and Nebraska decided slavery w/pop sov, repealed 1820 comp.
- led to Bleeding Kansas and calls for anti-slavery political party
30
Q
Republican Party
A
- formed by anti-slavery whigs and free-soilers in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act
- opposed expansion of slavery into territories and promoted economic modernization
- main opponent of Democrats
- replaced Whigs in 2-party system
- some Know-Nothings joined (anti-immigration party)
- grew quickly in South
31
Q
Dred Scott vs. Sanford
A
- 1857
- SCOTUS ruled that African Americans weren’t citizens whether or not they were free
- Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional bc Congress couldn’t ban slavery anywhere
32
Q
John Brown
A
- radical abolitionist who believed that violent action was necessary to end slavery
- killed pro-slavery settlers in Bleeding Kansas
- attempted to raid Harper’s Ferry arsenal in Virginia to start armed slave uprising
- execution was publicized, became martyr in North and terrorist in South
33
Q
Abraham Lincoln
A
- rose to fame w/debates with Stephen Douglass over Illinois state race
- helped him secure nomination for Republican party
- won presidential election even though he wasn’t on most southern ballots, convinced southern legislators they needed to secede
34
Q
Southern Secession
A
- SC seceded in 1860 and cited protection of slavery as main reason
- 6 states follow and form confederacy w/Jefferson Davis as president
- Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee to lead Union but he joined confederacy
35
Q
beginning of CW
A
- started in SC after confederate attack on Fort Sumter (1861) and Lincoln called for troops to supress rebellion
- 4 more states joined confederacy, capital in Richmond, Virginia
36
Q
Civil War developments
A
- both sides won many major battles, Lincoln didn’t expect south to be so successful but they were hunters
37
Q
Battle of Antietam
A
- 1862
- bloodiest single day battle, led to emancipation proclamation bc Union needed motivation
38
Q
Emancipation Proclamation
A
- 1863
- declared all slaves on Confederacy free, but none were actually freed
- redefined war to one centered around abolitionism in North
39
Q
Battle of Gettysburg
A
- 1863
- turning point, Union’s victory halted Lee’s invasion of North
40
Q
Overland Campaign
A
- 1864
- Ulysses S Grant led brutal battles to weaken Lee’s army
41
Q
Sherman’s March
A
- 1864
- William Tecumsuh Sherman implemented total war on “march to sea’
- destroyed Southern economy and infrastructure
42
Q
Lincoln reelection
A
- 1864
- Unionist southerner Andrew Johnson as VP
43
Q
Appomattox Court House
A
- Robert E Lee surrenders to Ulysses S Grant in 1865
44
Q
Richmond falls
A
- 1865, symbolic collapse of confederacy
45
Q
Lincoln’s death
A
- assassinated by actor John Wilkes Booth in 1865
