ap exam Flashcards
Native American societies before Columbian Exchance
very diverse and widespread throughout Americas
Aztecs
- Central/Meso America
- called themselves Mexica
- capital city was Tenochtitlan, home to 300k people at its peak
- written language, irrigation, human sacrifice
- maize cultivation
Maya
- Yucatan Peninsula
- large cities, irrigation, temples
- palaces for rulers who were believed to be descended from gods
- maize cultivation
Inca
- Andes Mountains in modern Peru
- 16 million people
- grew potatoes with irrigation in mountain valleys
- maize cultivation
Pueblo
- New Mexico/Arizona
- sedentary people
- cliffside houses
Ute
- Great Plains/Basin
- nomadic
Chinook
- Pacific Northwest
- used cedar to make plank houses
Chumash
- California
- hunter-gatherers
- permanent settlements
Hopewell
- Mississippi River Valley
- 4k-6k people per town
- traders
Cahokia
- Mississippi River Valley
- 10k-30k people
- traders
- centralized government
Iroquoi
- northeast
- 100s of people per village
- longhouses
reasons for European exploration
- population increased after Plague passed
- political unification under monarchs
- desire for luxury goods from Asia
Prince Henry the Navigator
- made Portugal into trading post empire by sailing to India along African coast
- used astrolabe, caravel, and stern-post rudder
Isabella and Ferdinand
Spanish king and queen who sponsored Columbus’s voyage
Columbus
- landed in San Salvador in Caribbean in 1492
- thought he was in East Indies and called people Indians
- told Spain about gold
Columbian Exchange
transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and Americas
Hernan Cortes
- Spanish conquistador
- conquered Tenochtitlan easily because natives were weakened by smallpox
Smallpox
- killed Arawak and Taino on Hispaniola
- killed Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas
things that went from America to Europe
corn, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, tobacco, gold, silver
things that went from Europe to America
rice, wheat, soy, rye, oats, citrus, horses, pigs, cows, chickens
gold/silver effect in Europe
- switched from feudalism to capitalism
- rise of mercantilism and, later, joint-stock companies
early slave trade
Europeans traded goods like guns for slaves along African coast
justification for African slavery
Europeans claimed Africans were descended from Canaan, who was biblically cursed to have servant descendants
encomienda system
Native Americans who lived on land controlled by encomenderos were coerced into labor
justification for encomienda system
Native Americans who didn’t convert to Christianity deserved to be enslaved
reason why Native labor was replaced by African
Native Americans died easily from disease and knew how to escape bc they knew the land
Caste System
social hierarchy created by Spanish colonizers, people at top were taxed less
Peninsulares
top of Caste System, people born in Spain
Criolles
Second in Caste System, Spanish people born in Americas
Mestizos
third in Caste System, Spanish and Native mixed
Mulattoes
fourth in Caste System, Spanish and African mixed
Africans in context of Caste System
fifth in Caste System
Native Americans in context of Caste System
last in Caste system
mission system
priests tried to convert Native Americans
Native American religious beliefs
- Pantheist/Animist
- believed land couldn’t be owned
- had large kinship networks, not traditional European family
Pueblo Revolt
- 1680
- kicked Spanish out for 12 years after they tried to force them to only worship Christian god instead of worshipping alongside their gods
Bartoleme de las Casas
- argued for humanity of Native Americans and against encomienda system
- argued for African labor instead
Samuel de Champlain
- established Quebec as French colony in 1608
French colonization
- set out to find path to Asia in 1524
- interested in fish and fur trade in Americas, not many permanent settlements
- married Native Americans for trade relationships
Ojibwe
Native American group that French allied with in early colonization days
Henry Hudson
- sent by Dutch to find path to Asia
- founded New Amsterdam
Dutch colonization
protestant but didn’t try to convert Native Americans
British colonization
- sought riches because of cost of wars with France and conquest of Ireland
- some sought religious freedom
- mostly family groups, had bad relationships with Native Americans
Enclosure Movement
movement in England that sold common land to private parties and led peasants to colonize Americas because they wanted land
Jamestown
- established 1607
- Chesapeake Bay
- financed by Joint-Stock company
- purpose was to find gold and silver
- nearly half of the settlers died in the first 2 years from famine
- discovered tobacco as cash crop that saved them
Bacon’s Rebellion
- 1676
- colonists asked governor of Jamestown William Berkeley to stop Native frontier violence and he didn’t do anything
- uprising of indentured servants and poor farmers led by Nathaniel Bacon
- elites feared more uprisings and switched to slave labor
New England colonies
- settled by Puritants in 1620
- originally economic reasons instead of religious; Puritans had lived in Holland where there was religious freedom but couldn’t make a living as farmers in urban area
- economy centered on agriculture and commerce
British West Indies colonies
- permanent colonies in Caribbean established in 1620s
- tobacco as cash crop first, then sugarcane
- needed lots of slave labor
- used slave codes to control slaves, led to similar practices in American South
Middle colonies
- diverse but unequal societies
- export economy
Pennsylvania
- settled by Quaker William Penn
- religiously tolerant
- mostly negotiated with Natives for land
House of Burgesses
- early representative government in Virginia
- had power to levy taxes and make laws
Mayflower Compact
- signed by New English colonists
- established self-governance and democratic town meetings
early democracy in colonies
- House of Burgesses
- Mayflower compact
- representative legislatures ran by elites in South and Middle colonies
triangular trade
- between Europe, Africa, and Americas or between Africa, North America, and South America
- middle passage
Slave Trade Act
- 1788
- passed by British parliament to limit number of slaves that could be on ships through middle passage
mercantilism
- assumes there’s a finite amount of wealth in world because it’s defined by precious metals
- favorable balance of trade where exports>imports
- colonies established as sources of riches and to buy goods from mother countries
- made elites in colonies richer and turned ports into urban centers
Navigation Acts
- required colonists to only trade with England
consumer revolution
- because of mercantilism
- tied social status in colonies to financial success rather than family
Spanish interactions with Native Americans
had access to large empires to subjugate under encomienda system
British interactions with Native Americans
encroached on Native land and killed them
Metacom
- chief of Wampanoags
- led allied resistance to colonial encroachment on their land
King Phillip/Metacom’s War
- Metacom led Natives to attack colonists
- British allied with Mohawks who killed Metacom
French interactions with Native Americans
generally peaceful, allied and traded with them
slavery in New England and Middle colonies
- mostly house slaves since there were small farms not large plantations
- in port cities like NY, they worked at ports
slave laws
- established in Southern colonies
- defined slaves as property and made slavery hereditary
Stono Rebellion
- 1739
- South Carolina
- black men stole weapons from store and killed store owners, burn plantations
- put down by white militias
- challenged notion that slavery was beneficial to black people
slave resistance
- Stono rebellion
- maintaining culture/religion/beliefs/language
- breaking tools
Enlightenment
- emphasized rationality over religious beliefs
- ideas about government inspired later revolution
- natural rights, checks and balances, social contract
John Locke
wrote about natural rights
1st Great Awakening
- religious revival
- pietism: heart>head
- New Light preachers focused on democracy and wealth equality
Jonathan Edwards
- preacher in 1st Great Awakening
- fervant preachings
George Whitefield
traveled throughout colonies to preach spontaneously during 1st GA
King George’s War
- 1747
- British impressed Americans
- led to riots in colonies, early resistance
